LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2013)

 Concept Index
 Command Index
Table of Contents
 1 About this document  14 Counters
 2 Overview of LaTeX o 14.1 \alph \Alph \arabic
 3 Starting & ending \roman \Roman \fnsymbol:
 4 Document classes Printing counters
o 4.1 Document class options o 14.2 \usecounter{counter}
 5 Typefaces o 14.3 \value{counter}
o 5.1 Font styles o 14.4 \setcounter{counter}{
o 5.2 Font sizes value}
o 5.3 Low-level font commands o 14.5 \addtocounter{counter
 6 Layout }{value}
o 6.1 \onecolumn o 14.6 \refstepcounter{counte
o 6.2 \twocolumn r}
o 6.3 \flushbottom o 14.7 \stepcounter{counter}
o 6.4 \raggedbottom o 14.8 \day \month \year:
o 6.5 Page layout parameters Predefined counters
 7 Sectioning  15 Lengths
 8 Cross references o 15.1 \setlength{\len}{value
o 8.1 \label }
o 8.2 \pageref{key} o 15.2
o 8.3 \ref{key} \addtolength{\len}{amount
 9 Environments }
o 9.1 abstract o 15.3 \settodepth
o 9.2 array o 15.4 \settoheight
o 9.3 center o 15.5 \settowidth{\len}{text
 9.3.1 \centering }
o 9.4 description o 15.6 Predefined lengths
o 9.5 displaymath  16 Making paragraphs
o 9.6 document o 16.1 \indent
o 9.7 enumerate o 16.2 \noindent
o 9.8 eqnarray o 16.3 \parskip
o 9.9 equation o 16.4 Marginal notes
o 9.10 figure  17 Math formulas
o 9.11 flushleft o 17.1 Subscripts &
 9.11.1 \raggedright superscripts
o 9.12 flushright o 17.2 Math symbols
 9.12.1 \raggedleft o 17.3 Math functions
o 9.13 itemize o 17.4 Math accents
o 9.14 letter environment: writing o 17.5 Spacing in math mode
letters o 17.6 Math miscellany
o 9.15 list  18 Modes
o 9.16 math  19 Page styles
o 9.17 minipage o 19.1 \maketitle
o 9.18 picture o 19.2 \pagenumbering
 9.18.1 \circle o 19.3 \pagestyle
 9.18.2 \makebox o 19.4 \thispagestyle{style}
 9.18.3 \framebox  20 Spaces
  9.18.4 \dashbox o 20.1 \hspace
 9.18.5 \frame o 20.2 \hfill
 9.18.6 \line o 20.3 \SPACE
 9.18.7 \linethickness o 20.4 \@
 9.18.8 \thicklines o 20.5 \thinspace
 9.18.9 \thinlines o 20.6 \/
 9.18.10 \multiput o 20.7 \hrulefill
 9.18.11 \oval o 20.8 \dotfill
 9.18.12 \put o 20.9 \addvspace
 9.18.13 \shortstack o 20.10 \bigskip \medskip
 9.18.14 \vector \smallskip
o 9.19 quotation o 20.11 \vfill
o 9.20 quote o 20.12 \vspace[*]{length}
o 9.21 tabbing  21 Boxes
o 9.22 table o 21.1 \mbox{text}
o 9.23 tabular o 21.2 \fbox and \framebox
 9.23.1 \multicolumn o 21.3 lrbox
 9.23.2 \cline o 21.4 \makebox
 9.23.3 \hline o 21.5 \parbox
 9.23.4 \vline o 21.6 \raisebox
o 9.24 thebibliography o 21.7 \savebox
 9.24.1 \bibitem o 21.8 \sbox{\boxcmd}{text}
 9.24.2 \cite o 21.9 \usebox{\boxcmd
 9.24.3 \nocite  22 Special insertions
 9.24.4 Using BibTeX o 22.1 Reserved characters
o 9.25 theorem o 22.2 Text symbols
o 9.26 titlepage o 22.3 Accents
o 9.27 verbatim o 22.4 Non-English
 9.27.1 \verb characters
o 9.28 verse o 22.5 \rule
 10 Line breaking o 22.6 \today
o 10.1 \\[*][morespace]  23 Splitting the input
o 10.2 \obeycr & \restorecr o 23.1 \include
o 10.3 \newline o 23.2 \includeonly
o 10.4 \- (discretionary hyphen) o 23.3 \input
o 10.5 \fussy  24 Front/back matter
o 10.6 \sloppy o 24.1 Tables of contents
o 10.7 \hyphenation  24.1.1
o 10.8 \linebreak & \nolinebreak \addcontentsline
 11 Page breaking  24.1.2
o 11.1 \cleardoublepage \addtocontents
o 11.2 \clearpage o 24.2 Glossaries
o 11.3 \newpage o 24.3 Indexes
o 11.4 \enlargethispage  25 Letters
o 11.5 \pagebreak & \nopagebreak o 25.1 \address{return-
 12 Footnotes address}
o 12.1 \footnote o 25.2 \cc
o 12.2 \footnotemark o 25.3 \closing
o 12.3 \footnotetext o 25.4 \encl
o 12.4 Symbolic footnotes o 25.5 \location
 o 12.5 Footnote parameters o 25.6 \makelabels
 13 Definitions o 25.7 \name
o 13.1 \newcommand & \renewcom o 25.8 \opening{text}
mand o 25.9 \ps
o 13.2 \newcounter o 25.10 \signature{text}
o 13.3 \newlength o 25.11 \startbreaks
o 13.4 \newsavebox o 25.12 \stopbreaks
o 13.5 \newenvironment & \renewen o 25.13 \telephone
vironment  26 Terminal input/output
o 13.6 \newtheorem o 26.1 \typein[cmd]{msg}
o 13.7 \newfont o 26.2 \typeout{msg}
o 13.8 \protect  27 Command line
 Appendix A Document templates
o A.1 book template
o A.2 beamer template
o A.3 tugboat template
 Concept Index
 Command Index
LaTeX2e
This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document preparation system,
version as of May 2013. It is intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version
of LaTeX for many years.
• About this document: Bug reporting, etc.
• Overview: What is LaTeX?
• Starting & ending: The standard beginning and end of a document.
• Document classes: Some of the various classes available.
• Typefaces: And fonts, such as bold, italics etc.
• Layout: Controlling the page layout.
• Sectioning: How to section properly.
• Cross references: Automatic referencing.
• Environments: Such as enumerate & itemize.
• Line breaking: Influencing line breaks.
• Page breaking: Influencing page breaks.
• Footnotes: How to produce footnotes.
• Definitions: Define your own commands etc.
• Counters: Internal counters used by LaTeX.
• Lengths: The length commands.
• Making paragraphs: Paragraph commands.
• Math formulas: How to create mathematical formulas.
• Modes: Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
• Page styles: Various styles of page layout.
• Spaces: Horizontal and vertical space.
• Boxes: Making boxes.
• Special insertions: Inserting reserved and special characters.
• Splitting the input: Dealing with big files by splitting.
• Front/back matter: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
• Letters: The letter class.
• Terminal input/output: User interaction.
• Command line: System-independent command-line behavior.
• Document templates: Starter templates for various document classes.
• Concept Index: General index.
• Command Index: Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands.
1 About this document
The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro package for Donald E.
Knuth’s TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now
maintained by a group of volunteers (http://latex-project.org). The official documentation
written by the LaTeX project is available from their web site.
The present document is completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them. Instead,
please send all comments to latexrefman-discuss@gna.org.
The home page for this document is http://home.gna.org/latexrefman. That page has links to
the current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other infrastructure.
Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about LaTeX. Here are a few:
http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr
Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc
Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide
The guide for document authors maintained as part of LaTeX; there are several others.
http://tug.org/begin.html
Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX.
2 Overview of LaTeX
What is LaTeX?
LaTeX typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX “macro package” for
TeX. That is, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with interspersed
commands that describe how the text should be formatted. LaTeX files are plain text that can
be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at least three files as output:
1. The main output file, which is one of:
.dvi
If invoked as latex, a “Device Independent” (.dvi) file is produced. This contains commands
that can be translated into commands for virtually any output device. You can view
such .dvi output of LaTeX by using a program such as xdvi (display directly), dvips (convert
to PostScript), or dvipdfmx (convert to PDF).
.pdf
If invoked as pdflatex, a “Portable Document Format” (.pdf) file. Typically, this is a self-
contained file, with all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does make
the output much larger than the .dvi produced from the same document.
If invoked as lualatex, a .pdf file is created using the LuaTeX engine (http://luatex.org).
If invoked as xelatex, a .pdf file is created using the XeTeX engine (http://tug.org/xetex).
Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which can produce HTML,
XML, and other things.
2. The “transcript” or .log file that contains summary information and diagnostic
messages for any errors discovered in the input file.
3. An “auxiliary” or .aux file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for things such as cross-
references.
An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won’t try to list them all. Xxx
components?
In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a \, followed by either (a) a string of
letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, [], are optional
while arguments contained in braces, {}, are required.
LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do
otherwise.
3 Starting & ending
A minimal input file looks like the following:
\documentclass{class}
\begin{document}
your text
\end{document}
where the class is a valid document class for LaTeX. See Document classes, for details of the
various document classes available locally.
You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentclass and
the \begin{document} commands (this area is called the preamble).
4 Document classes
The class of a given document is defined with the command:
\documentclass[options]{class}
The \documentclass command must be the first command in a LaTeX source file.
Built-in LaTeX document class names are (many other document classes are available as add-
ons; see Overview):
article report book letter slides
Standard options are described below.
• Document class options: Global options.
