Refer to the following diagrams to answer Question 1.

1. What fact about human respiration is confirmed from the circle charts?

A. Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released during respiration.

B. Nitrogen is a by-product of respiration.
C. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are the only three gases involved in
respiration.
D. Nitrogen is the most important gas for respiration.

2. Limewater turns milky when carbon dioxide is passed through it. Jenna designs
an experiment in which she exhales air through a straw into a beaker of lime water.
The lime water turns milky. Which of the following can be most properly inferred
from the results of this experiment?

A. Lime water becomes cloudy over time.

B. Lime water can turn milky for many different reasons.
C. Exhaled air does not contain any carbon dioxide.
D. Carbon dioxide is exhaled during respiration.

Refer to the following information to answer Questions 3–5.

Brain lobes have been shown to be related to different brain functions. The
cerebrum is the largest portion of the human brain and is divided into six lobes.

1. Frontal lobe–conscious thought; damage can result in mood changes, social

differences, etc.; the frontal lobes are the most uniquely human of all the brain
structures

2. Parietal lobe–plays important roles in integrating sensory information from

various senses and in the manipulation of objects; portions of the parietal lobe are
involved with visuospatial processing

3. Occipital lobe–sense of sight; lesions can produce hallucinations

4. Temporal lobe–senses of smell and sound, as well as processing of

complex stimuli like faces and scenes

5. Limbic lobe–emotion, memory

6. Insular cortex–pain, some other senses

3. Which of the following might result from an injury to the limbic lobe?

A. loss of short-term memory

B. partial blindness
C. hearing problems
D. problems with depth perception

4. Which statement best summarizes the information in the passage?

A. All human brains are the same size.

B. The shape of the brain varies from person to person.
C. Specific parts of the human brain control specific body functions.
D. The size of the brain is related to the organism’s intelligence.

5. We remember the faces of people we saw a long time ago. Which lobes of the
brain are most likely responsible for this?
A. frontal and temporal
B. parietal and occipital
C. occipital and temporal
D. frontal and parietal

Refer to the following information to answer Questions 6 and 7.

The two types of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain are the sensory
and motor nerves. Motor nerves carry messages from the brain to control
muscles and operate body systems. Sensory nerves carry messages from the
surrounding environment to be processed by the brain.

6. When an ant bites you on the hand, what is most likely to happen?

A. The hand informs the motor nerves that an ant is biting it, which in turn tells the
sensory nerves to kill it.
B. The sensory nerves on the hand send impulses to the brain about the ant. The
brain signals the motor nerves to remove the ant.
C. The motor nerves on the hand send impulses to the brain about the ant. The
brain signals the sensory nerves to operate the hand to remove the ant.
D. The brain signals both the motor and sensory nerves, and together they help the
hand remove the ant.

7. Theoptic nerves transmit visual information captured by the retina to the brain.
They can be classified as _____________ nerves.

Refer to the following information to answer Questions 8–10.

The three major structural tissues in the human body are fat, muscle, and bone. Fat
can be of two types: essential fat or storage fat. Essential fat isstored in bone
marrow and in organs. Storage fat is the type we usually think of as excess fat,
since it often adds unwanted weight to our bodies. Storage fat is fatty tissue that
surrounds internal organs or is deposited beneath the skin.

The following circle graphs compare the body composition of an average-sized

young man with that of an average-sized young woman.
8. Which tissues make up a greater percentage of the body composition of an
average-sized young man than of an average-sized young woman?

A. total fat and bone

B. bone and muscle
C. total fat and muscle
D. muscle only

9. Isabella
is an average-sized young woman, and Noah is an averagesized young
man. Which statement about Isabella and Noah is bestsupported by the passage
and the graphs?

A. Isabella has a more difficult time losing weight than does Noah.
B. Isabella has a higher percentage of total fat than does Noah.
C. Isabella has the same percentage of total fat as does Noah.
D. Isabella eats more sweets than does Noah.

10. Whatis the most reasonable explanation for why women tend to have a higher
percentage of total fat than men?
A. Women have broader hips than men.
B. Women have larger appetites than men.
C. Women’s bodies use added fat to protect female reproductive organs.
D. Women tend to do less physical labor than men.

Refer to the following information to answer Questions 11–14.

