BONE/OSSEOUS TISSUE

• Supporting CT; is hard and has a calcified

ECM, numerous collagen fibres, cells lie in
lacunae and is well vascularized.
• Functions; supports and protects, act as levers
for muscle contraction, stores fat, calcium and
other ions, contain bone marrow (blood
forming tissue).
 OBJECTIVES
• State the constituents of bone
• Describe the structure of secondary bone
• Describe how bone is formed
• Describe the process of bone growth and
remodelling
• Describe the process of bone repair
• State some of the clinical conditions
associated with osseous tissue
 Constituents of bone
• Three types of cells and calcified ECM rich in collagen type 1 fibres
and proteoglycans
• Osteoblasts synthesise and secrete the organic matrix which is
later calcified by addition of hydroxyapatite crystals
• Osteoblasts have extensive RER and prominent golgi and secretory
vesicles
• Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts that lie in lacunae surrounded
by calcified bony matrix
• Have long cytoplasmic processes that lie in canaliculi ( thin
cylindrical spaces in the bony matrix)
• Canaliculi allow communication between osteocytes and blood
vessels
• Osteoclasts are large and multinucleate cells derived from
monocytes - contain many lysosomes - bone resorption and
remodeling
The osteocyte
 Bone
Cells called osteocytes, occupy lacunae and are
somewhat evenly distributed throughout the bone tissue.
*
 Bone
Differs from cartilage in that:
1. Inorganic salts are
deposited in the bone
matrix

2. Its cells can not receive

nutrients by diffusion
through the inorganic
matrix
3. Canaliculi link the lacunae
and serve as the means for
the passage of nutrients
 Bone
Differs from cartilage in that:
. The collagen type1 fibers
are organized into *
concentric lamellae/layers
around blood vessels
. Fibers give strength and
resilience to bone
.
Ground Substance
. Chondroitin -4 and -6
sulfates form most of the
organic portion of bone
matrix

.The inorganic component

secreted by osteocytes are
calcium hydroxyapatite
crystals.

. The ground substance also

contains calcium carbonate,
calcium fluoride, citrate,
magnesium and sodium.
 Periosteum and Endosteum
- Dense CT covering external surface of bone.
- is absent at articular surfaces and attachments of tendons
and ligaments
- Has an outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer with
osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoprogenitor cells can differentiate into osteoblasts
that produce new bone.
- collagenous fibers extend into the bone as Sharpey's fibers
which help to anchor tendons and ligaments.
- Endosteum ; loose CT that lines bone marrow cavities and
canals –contain osteoprogenitor cells
 Types of bone
• Bones of the skeleton; flat bones e.g bones of the skull ; short bones
e.g vertebrae and long bones e.g the limb bones
• Primary bone/immature/woven (in fetuses and 1 st bone to appear
during repair of fractures)
• 2 types of secondary bone in adults; compact (lamellar) bone and
spongy(cancellous/trabeculae )bone
Spongy bone consist of irregular thin plates, intertwined to form
trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow spaces
Compact bone (cortical bone) consist of concentric lamellae/layers of
bone tissue arranged into parallel columns called osteons/ Haversian
systems
. It occurs as a dense plate on the outer part of bones- lacks cavities
. Is covered by the periosteum
. Endosteum lines the bone marrow cavities of spongy bone and
haversian canals
Structure of compact bone
Haversian Systems (Osteons):
Cylindrical units of 5 - 15 concentric lamellae/layers of
bone around a central canal (Haversian canal).
. canal contains blood and lymphatic vessels and is lined by
endosteum.
. Concentric lamellae + canal form an osteon/ Haversian
system
. Interstitial lamellae lies between the Haversian systems.
. Outer and inner circumferential lamellae are found at the
periphery of compact bone
. Volkman’s canals connect the haversian canals to vessels
in the periosteum and bone marrow cavities.
 Bone
Circumferential Lamellae:
Outer circumferential
lamellae lie next to the
periosteum and oriented
parallel to it. *