4.1 Document class options
You can specify so-called global options or class options to the \documentclass command by
enclosing them in square brackets as usual. To specify more than one option, separate them
with a comma:
\documentclass[option1,option2,...]{class}
Here is the list of the standard class options.
All of the standard classes except slides accept the following options for selecting the
typeface size (default is 10pt):
10pt 11pt 12pt
All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default
is letterpaper):
a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
Miscellaneous other options:
draft, final
mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is final.
fleqn
Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
landscape
Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
leqno
Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
openbib
Use “open” bibliography format.
titlepage, notitlepage
Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
These options are not available with the slides class:
onecolumn
twocolumn
Typeset in one or two columns; default is onecolumn.
oneside
twoside
Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is oneside, except for the book class.
The \evensidemargin (\oddsidemargin parameter determines the distance on even (odd)
numbered pages between the left side of the page and the text’s left margin. The defaults vary
with the paper size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided printing the
text is centered, for two-sided, \oddsidemargin is 40% of the difference
between \paperwidth and \textwidth, with \evensidemargin the remainder.
openright
openany
Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is openright for book.
The slides class offers the option clock for printing the time at the bottom of each note.
Additional packages are loaded like this:
\usepackage[options]{pkg}
To specify more than one pkg, you can separate them with a comma, or use
multiple \usepackage commands.
Any options given in the \documentclass command that are unknown by the selected
document class are passed on to the packages loaded with \usepackage.
5 Typefaces
Two important aspects of selecting a font are specifying a size and a style. The LaTeX
commands for doing this are described here.
• Font styles: Select roman, italics etc.
• Font sizes: Select point size.
• Low-level font commands: Select encoding, family, series, shape.
5.1 Font styles
The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
This first group of commands is typically used like \textit{italic text}. The corresponding
command in parenthesis is the “declaration form”, which takes no arguments. The scope of
the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.
The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say
either \sffamily\bfseries or \bfseries\sffamily to get bold sans serif.
You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}.
These commands automatically supply an italic correction if the
\textrm (\rmfamily)
Roman.
\textit (\itshape)
Italics.
\emph
Emphasis (switches between \textit and \textrm).
\textmd (\mdseries)
Medium weight (default).
\textbf (\bfseries)
Boldface.
\textup (\upshape)
Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
\textsl (\slshape)
Slanted.
\textsf (\sffamily)
Sans serif.
\textsc (\scshape)
Small caps.
\texttt (\ttfamily)
Typewriter.
\textnormal (\normalfont)
Main document font.
\mathrm
Roman, for use in math mode.
\mathbf
Boldface, for use in math mode.
\mathsf
Sans serif, for use in math mode.
\mathtt
Typewriter, for use in math mode.
\mathit
(\mit)
Italics, for use in math mode.
\mathnormal
For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
\mathcal
‘Calligraphic’ letters, for use in math mode.
In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for switching to bold letters and
symbols in formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default.
Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals} will typeset so-called “old-style” numerals,
which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining”
numerals. LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect \textbf (but not other styles;
there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style
numerals also; sometimes the textcomp package must be loaded, and sometimes package
options are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-
bin/texfaq2html?label=osf.
LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that
is, are not cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands,
too: {\cmd ...} instead of \cmd{...}. These are two very different things.
\bf
Switch to bold face.
\cal
Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
\em
Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).
\it
Italics.
\rm
Roman.
\sc
Small caps.
\sf
Sans serif.
\sl
Slanted (oblique).
\tt
Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
5.2 Font sizes
The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The table shows the
command name and the corresponding actual font size used (in points) with the ‘10pt’, ‘11pt’,
and ‘12pt’ document size options, respectively (see Document class options).
Command 10pt 11pt 12pt
\tiny 5 6 6
\scriptsize 7 8 8
\footnotesize 8 9 10
\small 9 10 10.95
\normalsize (default) 10 10.95 12
\large 12 12 14.4
\Large 14.4 14.4 17.28
\LARGE 17.28 17.28 20.74
\huge 20.74 20.74 24.88
\Huge 24.88 24.88 24.88
The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of the declaration form lasts
until the next type style command or the end of the current group. You can also use the
environment form of these commands; for instance, \begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}.
5.3 Low-level font commands
These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands
listed here are only a subset of the available ones.
\fontencoding{enc}
Select font encoding. Valid encodings include OT1 and T1.
\fontfamily{family}
Select font family. Valid families include:
 cmr for Computer Modern Roman
 cmss for Computer Modern Sans Serif
 cmtt for Computer Modern Typewriter
and numerous others.
\fontseries{series}
Select font series. Valid series include:
 m Medium (normal)
 b Bold
 c Condensed
 bc Bold condensed
 bx Bold extended
and various other combinations.
\fontshape{shape}
Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
 n Upright (normal)
 it Italic
 sl Slanted (oblique)
 sc Small caps
 ui Upright italics
  ol Outline
The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
\fontsize{size}{skip}
Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and the second is the line spacing
to use; this is stored in a parameter named \baselineskip. The unit of both parameters defaults
to pt. The default \baselineskip for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the \fontsize.
The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the \baselinestretch parameter when the
type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to “double space” a document, if
you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the setspace package;
see http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace.
\linespread{factor}
Equivalent to \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor}, and therefore must be followed
by \selectfont to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble, or use the setspace package,
as described just above.
The changes made by calling the font commands described above do not come into effect
until \selectfont is called.
\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}
The same as invoking \fontencoding, \fontfamily, \fontseries and \fontshape with the given
parameters, followed by \selectfont.
6 Layout
Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
• \onecolumn: Use one-column layout.
• \twocolumn: Use two-column layout.
• \flushbottom: Make all text pages the same height.
• \raggedbottom: Allow text pages of differing height.
• Page layout parameters: \headheight \footskip.
6.1 \onecolumn
The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the
default.
6.2 \twocolumn
Synopsis:
\twocolumn[text1col]
The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output. If the
optional text1col argument is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column
typesetting starts.
These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
\columnsep
The distance between columns (35pt by default).
\columnseprule
The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.
\columnwidth
The width of the current column; this is equal to \textwidth in single-column text.
These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:
\dbltopfraction
Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by floats. Default
‘.7’, can be usefully redefined to (say) ‘.9’ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
\dblfloatpagefraction
The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, for a two-column float
page. Default ‘.5’.
\dblfloatsep
Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float page. Default ‘12pt
plus2pt minus2pt’ for ‘10pt’ and ‘11pt’ documents, ‘14pt plus2pt minus4pt’ for ‘12pt’.
\dbltextfloatsep
Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text.
Default ‘20pt plus2pt minus4pt’.
6.3 \flushbottom
The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space
where necessary to fill out the page.
This is the default if twocolumn mode is selected (see Document class options).
6.4 \raggedbottom
The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page.
No rubber lengths will be stretched.
6.5 Page layout parameters
\headheight
Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is ‘30pt’, except in the book class,
where it varies with the type size.
\headsep
Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of the main text. Default is
‘25pt’, except in the book class, where it varies with the type size.
\footskip
Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of the page footer. Default is
‘30pt’, except in the book class, where it varies with the type size.
\linewidth
Width of the current line, decreased for each nested list (see list). Specifically, it is smaller
than \textwidth by the sum of \leftmargin and \rightmargin (see itemize). The default varies
with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an article document in ‘10pt’, it’s
set to ‘345pt’; in two-column mode, that becomes ‘229.5pt’.
\textheight
The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with the font size, document
class, etc. For an article or report document in ‘10pt’, it’s set to ‘43\baselineskip’; for book,
it’s ‘41\baselineskip’. For ‘11pt’, it’s ‘38\baselineskip’ and for ‘12pt’, ‘36\baselineskip’.
\textwidth
The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies as usual. For
an article or report document, it’s ‘345pt’ at ‘10pt’, ‘360pt’ at ‘11pt’, and ‘390pt’ at ‘12pt’.
For a book document, it’s ‘4.5in’ at ‘10pt’, and ‘5in’ at ‘11pt’ or ‘12pt’.
In multi-column output, \textwidth remains the width of the entire page body,
while \columnwidth is the width of one column (see \twocolumn).
In lists (see list), \textwidth remains the width of the entire page body (and \columnwidth the
width of the entire column), while \linewidth may decrease for nested lists.
Inside a minipage (see minipage) or \parbox (see \parbox), all the width-related parameters
are set to the specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of
the minipage or \parbox.
For completeness: \hsize is the TeX primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It
should not be used in normal LaTeX documents.
\topmargin
Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and
the top of the header. The default is computed based on many other parameters: \paperheight -
2in - \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip, and then divided by two.
\topskip
Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text.
For the standard clases, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., ‘10pt’ at ‘10pt’.
7 Sectioning
Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
\part
\chapter
(report and book class only)
\section
\subsection
\subsubsection
\paragraph
\subparagraph
All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
\chapter[toctitle]{title}
In addition to providing the heading title in the main text, the section title can appear in two
other places:
1. The table of contents.
2. The running head at the top of the page.
You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. To handle this, the
sectioning commands have an optional argument toctitle that, when given, specifies the text
for these other places.
Also, all sectioning commands have *-forms that print title as usual, but do not include a
number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance:
\section*{Preamble}
The \appendix command changes the way following sectional units are numbered.
The \appendix command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts.
The normal use of this command is something like
\chapter{A Chapter}
…
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
The secnumdepth counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{level}
suppresses heading numbers at any depth > level, where chapter is level zero.
(See \setcounter.)
8 Cross references
One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in
“See Figure 3 for more details.”
• \label: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
• \pageref: Refer to a page number.
• \ref: Refer to a section, figure or similar.
8.1 \label
Synopsis:
\label{key}
A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to key the number of the current
sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to key.
