Module-I (Part-II):

Introduction to Operating System

Concepts Cont...

by:
Dr. Soumya Priyadarsini Panda
Assistant Professor
Dept. of CSE
Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar
 Contents

 Operating System Services

 System Components

 System calls
 Operating System Services

 Operating systems provides-

 an environment for execution of programs and
 many services to the programs and users
A View of Operating System Services
 Cont…

User Interface:
 Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).

 Examples:
 Command-Line (CLI),
 Graphics User Interface (GUI),
 Batch
 Cont…

Program Execution:
 The system must be able to load a program into memory and to run that
program, end execution, either normally or abnormally (indicating error).

I/O Operations:
 A running program may require I/O, which may involve a file or an I/O
device
 Cont…
File System Manipulation:
 Programs need to read and write files and directories, create and delete
them, search them, list file Information, permission management.

Communications:
 Processes may exchange information, on the same computer or between
computers over a network.
 Communications may be via shared memory or through message
passing
 Cont…

Error Detection:
 OS needs to be constantly aware of possible errors
 May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in user
program

 For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to ensure
correct and consistent computing

 Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and programmer’s

abilities to efficiently use the system
 Cont…
Resource Allocation:
 When multiple users or multiple jobs running concurrently, resources
must be allocated to each of them

 Many types of resources - CPU cycles, main memory, file storage,

I/O devices.

Accounting:
 To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of computer
resources
 Cont…
Protection and Security:
 The owners of information stored in a multiuser or networked computer
system may want to control use of that information

 concurrent processes should not interfere with each other

 Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is

controlled

 Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication.

 It extends to defending external I/O devices from invalid access

attempts.
 Operating System Components
 An operating system provides the environment within which programs
are executed.

 To construct such an environment, the system is partitioned into small

modules with a well-defined interface.

 Although all OS do not have the same structure, most of the operating
systems share similar system components like:

 Process Management, File Management, Memory Management, I/O device

Management, etc
Operating System Components
 Cont…
Process Management:
 The process management component is a procedure for managing many
processes that are running simultaneously on the operating system.

 Every application program running on a system has one or more

processes associated with them.

 All these processes should be managed by process management

component, which keeps processes for running efficiently.

Functions of process management in OS:

 Process creation and deletion
 Suspension and resumption
 Synchronization process
 Communication process
 Cont…
File Management:
 File management is one of the most visible services of an operating
system.

 A file is a set of related information define by its creator. It commonly

represents programs, both source and object forms, and data.

 Data files can be numeric, alphabetic, or alphanumeric.

Function of file management in OS:

 File and directory creation and deletion
 For manipulating files and directories
 Mapping files onto secondary storage
 Backup files on stable storage media
 Cont…
I/O Device Management:
 One of the important use of an operating system is to hide the
peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the user.

Functions of I/O management in OS:

 It offers buffer caching system
 It provides general device driver code
 It provides drivers for particular hardware devices.
 I/O helps to knows the individualities of a specific device.
 Cont…
Network Management:
 Network management is the process of administering and managing
computer networks.

 It includes performance management, fault analysis, provisioning of

networks, and maintaining the quality of service.

Functions of Network Management:

 A distributed system offers the user access to the various resources the
network shares.

 It helps to access shared resources that help computation to speed-up or

offers data availability and reliability.
 Cont…
Main Memory Management:
 Memory is central to the operation of a modern computer system.

 The memory management process is conducted by using a sequence of

reads/writes of specific memory addresses.

 For a program to be executed, it must be in the main memory.

Functions of Memory management in OS:

 It helps to keep track of primary memory
 Determine which parts are in use by whom and which parts are not in
use
 Takes decision about which process will get Memory and how much.
 Allocates/deallocates the memory when a process requests/terminates
 Cont…
Secondary-Storage Management:
 The main memory of the computer is very small to store all data and
programs permanently.

 The computer system offers secondary storage to back up the main

Memory.

Functions of Secondary storage management in OS:

 Storage allocation
 Free space management
 Disk scheduling
 Cont…
Security Management:
 The various processes in an operating system need to be secured from
each other's activities.

 Various mechanisms can be used to ensure that processes which want to

operate files, memory CPU, and other hardware resources should have
proper authorization from the operating system
 Other Important Activities of the OS

 The user's program can't execute I/O operations directly. The operating
system provides some medium to perform this.

 OS checks the capability of the program to read, write, create, and

delete files.

 OS facilitates an exchange of information between processes executing

on the same or different systems.

 OS components help to makes sure that correct computing is performed

by detecting errors in the CPU and memory hardware
 System Calls
 System call provides an interface to the services provided by the OS

 Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++)

 Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application

Programming Interface (API) rather than direct system call use

 Three most common APIs are Win32 API for Windows, POSIX API
for POSIX-based systems and Java API for the Java virtual machine
(JVM)
 Example of System Calls

 System call sequence to copy the contents of one file to another file
API – System Call – OS Relationship
Cont….
 Types of System Calls

 Process control
 File management
 Device management
 Information maintenance
 Communications
 Protection
 Cont…
Process Control:
 Create process, terminate process
 end, abort
 load, execute
 get process attributes, set process attributes
 wait for time
 wait event, signal event
 allocate and free memory
 Cont….
File Management:
 create file, delete file
 open, close file
 read, write, reposition
 get and set file attributes

Device Management:
 request device, release device
 read, write, reposition
 get device attributes, set device attributes
 logically attach or detach devices
 Cont….

Information Maintenance:
 get time or date, set time or date
 get system data, set system data
 get and set process, file, or device attributes

Communications:
 create, delete communication connection
 send, receive messages
 transfer status information
 attach and detach remote devices
 Cont…

Protection:
 Control access to resources
 Get and set permissions
 Allow and deny user access
Examples of Windows and Unix
System Calls