11. According to the graph, about how much oxygen is consumed per minute by a
person at rest?

A. 0.1 liter
B. 0.3 liter
C. 0.8 liter
D. 1.0 liter

12. Which statement best summarizes the graph?

A. The steady-state rate of oxygen consumption depends on jogging speed.

B. Oxygen consumption increases most rapidly during the first 6 minutes of
jogging.
C. Oxygen consumption is lower while at rest than during jogging.
D. Oxygen consumption rises during the first 6 minutes of jogging and remains at
a steady state while jogging continues.

13. Suppose that after 10 minutes of slow jogging at a rate of 12 minutes per mile,
a person suddenly speeds up to a rate of 10 minutes per mile. What will be the
most likely effect on oxygen consumption?

A. an increase to a higher steady-state level

B. a steadily falling rate and no new steady-state level
C. a continuation of the same steady-state level
D. a decrease to a lower steady-state level

14. Which of the following might be the jogger’s rate of oxygen consumption if she
continues to run at 10 miles per hour for another 5 minutes?

A. 1.5 liters per minute

B. 1.7 liters per minute
C. 1.8 liters per minute
D. 2.0 liters per minute

Use the following information to answer Questions 15–17.

A plant scientist developed a new hybrid grass by crossing a desert grass with a
shade grass. To determine the hybrid’s ideal growing conditions, an experiment is
performed in which the hybrid is grown in four different planters. Each planter is
provided sunlight and water, as shown in the table below. The average height of
the grass in each planter is recorded weekly.
15. Which of the following conditions, if not met, would LEAST affect the results
of the experiment?

A. The depth of the soil should be identical in four planters.

B. The planters should be weed-free.
C. The same type of soil should be placed in all four planters.
D. The four planters should be kept on the same table.

16. Which two planters should be compared to determine the effect of water on the
growth of the hybrid grass when it receives the maximum amount of sunlight?

A. A and B
B. A and D
C. C and A
D. C and B

17. Identify
the independent and dependent variables in this experiment.
Independent: _____________ and _____________.
Dependent: _____________. Independent- the amount of water &
sunlight received &

dependent- growth of the plant

1. A Fromthe charts, it can be seen that the amount of oxygen is less and the
amount of carbon dioxide is more in exhaled air than in inhaled air.

2. D Since lime water turns milky when carbon dioxide is passed through it, Jenna
can infer that her exhaled air contains carbon dioxide.

3. A Since
the limbic lobe is responsible for emotion and memory, a loss of short-
term memory might be due to an injury to the limbic lobe.

4. C Different parts of the brain control different body functions.

5. C Sight is controlled by the occipital lobe and memory is maintained by the

temporal lobe. To remember someone’s face, coordination of these two lobes is
important.

6. B The brain processes the sensory impulse from the hand and sends a message
to react using motor nerves.

7. sensory

8. B The combined percent for bone and muscle is 59.7%. This is the greatest
percent of the categories given in the graph.

9. B This is the only information that is supported by the graph.

10. C Women’s bodies differ from men’s bodies due to the presence of mammary
glands and female reproductive organs, all of which contain fat-rich tissues.

11. B The oxygen consumption rate shown is between 0.2 and 0.4 liter per minute.

12. D This statement is the most complete summary of information provided by the
graph.

13. A It
can be inferred from the graph that the oxygen consumption reaches a
steady-state rate, which is determined by the rate of exercise. Exercise at a more
strenuous level increases the oxygen consumption rate.
14. D The oxygen consumption rate will remain steady at the now higher rate, so
choice D is the only possible answer.

15. D Keepingthe planters on the same table would have little effect on plant
growth. Each other choice plays an important role in the comparative growth of
the plants.

16. C Planters A and C receive full days of sunlight but are given different amounts
of water. These are the conditions being tested in this comparative study.

17. Independent: sunlight, water; Dependent: plant growth. Sunlight and

water are the independent variables. Plant growth is dependent on both these
factors, making it a dependent variable.
Refer to the following information to answer Questions 18–20.

Two million Americans suffer from some form of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a disorder of
nerve cells in the brain. Normally, nerve cells in the brain produce electrical
signals that flow through the nervous system and activate body muscles. However,
during an epileptic seizure, these cells release abnormal bursts of electrical energy
that the brain cannot control.

In the most severe type of epileptic seizure, people may lose consciousness, fall,
and shake. This type of seizure often lasts several minutes. In a milder form,
people may lose awareness of their surroundings but do not fall or lose
consciousness.