A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation characters. Upper
and lowercase letters are distinguished.
To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels
consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon or period. Some conventionally-used
prefixes:
ch
for chapters
sec
for lower-level sectioning commands
fig
for figures
tab
for tables
eq
for equations
Thus, a label for a figure would look like fig:snark or fig.snark.
8.2 \pageref{key}
Synopsis:
\pageref{key}
The \pageref{key} command produces the page number of the place in the text where the
corresponding \label{key} command appears.
8.3 \ref{key}
Synopsis:
\ref{key}
The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote, figure, …, of
the corresponding \label command (see \label). It does not produce any text, such as the word
‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare number itself.
9 Environments
LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each environment begins
and ends in the same manner:
\begin{envname}
...
\end{envname}
• abstract: Produce an abstract.
• array: Math arrays.
• center: Centered lines.
• description: Labelled lists.
• displaymath: Formulas that appear on their own line.
• document: Enclose the whole document.
• enumerate: Numbered lists.
• eqnarray: Sequences of aligned equations.
• equation: Displayed equation.
• figure: Floating figures.
• flushleft: Flushed left lines.
• flushright: Flushed right lines.
• itemize: Bulleted lists.
• letter: Letters.
• list: Generic list environment.
• math: In-line math.
• minipage: Miniature page.
• picture: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
• quotation: Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
• quote: Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
• tabbing: Align text arbitrarily.
• table: Floating tables.
• tabular: Align text in columns.
• thebibliography: Bibliography or reference list.
• theorem: Theorems, lemmas, etc.
• titlepage: For hand crafted title pages.
• verbatim: Simulating typed input.
• verse: For poetry and other things.
9.1 abstract
Synopsis:
\begin{abstract}
...
\end{abstract}
Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.
9.2 array
Synopsis:
\begin{array}{template}
col1 text&col1 text&coln}\\
...
\end{array}
Math arrays are produced with the array environment, normally within
an equation environment (see equation). It has a single mandatory template argument
describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column col is
specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows:
c
centered
l
flush left
r
flush right
Column entries are separated by &. Column entries may include other LaTeX commands.
Each row of the array is terminated with \\.
In the template, the construct @{text} puts text between columns in each row.
Here’s an example:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{lrc}
left1 & right1 & centered1 \\
left2 & right2 & centered2 \\
\end{array}
\end{equation}
The \arraycolsep parameter defines half the width of the space separating columns; the default
is ‘5pt’. See tabular, for other parameters which affect formatting in array environments,
namely \arrayrulewidth and \arraystretch.
The array environment can only be used in math mode.
9.3 center
Synopsis:
\begin{center}
line1 \\
line2 \\
\end{center}
The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered
within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the string \\.
• \centering: Declaration form of the center environment.
9.3.1 \centering
The \centering declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration can be
used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. Thus, the text of a figure or table can
be centered on the page by putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or
table environment.
Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a new paragraph; it
simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment
such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
Here’s an example:
\begin{quote}
\centering
first line \\
second line \\
\end{quote}
9.4 description
Synopsis:
\begin{description}
\item [label1] item1
\item [label2] item2
...
\end{description}
The description environment is used to make labelled lists. Each label is typeset in bold, flush
right. The item text may contain multiple paragraphs.
Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if you typeset a label in
typewriter using \texttt, you’ll get bold typewriter: \item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]. This
may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use \tt, which resets all other
style variations: \item[{\tt plain typewriter}].
For details about list spacing, see itemize.
9.5 displaymath
Synopsis:
\begin{displaymath}
math
\end{displaymath}
or
\[math\]
The displaymath environment (\[...\] is a synonym) typesets the math text on its own line,
centered by default. The global fleqn option makes equations flush left; see Document class
options.
No equation number is added to displaymath text; to get an equation number, use
the equation environment (see equation).
9.6 document
The document environment encloses the body of a document. It is required in every LaTeX
document. See Starting & ending.
9.7 enumerate
Synopsis:
\begin{enumerate}
\item item1
\item item2
...
\end{enumerate}
The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one
another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments, such as itemize (see itemize) and description (see description).
Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There must be at least
one \item command within the environment.
By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:
1. 1., 2., …
2. (a), (b), …
3. i., ii., …
4. A., B., …
The enumerate environment uses the counters \enumi through \enumiv counters
(see Counters). If the optional argument to \item is given, the counter is not incremented for
that item.
The enumerate environment uses the commands \labelenumi through \labelenumiv to produce
the default label. So, you can use \renewcommand to change the labels (see \newcommand &
\renewcommand). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase letters:
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
9.8 eqnarray
First, a caveat: the eqnarray environment has some infelicities which cannot be overcome; the
article “Avoid eqnarray!” by Lars Madsen describes them in detail
(http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf). The bottom line is that it is better to use
the align environment (and others) from the amsmath package.
Nevertheless, here is a description of eqnarray:
\begin{eqnarray} (or eqnarray*)
formula1 \\
formula2 \\
...
\end{eqnarray}
The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very
much like a three-column array environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\ and
consecutive items within a row separated by an &.
\\* can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page
break at that line.
An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command.
Alternatively, The *-form of the environment (\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}) will
omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as eqnarray.
The command \lefteqn is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument
in display style flush left in a box of zero width.
9.9 equation
Synopsis:
\begin{equation}
math
\end{equation}
The equation environment starts a displaymath environment (see displaymath), e.g., centering
the math text on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
9.10 figure
\begin{figure[*]}[placement]
figbody
\label{label}
\caption[loftitle]{text}
\end{figure}
Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are instead “floated” to a
convenient place, such as the top of a page. Figures will not be split between two pages.
When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a full-width figure (across
both columns).
The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place your figure.
There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:
t
(Top)—at the top of a text page.
b
(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. However, b is not allowed for full-width floats
(figure*) with double-column output. To ameliorate this, use
the stfloats or dblfloatfix package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
FAQ: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat.
h
(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. However, this is not
allowed by itself; t is automatically added.
To absolutely force a figure to appear “here”, you can \usepackage{float} and use
the H specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry
at http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere.
p
(Page of floats)—on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats.
!
Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX ignores the restrictions on
both the number of floats that can appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text
on the page. The ! specifier does not mean “put the float here”; see above.
The standard report and article classes use the default placement tbp.
The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you wish.
The \caption command specifies caption text for the figure. The caption is numbered by
default. If loftitle is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of text (see Tables of
contents).
Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and non-float text:
The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at the bottom; default ‘.3’.
\floatpagefraction
The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; default ‘.5’.
\textfraction
Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this
much text, floats will be moved to a different page. The default is ‘.2’.
\topfraction
Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default ‘.7’.
Parameters relating to vertical space around floats:
\floatsep
Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default ‘12pt plus2pt minus2pt’.
\intextsep
Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default ‘12pt plus2pt minus2pt’
for ‘10pt’ and ‘11pt’ styles, ‘14pt plus4pt minus4pt’ for ‘12pt’.
\textfloatsep
Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default ‘20pt plus2pt
minus4pt’.
Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page:
\bottomnumber
Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1.
\topnumber
Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2.
\totalnumber
Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-
bin/texfaq2html?label=floats.
9.11 flushleft
\begin{flushleft}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{flushleft}
The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to
the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string \\.
• \raggedright: Declaration form of the flushleft environment.
9.11.1 \raggedright
The \raggedright declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This declaration can be
used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.
Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not start a new paragraph; it
only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command that ends the paragraph
unit.
9.12 flushright
\begin{flushright}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{flushright}
The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush
to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string \\.
• \raggedleft: Declaration form of the flushright environment.
9.12.1 \raggedleft
The \raggedleft declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This declaration can be
used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.
Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not start a new paragraph; it
only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command that ends the paragraph
unit.
9.13 itemize
Synopsis:
\begin{itemize}
\item item1
\item item2
...
\end{itemize}
The itemize environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” list. Itemizations can be nested
within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-
making environments, such as enumerate (see enumerate).
Each item of an itemize list begins with an \item command. There must be at least
one \item command within the environment.
By default, the marks at each level look like this:
1. • (bullet)
2. -- (bold en-dash)
3. * (asterisk)
4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
The itemize environment uses the commands \labelitemi through \labelitemiv to produce the
default label. So, you can use \renewcommand to change the labels. For instance, to have the
first level use diamonds:
\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
The \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi parameters define the distance between the left margin
of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention, \leftmargin is set
to the appropriate \leftmarginN when a new level of nesting is entered.
The defaults vary from ‘.5em’ (highest levels of nesting) to ‘2.5em’ (first level), and are a bit
reduced in two-column mode. This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost
lists:
\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
Some parameters that affect list formatting:
\itemindent
Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
\labelsep
Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘.5em’.
\labelwidth
Width of the label; default ‘2em’, or ‘1.5em’ in two-column mode.
\listparindent
Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item; default ‘0pt’.
\rightmargin
Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the enclosing environment;
default ‘0pt’, except in the quote, quotation, and verse environments, where it is set equal
to \leftmargin.
Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather loose, by default).
\itemsep
Vertical space between items. The default is 2pt plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt
plus2pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt for 12pt.
\parsep
Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults are the same as \itemsep.
\topsep
Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. For top-level lists, the
default is 8pt plus2pt minus4pt for 10pt documents, 9pt plus3pt minus5pt for 11pt, and 10pt
plus4pt minus6pt for 12pt. These are reduced for nested lists.
\partopsep
Extra space added to \topsep when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is 2pt
plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt plus1pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 3pt plus2pt
minus2pt for 12pt.
Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is
an example defining an itemize* environment with no extra spacing between items, or
between paragraphs within a single item (\parskip is not list-specific, see \parskip):
\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
\setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
{\end{itemize}}
9.14 letter environment: writing letters
This environment is used for creating letters. See Letters.
9.15 list
The list environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more
specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often in macros.
\begin{list}{labeling}{spacing}
\item item1
\item item2
...
\end{list}
The mandatory labeling argument specifies how items should be labelled (unless the optional
argument is supplied to \item). This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to
form the label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
The mandatory spacing argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters for
the list. This argument will most often be empty, i.e., {}, which leaves the default spacing.
The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by \linewidth (see Page layout
parameters).
9.16 math
Synopsis:
\begin{math}
math
\end{math}
The math environment inserts the given math within the running text. \(...\)) and $...$ are
synonyms. See Math formulas.
9.17 minipage
\begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width}
text
\end{minipage}
The minipage environment typesets its body text in a block that will not be broken across
pages. This is similar to the \parbox command (see \parbox), but unlike \parbox, other
paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
The arguments are the same as for \parbox (see \parbox).
By default, paragraphs are not indented in the minipage environment. You can restore
indentation with a command such as \setlength{\parindent}{1pc} command.
Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for
putting footnotes in figures or tables. A \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote
at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses
the \mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter (see Counters).
However, don’t put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up
at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
9.18 picture
\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
… picture commands …
\end{picture}
The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want
containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by
specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and a
minus sign—a number like 5, 0.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of
the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54
specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
You should only change the value of \unitlength, using the \setlength command, outside of
a picture environment. The default value is 1pt.
A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point with x-
coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to
an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position
appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the
argument.
The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position. It specifies the
size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with width and height
determined by this argument’s x- and y-coordinates.
The picture environment also has an optional position argument, following the size argument,
that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the
lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example,
if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left
corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220).
When you first draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at
the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you can
just add the appropriate optional argument.
The environment’s mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture. This need
bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things
outside the picture, or even off the page. The picture’s nominal size is used by LaTeX in
determining how much room to leave for it.
Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The command
\put (11.3,-.3){...}
puts the object specified by ... in the picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).
The reference points for various objects will be described below.
The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything that can go in
an \mbox (see \mbox) in the text argument of the \put command. When you do this, the
reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.
The picture commands are described in the following sections.
• \circle: Draw a circle.
• \makebox (picture): Draw a box of the specified size.
• \framebox (picture): Draw a box with a frame around it.
• \dashbox: Draw a dashed box.
• \frame: Draw a frame around an object.
• \line: Draw a straight line.
• \linethickness: Set the line thickness.
• \thicklines: A heavier line thickness.
• \thinlines: The default line thickness.
• \multiput: Draw multiple instances of an object.
• \oval: Draw an ellipse.
• \put: Place an object at a specified place.
• \shortstack: Make a pile of objects.
• \vector: Draw a line with an arrow.
9.18.1 \circle
\circle[*]{diameter}
The \circle command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as
possible. The *-form of the command draws a solid circle.
Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
9.18.2 \makebox
\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}
The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the
normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and height in multiples
of \unitlength.
The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may
select up to two of the following:
t
Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.
b
Moves the item to the bottom.
l
Moves the item to the left.
r
Moves the item to the right.
See \makebox.
9.18.3 \framebox
Synopsis:
\framebox(width,height)[pos]{...}
The \framebox command is like \makebox (see previous section), except that it puts a frame
around the outside of the box that it creates.
The \framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves a
space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.
9.18.4 \dashbox
Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
\dashbox{dlen}(rwidth,rheight)[pos]{text}
\dashbox creates a dashed rectangle around text in a picture environment. Dashes
are dlen units long, and the rectangle has overall width rwidth and height rheight. The text is
positioned at optional pos.
A dashed box looks best when the rwidth and rheight are multiples of the dlen.
9.18.5 \frame
Synopsis:
\frame{text}
The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around text. The reference point is the bottom
left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object.
9.18.6 \line
Synopsis:
\line(xslope,yslope){length}
The \line command draws a line with the given length and slope xslope/yslope.
Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x and y have integer values from
-6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, see the curve2e and many
many other packages on CTAN.
9.18.7 \linethickness
The \linethickness{dim} command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a
picture environment to be dim, which must be a positive length.
\linethickness does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or the quarter circles
drawn by \oval.
9.18.8 \thicklines
The \thicklines command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a
picture environment; cf. \linethickness and \thinlines.
9.18.9 \thinlines
The \thinlines command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a
picture environment; cf. \linethickness and \thicklines.
9.18.10 \multiput
Synopsis:
\multiput(x,y)(delta_x,delta_y){n}{obj}
The \multiput command copies the object obj in a regular pattern across a picture. obj is first
placed at position (x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, n times.
9.18.11 \oval
Synopsis:
\oval(width,height)[portion]
The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional
argument portion allows you to select part of the oval via the following:
t
selects the top portion;
b
selects the bottom portion;
r
selects the right portion;
l
selects the left portion.
The “corners” of the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20pt, so
large “ovals” will look more like boxes with rounded corners.
9.18.12 \put
\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }
The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given
coordinates.
9.18.13 \shortstack
Synopsis:
\shortstack[position]{...\\...\\...}
The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are:
r
Move the objects to the right of the stack.
l
Move the objects to the left of the stack
c
Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
Objects are separated with \\.
9.18.14 \vector
Synopsis:
\vector(x-slope,y-slope){length}
The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope.
The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.
9.19 quotation
Synopsis:
\begin{quotation}
text
\end{quotation}
The margins of the quotation environment are indented on both the left and the right. The text
is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
Unlike the quote environment, each paragraph is indented normally.
9.20 quote
Snyopsis:
\begin{quote}
text
\end{quote}
The margins of the quote environment are indented on both the left and the right. The text is
justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
Unlike the quotation environment, paragraphs are not indented.
9.21 tabbing
Synopsis:
\begin{tabbing}
row1col1 \= row1col2 \= row1col3 \= row1col4 \\
row2col1 \> \> row2col3 \\
...
\end{tabbing}
The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by setting tab
stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for
cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the tabular environment.
The following commands can be used inside a tabbing enviroment:
\\ (tabbing)
End a line.
\= (tabbing)
Sets a tab stop at the current position.
\> (tabbing)
Advances to the next tab stop.
\<
Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be
used at the start of the line.
\+
Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right,
beginning tabbed line if necessary.
\-
Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left,
beginning tabbed line if necessary.
\' (tabbing)
Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the
most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush against
the current column’s tab stop.
\` (tabbing)
Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can’t
move text to the right of the last column because there’s no tab stop there. The \` command
moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to
the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or \' command between
the \` and the command that ends the line.
\a (tabbing)
In a tabbing environment, the commands \=, \' and \` do not produce accents as usual
(see Accents). Instead, the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used.
\kill
Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like \\ except that it throws away the current
line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- commands in that line
remain in effect.
\poptabs
Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last \pushtabs.
\pushtabs
Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the
middle of a tabbing environment.
\tabbingsep
Distance to left of tab stop moved by \'.
This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\> begin \= \+ \\
\> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
else \+ \\
fact := 1; \-\- \\
end;\\
\end{tabbing}
9.22 table
Synopsis:
\begin{table}[placement]

body of the table

\caption{table title}
\end{table}
Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually “floated” to a
convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be split between two pages.
The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place your table.
There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float; these are the same as that used
with the figure environment, and described there (see figure).
The standard report and article classes use the default placement [tbp].
The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you wish.
The \caption command allows you to title your table.
9.23 tabular
Synopsis:
\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular}
or
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular*}
These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned
vertically in columns.
\\ must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except for the last, where it is
optional—unless an \hline command (to put a rule below the table) follows.
The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
width
Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be rubber space between
columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width.
pos
Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of the environment.
t
align on top row
b
align on bottom row
cols
Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers,
corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material.
l
A column of left-aligned items.
r
A column of right-aligned items.
c
A column of centered items.
|
A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
@{text}
This inserts text in every row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally
inserted between columns; any desired space before the adjacent item must be included
in text.
To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given column, you have to load
the array package and use the >{...} specifier.
An \extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd to
appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by
another \extracolsep command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not
suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can be used only in an @-
expression in the cols argument.
p{wd}
Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, as if it were the argument
of a \parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in the
following situations:
1. inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular.
2. inside an explicit \parbox.
3. in the scope of a \centering, \raggedright, or \raggedleft declaration. The latter
declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column
element.
*{num}{cols}
Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is a positive integer and cols is any list of
column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.
Parameters that control formatting:
\arrayrulewidth
Thickness of the rule created by |, \hline, and \vline in the tabular and array environments; the
default is ‘.4pt’.
\arraystretch
Scaling of spacing between rows in the tabular and array environments; default is ‘1’, for no
scaling.
\doublerulesep
Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by || in
the tabular and array environments; default is ‘2pt’.
\tabcolsep
Half the width of the space between columns; default is ‘6pt’.
The following commands can be used inside a tabular environment:
• \multicolumn: Make an item spanning several columns.
• \cline: Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
• \hline: Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
• \vline: Draw a vertical line.
9.23.1 \multicolumn
Synopsis:
\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}
The \multicolumn command makes an entry that spans several columns. The first mandatory
argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to span. The second mandatory
argument, pos, specifies the formatting of the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for
flushright. The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text to put in the entry.
Here’s an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; \multicolumn is used for
the heading:
\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
0x80&0x7FF \cr
0x800&0xFFFF \cr
0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr
\end{tabular}
9.23.2 \cline
Synopsis:
\cline{i-j}
The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified, beginning in
column i and ending in column j, which are specified in the mandatory argument.