Inner circumferential
lamellae lie next to the
endosteum.
Structure and Location
OSTEOGENESIS( BONE DEVELOPMENT)
• Bone formed by intramembranous ossification and
endochondral ossification
• Intramembranous ossification is bone formation from the
mesenchyme (membrane) in which the cells differentiate
into osteoprogenitor cells and then osteoblasts.
• In endochondral ossification , a hyaline cartilage model of
the bone to be formed is first formed and is later replaced
by bone
• First bone formed is woven/immature/primary bone
which is later replaced by secondary bone by a remodeling
process involving bone resorption and deposition
 Woven bone
:
 Intramembranous ossification

• Flat bones of the cranium and irregular bones of the face are
formed this way
• In the primary ossification centres, mesenchymal cells
differentiate into osteoblasts that start to lay down uncalcified
bone matrix – the osteoid- which is later calcified
• Surrounding mesenchyme becomes vascularised and is
organised to form the periosteum
• Plates of bone separated by fibrous CT- sutures permit further
growth of the skull
• Process also contributes to growth of short bones and
thickening of long bones
 ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
• Bones of the axial skeleton, the limbs and base of the skull
• Long bone will have a shaft (diaphysis), epiphyses (expanded ends).
• A cartilage model of the bone is first formed
• Perichondrium converted into a periosteum
• Formation of a bony collar by intramembranous ossification from the periosteum
• Chondrocytes in the diaphysis enlarge and hypertrophy and start to synthesise
alkaline phosphatase
• Cartilage matrix becomes calcified
• Hypertrophied chondrocytes degenerate and die
• Invasion of empty spaces by periosteal bud containing blood vessels, osteoblasts ,
endothelial cells and bone marrow cells
• Laying down of bone matrix by osteoblasts on the calcified walls of the spaces
• A primary center of ossification is established in the diaphysis and extends in both
directions towards the epiphyses
• The cartilaginous diaphyses continue to grow in length by interstitial growth
 BONE GROWTH
• Adult bones grow by appositional growth only through deposition of
bone from the periosteum- results in increase in width.
• Growth in length of bones in children occurs by proliferation of
chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plates followed by endochondral
ossification
• Secondary centres of ossification are formed in the epiphyses
• Epiphyses separated from diaphysis by epiphyseal plate of hyaline
cartilage.
• Chondrocytes within the plate proliferate and contribute to growth in
length of the bone.
• Epiphyseal plate is a site of endochondral ossification and different zones
can be observed showing different stages of ossification
• Zone of reserve cartilage ,Zone of proliferation, Zone of hypertrophy,
Zone of degeneration and calcification ,Zone of osteogenesis
• Longitudinal growth of the bone ceases when the 1° and2° ossification
centers fuse (epiphyseal closure)
• Hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses becomes articular cartilage
 Bone
Differs from cartilage in that:
5. Bone grows only appositionally.
 Bone resorption and remodelling
•Bones respond to changes in weight, posture and other
mechanical stresses by changing their internal architecture
(plasticity.)
•Reorganization (remodelling) of bone occurs by bone
resorption and bone deposition.
• Bony salts e.g calcium are also constantly removed from ECM
by osteoclastic resorption, and deposited into bone matrix by
osteoblastic bone deposition
•Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones maintain the level of
calcium ions in the blood
•Defects in osteoclast function leads to osteopetrosis-
overgrowth and thickening of bones
 BONE REPAIR
• After a fracture the site is invaded by macrophages,
blood vessels and fibroblasts from the periosteum
• During repair primary bone is formed by both
intramembranous and endochondral ossification
• Mesenchymal stem cells in the periosteum
differentiate into chondroblasts or osteoblasts and
start to lay down the matrix to form a callus
• Callus is later remodelled by activity of osteoclasts
to original shape of the bone
 Bone
Endocrine and nutritional effects on bone:
-Growth hormone – lack of hormone causes pituitary
dwarfism and excess causes gigantism/ in adults causes
acromegaly.
- gonadal hormones - maturation of bone/closure of
epiphyseal plates
- Lack of vitamin D in children leads to rickets, in adults
to osteomalacia.
-Vitamin C - needed for collagen and bone matrix
production. Lack of vitamin C leads to condition of
scurvy.
-Vitamin A - maintains the rate of growth of bone.
Other clinicals; hyperthyrodism, osteoporosis, tumors of
bone