Scientists do not understand the causes of epilepsy, but they do know that it cannot
be spread from one person to another. Moreover, doctors are now able to treat
epilepsy with drugs that either reduce the frequency of seizures or prevent them
entirely. Most people who have epilepsy can now lead normal lives.

18. Which of the following is the best description of an epileptic seizure?

A. a temporary loss of body control due to an electrical disturbance in the brain

B. a permanent loss of body control due to an electrical disturbance in the brain
C. an electrical disturbance in the brain caused by a loss of body control
D. an injury to the body caused by a fall that occurs because of a brain malfunction

19. Which phrase is LEAST descriptive of epilepsy?

A. electrical disturbance in the brain

B. a contagious disease
C. often accompanied by a seizure
D. characterized by loss of body control

20. Which of the following can be most properly inferred from the information in
the second paragraph?

A. Mild seizures are nothing to worry about.

B. Severe seizures cause death.
C. Symptoms of a seizure may vary.
D. Mild seizures only last a few seconds to a minute.

Refer to the following information to answer Questions 21 and 22.

Dr. Parkerson performs a simple test on her patient by holding a small ball and
having her patient hold one hand beneath it. The doctor then releases the ball, and
the patient attempts to grab the ball in his fist.

21. What is the experiment above most likely designed to test?

A. hand strength
B. strength of gravity
C. weight of the ball
D. reaction time

22. Which activity done prior to the test would most likely influence a person’s
ability to perform well on this test?

A. eating vegetables
B. drinking alcohol
C. playing computer games
D. talking on the phone

Refer to the following information to answer Questions 23–26.

Heatstroke (sunstroke) occurs when the temperature-regulating system of the body

ceases to work effectively. When people are exposed to or undergo heavy exertion
in extreme heat, they may stop sweating–the body’s naturalway of cooling itself.
The skin becomes hot and dry, and body temperature rises above normal. Other
symptoms may include irregular heartbeat and shallow, irregular breathing. The
victim may lose consciousness.

Because the high body temperatures of heatstroke can cause brain damage and
death, heatstroke should be treated immediately. Standard treatment is to quickly
reduce body temperature by applying cold compresses to the victim’s body and ice
packs to the neck. If possible, the victim should be placed in a bathtub of cold
water. Only when body temperature is down to 102°F should the cooling
procedures be stopped.
Heat exhaustion is less serious than heatstroke. With heat exhaustion, a victim
becomes weak and dizzy after exposure to or heavy exertion in high temperature
and high humidity. Other symptoms include confusion, a great amount of
sweating, and a body temperature below normal. Proper treatment includes
moving the victim to a cooler location but keeping the victim warm until body
temperature rises to normal.

To help avoid heatstroke and heat exhaustion, people exposed to hot and possibly
humid conditions should drink plenty of water and take frequent rest breaks to
cool off.

23. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of heat exhaustion?

A. dizziness
B. profuse sweating
C. elevated temperature
D. confusion

24. What is the main purpose of applying ice packs to the neck of a heatstroke
victim?

A. to slow the flow of blood to the brain

B. to lower body temperature
C. to cool the nervous system
D. to increase the flow of blood to the brain

25. Tohelp prevent heat exhaustion during summer, which is LEAST important for
an exercise club to maintain in good working order?

A. drinking fountains
B. ventilation system
C. air conditioner
D. exercise bicycles

26. A doctorcomes to the assistance of a middle-aged woman who has collapsed

while working outdoors on a hot afternoon. Which of the following is the LEAST
important piece of information for the doctor?
A. body temperature
B. blood pressure
C. air temperature
D. breathing rate
18. A This is the summary of the information contained in the first two paragraphs
of the passage.

19. B Epilepsy cannot be passed on from one person to another.

20. C The passage describes different symptoms for severe and mild seizures, so
one can infer that the symptoms of a seizure may vary.

21. D Theexperiment is designed to test how quickly a person reacts to the

dropping ball.

22. B Alcohol interferes with both judgment and reaction time.

23. C Eachother choice is mentioned in the third paragraph as a symptom of heat

exhaustion. Below-normal temperature is also often a symptom.

24. B Loweringa victim’s body temperature will help prevent the serious
consequences of heatstroke, such as brain damage and death.

25. D Each of the other choices directly affects the exerciser’s access to cool air
and water.

26. C Air
temperature is the least significant factor related to the victim’s
immediate health needs.