9.23.3 \hline
The \hline command draws a horizontal line the width of the
enclosing tabular or array environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the top,
bottom, and between the rows of a table.
9.23.4 \vline
The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row.
An \hfill command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used
in an @-expression.
9.24 thebibliography
Synopsis:
\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
...
\end{thebibliography}
The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference list.
In the article class, this reference list is labelled “References”; in the report class, it is labelled
“Bibliography”. You can change the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the
command \refname. For instance, this eliminates it entirely:
\renewcommand{\refname}{}
The mandatory widest-label argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item
label produced by the \bibitem commands. It is typically given as 9 for bibliographies with
less than 10 references, 99 for ones with less than 100, etc.
• \bibitem: Specify a bibliography item.
• \cite: Refer to a bibliography item.
• \nocite: Include an item in the bibliography.
• Using BibTeX: Automatic generation of bibliographies.
9.24.1 \bibitem
Synopsis:
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
The \bibitem command generates an entry labelled by label. If the label argument is missing,
a number is automatically generated using the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
This command writes an entry to the .aux file containing the item’s cite_key and label. When
the .aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the item’s label is associated
with cite_key, causing references to cite_key with a \cite command (see next section) to
produce the associated label.
9.24.2 \cite
Synopsis:
\cite[subcite]{keys
The keys argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated by commas. This command
generates an in-text citation to the references associated with keys by entries in the .aux file.
The text of the optional subcite argument appears after the citation. For
example, \cite[p.~314]{knuth} might produce ‘[Knuth, p. 314]’.
9.24.3 \nocite
\nocite{key_list}
The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a list of one or more
citation keys, on the .aux file.
9.24.4 Using BibTeX
If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a
bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don’t use
the thebibliography environment (see thebibliography). Instead, you include the lines
\bibliographystyle{bibstyle}
\bibliography{bibfile1,bibfile2}
The \bibliographystyle command does not produce any output of its own. Rather, it defines
the style in which the bibliography will be produced: bibstyle refers to a file bibstyle.bst,
which defines how your citations will look. The standard style names distributed with BibTeX
are:
alpha
Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication.
plain
Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
unsrt
Like plain, but entries are in order of citation.
abbrv
Like plain, but more compact labels.
In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various
publications. See http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib.
The \bibliography command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument
to \bibliography refers to files named bibfile.bib, which should contain your database in
BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via \cite and \nocite will be listed in the
bibliography.
9.25 theorem
Synopsis:
\begin{theorem}
theorem-text
\end{theorem}
The theorem environment produces “Theorem n” in boldface followed by theorem-text, where
the numbering possibilities for n are described under \newtheorem (see \newtheorem).
9.26 titlepage
Synopsis:
\begin{titlepage}
text
\end{titlepage}
The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with no printed page number or
heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page
is left to you. The \today command may be useful on title pages (see \today).
You can use the \maketitle command (see \maketitle) to produce a standard title page without
a titlepage environment.
9.27 verbatim
Synopsis:
\begin{verbatim}
literal-text
\end{verbatim}
The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces
exactly what you type in; for instance the \ character produces a printed ‘\’. It turns LaTeX
into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a
typewriter.
The verbatim uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (\tt).
• \verb: The macro form of the verbatim environment.
9.27.1 \verb
Synopsis:
\verbcharliteral-textchar
\verb*charliteral-textchar
The \verb command typesets literal-text as it is input, including special characters and spaces,
using the typewriter (\tt) font. No spaces are allowed between \verb or \verb* and the
delimiter char, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear
in literal-text.
The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a “visible space” character.
9.28 verse
Synopsis:
\begin{verse}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{verse}
The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it.
The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not indented, and the text is
not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with \\, and use one or more blank lines to
separate the stanzas.
10 Line breaking
The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a
sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken
into lines (and these lines must be broken into pages).
LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some environments, you do
the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, and you can always manually force breaks.
• \\: Start a new line.
• \obeycr & \restorecr: Make each input line start a new output line.
• \newline: Break the line
• \- (hyphenation): Insert explicit hyphenation.
• \fussy: Be fussy about line breaking.
• \sloppy: Be sloppy about line breaking.
• \hyphenation: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
• \linebreak & \nolinebreak: Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
10.1 \\[*][morespace]
The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, morespace, that
specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
negative amount.
The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it tells LaTeX not to
start a new page after the line.
10.2 \obeycr & \restorecr
The \obeycr command makes a return in the input file (‘^^M’, internally) the same
as \\ (followed by \relax). So each new line in the input will also be a new line in the output.
\restorecr restores normal line-breaking behavior.
10.3 \newline
The \newline command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text
before it. It can only be used in paragraph mode.
10.4 \- (discretionary hyphen)
The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very
good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most of the correct hyphenation points, and
almost never use an incorrect one. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases.
When you insert \- commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and
not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
10.5 \fussy
The declaration \fussy (which is the default) makes TeX picky about line breaking. This
usually avoids too much space between words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
This command cancels the effect of a previous \sloppy command (see \sloppy.
10.6 \sloppy
The declaration \sloppy makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull
boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing.
Lasts until a \fussy command is issued (see \fussy).
10.7 \hyphenation
Synopsis:
\hyphenation{word-one word-two}
The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points with a - character in the
given words. The words are separated by spaces. TeX will only hyphenate if the word
matches exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple \hyphenation commands accumulate. Some
examples (the default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these words):
\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
10.8 \linebreak & \nolinebreak
Synopses:
\linebreak[priority]
\nolinebreak[priority]
By default, the \linebreak (\nolinebreak) command forces (prevents) a line break at the current
position. For \linebreak, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right
margin as usual.
With the optional argument priority, you can convert the command from a demand to a
request. The priority must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent
the request.
11 Page breaking
LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a
page. Usually this happens automatically, but sometimes you may want to influence the
breaks.
• \cleardoublepage: Start a new right-hand page.
• \clearpage: Start a new page.
• \newpage: Start a new page.
• \enlargethispage: Enlarge the current page a bit.
• \pagebreak & \nopagebreak: Forcing & avoiding page breaks.
11.1 \cleardoublepage
The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that
have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the
next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
11.2 \clearpage
The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so
far appeared in the input to be printed.
11.3 \newpage
The \newpage command ends the current page, but does not clear floats
(see \clearpage above).
11.4 \enlargethispage
\enlargethispage{size}
\enlargethispage*{size}
Enlarge the \textheight for the current page by the specified amount;
e.g. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} will allow one additional line.
The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible. This
is normally used together with an explicit \pagebreak.
11.5 \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
Synopses:
\pagebreak[priority]
\nopagebreak[priority]
By default, the \pagebreak (\nopagebreak) command forces (prevents) a page break at the
current position. With \pagebreak, the vertical space on the page is stretched out where
possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
With the optional argument priority, you can convert the \pagebreak command from a
demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the
more insistent the request is.
12 Footnotes
Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command,
the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two commands,
the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands.
• \footnote: Insert a footnote.
• \footnotemark: Insert footnote mark only.
• \footnotetext: Insert footnote text only.
• Symbolic footnotes: Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes.
• Footnote parameters: Parameters for footnote formatting.
12.1 \footnote
Synopsis:
\footnote[number]{text}
The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of the current page.
The optional argument number changes the default footnote number.
This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning
commands like \chapter, in figures, tables or in a tabular environment. (See following
sections.)
12.2 \footnotemark
With no optional argument, the \footnotemark command puts the current footnote number in
the text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the
footnote separately, with the \footnotetext command.
This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers referring to the
same footnote with
\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
after the first \footnote command.
12.3 \footnotetext
Synopsis:
\footnotetext[number]{text}
The \footnotetext command places text at the bottom of the page as a footnote. This command
can come anywhere after the \footnotemark command. The \footnotetext command must
appear in outer paragraph mode.
The optional argument number changes the default footnote number.
12.4 Symbolic footnotes
If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing numbers,
redefine \thefootnote like this:
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
The \fnsymbol command produces a predefined series of symbols (see \alph \Alph \arabic
\roman \Roman \fnsymbol). If you want to use a different symbol as your footnote mark,
you’ll need to also redefine \@fnsymbol.
12.5 Footnote parameters
\footnoterule
Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s footnotes. Default
dimensions: 0.4pt thick (or wide), and 0.4\columnwidth long in the standard document classes
(except slides, where it does not appear).
\footnotesep
The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the
normal strut for \footnotesize fonts (see Font sizes), therefore there is no extra space between
footnotes. This is ‘6.65pt’ for ‘10pt’, ‘7.7pt’ for ‘11pt’, and ‘8.4pt’ for ‘12pt’.
13 Definitions
LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
• \newcommand & \renewcommand: (Re)define a new command.
• \newcounter: Define a new counter.
• \newlength: Define a new length.
• \newsavebox: Define a new box.
• \newenvironment & \renewenvironment: Define a new environment.
• \newtheorem: Define a new theorem-like environment.
• \newfont: Define a new font name.
• \protect: Using tricky commands.
13.1 \newcommand & \renewcommand
\newcommand and \renewcommand define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses:
\newcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn}
\renewcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn}
*
The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain multiple paragraphs of
text (not \long, in plain TeX terms).
cmd
The command name beginning with \. For \newcommand, it must not be already defined and
must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand, it must already be defined.
nargs
An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments that the command will
take. The default is for the command to have no arguments.
optarg
If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command’s first argument is optional.
The default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is optarg, or,
if that argument is present in the \newcommand but has an empty value, the string ‘def’.
defn
The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a construct of the form #n in defn is
replaced by the text of the nth argument.
13.2 \newcounter
Synopsis:
\newcounter{cnt}[countername]
The \newcounter command defines a new counter named cnt. The new counter is initialized to
zero.
Given the optional argument [countername], cnt will be reset whenever countername is
incremented.
See Counters, for more information about counters.
13.3 \newlength
Synopsis:
\newlength{\arg}
The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument as a length command with a value
of 0in. The argument must be a control sequence, as in \newlength{\foo}. An error occurs
if \foo is already defined.
See Lengths, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and for more information about
lengths in general.
13.4 \newsavebox
Synopsis:
\newsavebox{cmd}
Defines \cmd, which must be a command name not already defined, to refer to a new bin for
storing boxes.
13.5 \newenvironment & \renewenvironment
Synopses:
\newenvironment[*]{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment[*]{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
These commands define or redefine an environment env, that is, \begin{env} … \end{env}.
*
The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the contents of the
environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text.
env
The name of the environment. For \newenvironment, env must not be an existing
environment, and the command \env must be undefined. For \renewenvironment, env must be
the name of an existing environment.
nargs
An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the newly-defined environment.
The default is no arguments.
default
If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and default gives the default value for that
argument.
begdef
The text expanded at every occurrence of \begin{env}; a construct of the form #n in begdef is
replaced by the text of the nth argument.
enddef
The text expanded at every occurrence of \end{env}. It may not contain any argument
parameters.
13.6 \newtheorem
\newtheorem{newenv}{label}[within]
\newtheorem{newenv}[numbered_like]{label}
This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:
newenv
The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an existing environment
or otherwise defined.
label
The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the number. For example,
‘Theorem’.
numbered_like
(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; the new environment
will be numbered just like numbered_like.
within
(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. The new theorem
counter will be reset at the same time as the within counter.
At most one of numbered_like and within can be specified, not both.
13.7 \newfont
Synopsis:
\newfont{cmd}{fontname}
Defines a control sequence \cmd, which must not already be defined, to make fontname be the
current font. The file looked for on the system is named fontname.tfm.
This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. More commonly, fonts
are defined in families through .fd files.
13.8 \protect
Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more are so-
called fragile commands. When a fragile command is used in certain contexts, called moving
arguments, it must be preceded by \protect. In addition, any fragile commands within the
arguments must have their own \protect.
Some examples of moving arguments are \caption (see figure), \thanks (see \maketitle), and
expressions in tabular and array environments (see tabular).
Commands which are not fragile are called robust. They must not be preceded by \protect.
See also:
http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html
http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect
14 Counters
Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter
is the same as the name of the environment or command that produces the number, except
with no \. (enumi–enumiv are used for the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list of
the counters used in LaTeX’s standard document classes to control numbering.
part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
section page footnote enumiii
subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
subsubsection
• \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman Print value of a counter.
\fnsymbol:
• \usecounter: Use a specified counter in a list
environment.
• \value: Use the value of a counter in an expression.
• \setcounter: Set the value of a counter.
• \addtocounter: Add a quantity to a counter.
• \refstepcounter: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary
counters.
• \stepcounter: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary
counters.
• \day \month \year: Numeric date values.
14.1 \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol: Printing counters
All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for instance, \alph{enumi}.
\alph
prints counter using lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’, ...
\Alph
uses uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, ...
\arabic
uses Arabic numbers: ‘1’, ‘2’, ...
\roman
uses lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, ...
\roman
uses uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, ...
\fnsymbol
prints the value of counter in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for
labeling footnotes). The value of counter must be between 1 and 9, inclusive.
The symbols mostly aren’t supported in Info, but here are the names:
asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
14.2 \usecounter{counter}
Synopsis:
\usecounter{counter}
The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list environment to
specify counter to be used to number the list items.
14.3 \value{counter}
Synopsis:
\value{counter}
The \value command produces the value of counter. It can be used anywhere LaTeX expects a
number, for example:
\setcounter{myctr}{3}
\addtocounter{myctr}{1}
\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
14.4 \setcounter{counter}{value}
Synopsis:
\setcounter{\counter}{value}
The \setcounter command sets the value of \counter to the value argument.
14.5 \addtocounter{counter}{value}
The \addtocounter command increments counter by the amount specified by
the value argument, which may be negative.
14.6 \refstepcounter{counter}
The \refstepcounter command works in the same way as \stepcounter See \stepcounter, except
it also defines the current \ref value to be the result of \thecounter.
14.7 \stepcounter{counter}
The \stepcounter command adds one to counter and resets all subsidiary counters.
14.8 \day \month \year: Predefined counters
LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (\day, 1–31), month of the year (\month, 1–
12), and year (\year, Common Era). When TeX starts up, they are set to the current values on
the system where TeX is running. They are not updated as the job progresses.
The related command \today produces a string representing the current day (see \today).
15 Lengths
A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument.
• \setlength: Set the value of a length.
• \addtolength: Add a quantity to a length.
• \settodepth: Set a length to the depth of something.
• \settoheight: Set a length to the height of something.
• \settowidth: Set a length to the width of something.
• Predefined lengths: Lengths that are, like, predefined.
15.1 \setlength{\len}{value}
The \setlength sets the value of \len to the value argument, which can be expressed in any
units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), big points (bp,
etc.
15.2 \addtolength{\len}{amount}
The \addtolength command increments a “length command” \len by the amount specified in
the amount argument, which may be negative.
15.3 \settodepth
\settodepth{\gnat}{text}
The \settodepth command sets the value of a length command equal to the depth of
the text argument.
15.4 \settoheight
\settoheight{\gnat}{text}
The \settoheight command sets the value of a length command equal to the height of
the text argument.
15.5 \settowidth{\len}{text}
The \settowidth command sets the value of the command \len to the width of
the text argument.
15.6 Predefined lengths
\width
\height
\depth
\totalheight
These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands
(see Boxes). They specify the natural width, etc., of the text in the
box. \totalheight equals \height + \depth. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say
\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
16 Making paragraphs
A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not containing even a %.
A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math
mode or in the argument of a sectioning command.
• \indent: Indent this paragraph.
• \noindent: Do not indent this paragraph.
• \parskip: Space added before paragraphs.
• Marginal notes: Putting remarks in the margin.
16.1 \indent
\indent produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the \parindent length, the
normal paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would
otherwise be suppressed.
The default value for \parindent is 1em in two-column mode,
otherwise 15pt for 10pt documents, 17pt for 11pt, and 1.5em for 12pt.
16.2 \noindent
When used at the beginning of the paragraph, \noindent suppresses any paragraph indentation.
It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
16.3 \parskip
\parskip is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The
default is 0pt plus1pt.
16.4 Marginal notes
Synopsis:
\marginpar[left]{right}
The \marginpar command creates a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the
same baseline as the line in the text where the \marginpar occurs.
When you only specify the mandatory argument right, the text will be placed
 in the right margin for one-sided layout;
 in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
 in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
The command \reversemarginpar places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside)
margin. \normalmarginpar places them in the default position.
When you specify both arguments, left is used for the left margin, and right is used for the
right margin.
The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation there by
beginning the node with \hspace{0pt}.
These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
\marginparpush
Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘7pt’ for ‘12pt’ documents, ‘5pt’ else.
\marginparsep
Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default ‘11pt’ for ‘10pt’ documents,
‘10pt’ else.
\marginparwidth
Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘10pt’ document is ‘90pt’, ‘83pt’ for ‘11pt’,
and ‘68pt’ for ‘12pt’; ‘17pt’ more in each case for a two-sided document. In two column
mode, the default is ‘48pt’.
The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes from falling off the
bottom of the page.
17 Math formulas
There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
math
For formulas that appear right in the text.
displaymath
For formulas that appear on their own line.
equation
The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in the right
margin.
The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but
the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph mode.
The math and displaymath environments are used so often that they have the following short
forms:
\(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form:
$ ... $ instead of \(...\)
The \boldmath command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is
used outside of math mode. Conversely, the \unboldmath command changes math glyphs to
be in a normal font; it too is used outside of math mode.
The \displaystyle declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of displaymath,
e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example
$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
• Subscripts & superscripts: Also known as exponent or index.
• Math symbols: Various mathematical squiggles.
• Math functions: Math function names like sin and exp.
• Math accents: Accents in math.
• Spacing in math mode: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
• Math miscellany: Stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else.
17.1 Subscripts & superscripts
To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}. To get exp to appear
as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that
stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and
a superscript.
17.2 Math symbols
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you’re likely to need. The commands for
generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your
source, you will get the pi symbol (\pi) in your output.
\|
\|
\aleph
\aleph
\alpha
\alpha
\amalg
\amalg (binary operation)
\angle
\angle
\approx
\approx (relation)
\ast
\ast (binary operation)
\asymp
\asymp (relation)
\backslash
\ (delimiter)
\beta
\beta
\bigcap
\bigcap
\bigcirc
\bigcirc (binary operation)
\bigcup
\bigcup
\bigodot
\bigodot
\bigoplus
\bigoplus
\bigotimes
\bigotimes
\bigtriangledown
\bigtriangledown (binary operation)
\bigtriangleup
\bigtriangleup (binary operation)
\bigsqcup
\bigsqcup
\biguplus
\biguplus
\bigcap
\bigvee
\bigwedge
\bigwedge
\bot
\bot
\bowtie
\bowtie (relation)
\Box
(square open box symbol)
\bullet
\bullet (binary operation)
\cap
\cap (binary operation)
\cdot
\cdot (binary operation)
\chi
\chi
\circ
\circ (binary operation)
\clubsuit
\clubsuit
\cong
\cong (relation)
\coprod
\coprod
\cup
\cup (binary operation)
\dagger
\dagger (binary operation)
\dashv
\dashv (relation)
\ddagger
\dagger (binary operation)
\Delta
\Delta
\delta
\delta
\Diamond
bigger \diamond
\diamond
\diamond (binary operation)
\diamondsuit
\diamondsuit
\div
\div (binary operation)
\doteq
\doteq (relation)
\downarrow
\downarrow (delimiter)
\Downarrow
\Downarrow (delimiter)
\ell
\ell
\emptyset
\emptyset
\epsilon
\epsilon
\equiv
\equiv (relation)
\eta
\eta
\exists
\exists
\flat
\flat
\forall
\forall
\frown
\frown (relation)
\Gamma
\Gamma
\gamma
\gamma
\ge
\ge
\geq
\geq (relation)
\gets
\gets
\gg
\gg (relation)
\hbar
\hbar
\heartsuit
\heartsuit
\hookleftarrow
\hookleftarrow
\hookrightarrow
\hookrightarrow
\iff
\iff
\Im
\Im
\in
\in (relation)
\infty
\infty
\int
\int
\iota
\iota
\Join
condensed bowtie symbol (relation)
\kappa
\kappa
\Lambda
\Lambda
\lambda
\lambda
\land
\land
\langle
\langle (delimiter)
\lbrace
\lbrace (delimiter)
\lbrack
\lbrack (delimiter)
\lceil
\lceil (delimiter)
\le
\le
\leadsto
\Leftarrow
\Leftarrow
\leftarrow
\leftarrow
\leftharpoondown
\leftharpoondown
\leftharpoonup
\leftharpoonup
\Leftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrow
\leq
\leq (relation)
\lfloor
\lfloor (delimiter)
\lhd
(left-pointing arrow head)
\ll
\ll (relation)
\lnot
\lnot
\longleftarrow
\longleftarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\longmapsto
\longmapsto
\longrightarrow
\longrightarrow
\lor
\lor
\mapsto
\mapsto
\mho
\mid
\mid (relation)
\models
\models (relation)
\mp
\mp (binary operation)
\mu
\mu
\nabla
\nabla
\natural
\natural
\ne
\ne
\nearrow
\nearrow
\neg
\neg
\neq
\neq (relation)
\ni
\ni (relation)
\not
Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.
\notin
\ni
\nu
\nu
\nwarrow
\nwarrow
\odot
\odot (binary operation)
\oint
\oint
\Omega
\Omega
\omega
\omega
\ominus
\ominus (binary operation)
\oplus
\oplus (binary operation)
\oslash
\oslash (binary operation)
\otimes
\otimes (binary operation)
\owns
\owns
\parallel
\parallel (relation)
\partial
\partial
\perp
\perp (relation)
\phi
\phi
\Pi
\Pi
\pi
\pi
\pm
\pm (binary operation)
\prec
\prec (relation)
\preceq
\preceq (relation)
\prime
\prime
\prod
\prod
\propto
\propto (relation)
\Psi
\Psi
\psi
\psi
\rangle
\rangle (delimiter)
\rbrace
\rbrace (delimiter)
\rbrack
\rbrack (delimiter)
\rceil
\rceil (delimiter)
\Re
\Re
\rfloor
\rfloor
\rhd
(binary operation)
\rho
\rho
\Rightarrow
\Rightarrow
\rightarrow
\rightarrow
\rightharpoondown
\rightharpoondown
\rightharpoonup
\rightharpoonup
\rightleftharpoons
\rightleftharpoons
\searrow
\searrow
\setminus
\setminus (binary operation)
\sharp
\sharp
\Sigma
\Sigma
\sigma
\sigma
\sim
\sim (relation)
\simeq
\simeq (relation)
\smallint
\smallint
\smile
\smile (relation)
\spadesuit
\spadesuit
\sqcap
\sqcap (binary operation)
\sqcup
\sqcup (binary operation)
\sqsubset
(relation)
\sqsubseteq
\sqsubseteq (relation)
\sqsupset
(relation)
\sqsupseteq
\sqsupseteq (relation)
\star
\star (binary operation)
\subset
\subset (relation)
\subseteq
\subseteq (relation)
\succ
\succ (relation)
\succeq
\succeq (relation)
\sum
\sum
\supset
\supset (relation)
\supseteq
\supseteq (relation)
\surd
\surd
\swarrow
\swarrow
\tau
\tau
\theta
\theta
\times
\times (binary operation)
\to
\to
\top
\top
\triangle
\triangle
\triangleleft
\triangleleft (binary operation)
\triangleright
\triangleright (binary operation)
\unlhd
left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
\unrhd
right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
\Uparrow
\Uparrow (delimiter)
\uparrow
\uparrow (delimiter)
\Updownarrow
\Updownarrow (delimiter)
\updownarrow
\updownarrow (delimiter)
\uplus
\uplus (binary operation)
\Upsilon
\Upsilon
\upsilon
\upsilon
\varepsilon
\varepsilon
\varphi
\varphi
\varpi
\varpi
\varrho
\varrho
\varsigma
\varsigma
\vartheta
\vartheta
\vdash
\vdash (relation)
\vee
\vee (binary operation)
\Vert
\Vert (delimiter)
\vert
\vert (delimiter)
\wedge
\wedge (binary operation)
\wp
\wp
\wr
\wr (binary operation)
\Xi
\Xi
\xi
\xi
\zeta
\zeta
17.3 Math functions
These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing.
\arccos
\arccos
\arcsin
\arcsin
\arctan
\arctan
\arg
\arg
\bmod
Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)
\cos
\cos
\cosh
\cosh
\cot
\cos
\coth
\cosh
\csc
\csc
\deg
\deg
\det
\deg
\dim
\dim
\exp
\exp
\gcd
\gcd
\hom
\hom
\inf
\inf
\ker
\ker
\lg
\lg
\lim
\lim
\liminf
\liminf
\limsup
\limsup
\ln
\ln
\log
\log
\max
\max
\min
\min
\pmod
parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)
\Pr
\Pr
\sec
\sec
\sin
\sin
\sinh
\sinh
\sup
\sup
\tan
\tan
\tanh
\tanh
17.4 Math accents
LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are
different from accents in normal text (see Accents).
\acute
Math acute accent: \acute{x}.
\bar
Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}.
\breve
Math breve accent: \breve{x}.
\check
Math háček (check) accent: \check{x}.
\ddot
Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}.
\dot
Math dot accent: \dot{x}.
\grave
Math grave accent: \grave{x}.
\hat
Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}.
\imath
Math dotless i.
\jmath
Math dotless j.
\mathring
Math ring accent: x*.
\tilde
Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}.
\vec
Math vector symbol: \vec{x}.
\widehat
Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}.
\widehat
Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}.
17.5 Spacing in math mode
In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing according
to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the
following commands for use in math mode:
\;
A thick space (5\over18\,quad).
\:
\>
Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).
\,
A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.
\!
A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad).
17.6 Math miscellany
\*
A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed.
\cdots
A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
\ddots
A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.
\frac{num}{den}
Produces the fraction num divided by den.
\left delim1 ... \right delim2
The two delimiters need not match; ‘.’ acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The
delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: \left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i
\right].
\overbrace{text}
Generates a brace over text. For example, \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}.
\overline{text}
Generates a horizontal line over tex. For exampe, \overline{x+y}.
\sqrt[root]{arg}
Produces the representation of the square root of arg. The optional argument root determines
what root to produce. For example, the cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
\stackrel{text}{relation}
Puts text above relation. For example, \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}.
\underbrace{math}
Generates math with a brace underneath.
\underline{text}
Causes text, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always
below the text, taking account of descenders.
\vdots
Produces a vertical ellipsis.
18 Modes
When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes:
 Paragraph mode
 Math mode
 Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different level, though not
all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving
an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing
commands.
“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it’s the one LaTeX is in when processing ordinary
text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is
in “math mode” when it’s generating a mathematical formula. In “LR mode”, as in paragraph
mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with spaces
between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it
never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX
would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because
the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.
LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command. You can get it to
enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a
formula in the box. There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or
environments will be called a parbox. When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a
box, it is said to be in “inner paragraph mode”. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
in, is called “outer paragraph mode”.
19 Page styles
The \documentclass command determines the size and position of the page’s head and foot.
The page style determines what goes in them.
• \maketitle: Generate a title page.
• \pagenumbering: Set the style used for page numbers.
• \pagestyle: Change the headings/footings style.
• \thispagestyle: Change the headings/footings style for this page.
19.1 \maketitle
The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page—except in the article class,
where the title is placed at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is
obtained from the following declarations:
\author{name \and name2}
The \author command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors
separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a single author’s entry—for
example, to give the author’s institution or address.
\date{text}
The \date command declares text to be the document’s date. With no \date command, the
current date (see \today) is used.
\thanks{text}
The \thanks command produces a \footnote to the title, usually used for credit
acknowledgements.
\title{text}
The \title command declares text to be the title of the document. Use \\ to force a line break, as
usual.
19.2 \pagenumbering
Synopsis:
\pagenumbering{style}
Specifies the style of page numbers, according to style:
arabic
arabic numerals
roman
lowercase Roman numerals
Roman
uppercase Roman numerals
alph
lowercase letters
Alph
uppercase letters
19.3 \pagestyle
Synopsis:
\pagestyle{style}
The \pagestyle command specifies how the headers and footers are typeset from the current
page onwards. Values for style:
plain
Just a plain page number.
empty
Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
headings
Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what goes in the headers.
myheadings
Custom headers, specified via the \markboth or the \markright commands.
Here are the descriptions of \markboth and \markright:
\markboth{left}{right}
Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” (left) is generated by the
last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a “right-hand heading” (right is
generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one,
otherwise by the last one before the page.
\markright{right}
Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
19.4 \thispagestyle{style}
The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle command (see
previous section) except that it changes to style for the current page only.
20 Spaces
LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
Another space-producing command is \, to produce a “thin” space (usually 1/6quad). It can be
used in text mode, but is more often useful in math mode (see Spacing in math mode).
Horizontal space

• \hspace: Fixed horizontal space.

• \hfill: Stretchable horizontal space.
• \SPACE: Normal interword space.
• \AT: Ending a sentence.
• \thinspace: One-sixth of an em.
• \/: Per-character italic correction.
• \hrulefill: Stretchable horizontal rule.
• \dotfill: Stretchable horizontal dots.
Vertical space

• \addvspace: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.

• \bigskip \medskip \smallskip: Fixed vertical spaces.
• \vfill: Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
• \vspace: Add arbitrary vertical space.
20.1 \hspace
Synopsis:
\hspace[*]{length}
The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length argument can be expressed in any
terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both
negative and positive space with an \hspace command; adding negative space is like
backspacing.
LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning or end of a line. To
preserve this space, use the optional * form.
20.2 \hfill
The \hfill fill command produces a “rubber length” which has no natural space but can stretch
or shrink horizontally as far as needed.
The \fill parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the glue value ‘0pt plus1fill’);
thus, \hspace\fill is equivalent to \hfill.
20.3 \SPACE
The \ (space) command produces a normal interword space. It’s useful after punctuation
which shouldn’t end a sentence. For example Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is
fundamental. It is also often used after control sequences, as in \TeX\ is a nice system.
In normal circumstances, \tab and \newline are equivalent to \ .
20.4 \@
The \@ command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it
normally would not. This is typically used after a capital letter. Here are side-by-side
examples with and without \@:
… in C\@. Pascal, though …
… in C. Pascal, though …
produces
… in C. Pascal, though …
… in C. Pascal, though …
20.5 \thinspace
\thinspace produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the
proper space to use in nested quotes, as in ’”.
20.6 \/
The \/ command produces an italic correction. This is a small space defined by the font
designer for a given character, to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The
italic f character typically has a large italic correction value.
If the following character is a period or comma, it’s not necessary to insert an italic
correction, since those punctuation symbols have a very small height. However, with
semicolons or colons, as well as normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output,
the ‘f’s are nicely separated) with f: f;.
Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare pdfTeX (in
the TeX output, there is a small space after the ‘f’) with pdfTeX.
20.7 \hrulefill
The \hrulefill fill command produces a “rubber length” which can stretch or shrink
horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule.
20.8 \dotfill
The \dotfill command produces a “rubber length” that fills with dots instead of just white
space.
20.9 \addvspace
\addvspace{length}
The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if
vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a
previous \addvspace command, then this command will not add more space than needed to
make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to length.
20.10 \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
These commands produce a given amount of space.
\bigskip
The same as \vspace{bigskipamount}, ordinarily about one line space (with stretch and
shrink).
\medskip
The same as \vspace{medskipamount}, ordinarily about half of a line space (with stretch and
shrink).
\smallskip
The same as \vspace{smallskipamount}, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space (with
stretch and shrink).
The \...amount parameters are determined by the document class.
20.11 \vfill
The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically
as far as needed. It’s equivalent to \vspace{\fill} (see \hfill).
20.12 \vspace[*]{length}
Synopsis:
\vspace[*]{length}
The \vspace command adds the vertical space length, i.e., a rubber length. length can be
negative or positive.
Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by \vspace at the top or bottom of a page.
With the optional * argument, the space is not removed.
21 Boxes
All the predefined length parameters (see Predefined lengths) can be used in the arguments of
the box-making commands.
• \mbox: Horizontal boxes.
• \fbox and \framebox: Put a frame around a box.
• lrbox: An environment like \sbox.
• \makebox: Box, adjustable position.
• \parbox: Box with text in paragraph mode.
• \raisebox: Raise or lower text.
• \savebox: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.
• \sbox: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.
• \usebox: Print saved text.
21.1 \mbox{text}
The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument.
The text is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
21.2 \fbox and \framebox
Synopses:
\fbox{text}
\framebox[width][position]{text}
The \fbox and \framebox commands are like \mbox, except that they put a frame around the
outside of the box being created.
In addition, the \framebox command allows for explicit specification of the box width with
the optional width argument (a dimension), and positioning with the
optional position argument.
Both commands produce a rule of thickness \fboxrule (default ‘.4pt’), and leave a space
of \fboxsep (default ‘3pt’) between the rule and the contents of the box.
See \framebox (picture), for the \framebox command in the picture environment.
21.3 lrbox
\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}
This is the environment form of \sbox.
The text inside the environment is saved in the box cmd, which must have been declared
with \newsavebox.
21.4 \makebox
Synopsis:
\makebox[width][position]{text}
The \makebox command creates a box just wide enough to contain the text specified. The
width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The position of the text within
the box is determined by the optional position argument, which may take the following
values:
c
Centered (default).
l
Flush left.
r
Flush right.
s
Stretch (justify) across entire width; text must contain stretchable space for this to work.
\makebox is also used within the picture environment see \makebox (picture).
21.5 \parbox
Synopsis:
\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}
The \parbox command produces a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. It
should be used to make a box small pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular,
you shouldn’t use any paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger
pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use
a minipage environment (see minipage).
\parbox has two mandatory arguments:
width
the width of the parbox;
text
the text that goes inside the parbox.
The optional position argument allows you to align either the top or bottom line in the parbox
with the baseline of the surrounding text (default is top).
The optional height argument overrides the natural height of the box.
The inner-pos argument controls the placement of the text inside the box, as follows; if it is
not specified, position is used.
t
text is placed at the top of the box.
c
text is centered in the box.
b
text is placed at the bottom of the box.
s
stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space for this to work.
21.6 \raisebox
Synopsis:
\raisebox{distance}[height][depth]{text}
The \raisebox command raises or lowers text. The first mandatory argument specifies how
high text is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). text itself is processed in LR
mode.
The optional arguments height and depth are dimensions. If they are specified, LaTeX
treats text as extending a certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth),
ignoring its natural height and depth.
21.7 \savebox
Synopsis:
\savebox{\boxcmd}[width][pos]{text}
This command typeset text in a box just as with \makebox (see \makebox), except that instead
of printing the resulting box, it saves it in the box labeled \boxcmd, which must have been
declared with \newsavebox (see \newsavebox).
21.8 \sbox{\boxcmd}{text}
Synopsis:
\sbox{\boxcmd}{text}
\sbox types text in a box just as with \mbox (see \mbox) except that instead of the resulting
box being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled \boxcmd. \boxcmd must
have been previously declared with \newsavebox (see \newsavebox).
21.9 \usebox{\boxcmd
Synopsis:
\usebox{\boxcmd}
\usebox producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \boxcmd by a \savebox command
(see \savebox).
22 Special insertions
LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not
correspond to simple characters you can type.
• Reserved characters: Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
• Text symbols: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
• Accents: Inserting accents.
• Non-English characters: Inserting other non-English characters.
• \rule: Inserting lines and rectangles.
• \today: Inserting today’s date.
22.1 Reserved characters
The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called “reserved characters” or
“special characters”.
#$%&~_^\{}
Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will do something special.
If you simply want the character to be printed as itself, include a \ in front of the character.
For example, \$ will produce $ in your output.
One exception to this rule is \ itself, because \\ has its own special (context-dependent)
meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file, and a typewriter \ is
produced by using ‘\’ in a verbatim command (see verbatim).
Also, \~ and \^ place tilde and circumflex accents over the following letter, as in õ and ô
(see Accents); to get a standalone ~ or ^, you can again use a verbatim command.
Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you know its number by using
the \symbol command. For example, the visible space character used in the \verb* command
has the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as \symbol{32}.
You can also specify octal numbers with ' or hexadecimal numbers with ", so the previous
example could also be written as \symbol{'40} or \symbol{"20}.
22.2 Text symbols
LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some
of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load
the textcomp package.
\copyright
\textcopyright
The copyright symbol, ©.
\dag
The dagger symbol (in text).
\ddag
The double dagger symbol (in text).
\LaTeX
The LaTeX logo.
\guillemotleft («)
\guillemotright (»)
\guilsinglleft (‹)
\guilsinglright (›)
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: «, », ‹, ›.
\ldots
\dots
\textellipsis
An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): ‘…’. \ldots and \dots also work in math mode.
\lq
Left (opening) quote: ‘.
\P
\textparagraph
Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
\pounds
\textsterling
English pounds sterling: £.
\quotedblbase („)
\quotesinglbase (‚)
Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚.
\rq
Right (closing) quote: ’.
\S
Section symbol.
\TeX
The TeX logo.
\textasciicircum
ASCII circumflex: ^.
\textasciitilde
ASCII tilde: ~.
\textasteriskcentered
Centered asterisk: *.
\textbackslash
Backslash: \.
\textbar
Vertical bar: |.
\textbardbl
Double vertical bar.
\textbigcircle
Big circle symbol.
\textbraceleft
Left brace: {.
\textbraceright
Right brace: }.
\textbullet
Bullet: •.
\textcircled{letter}
letter in a circle, as in ®.
\textcompwordmark
\textcapitalwordmark
\textascenderwordmark
Composite word mark (invisible). The \textcapital... form has the cap height of the font, while
the \textascender... form has the ascender height.
\textdagger
Dagger: \dag.
\textdaggerdbl
Double dagger: \ddag.
\textdollar (or $)
Dollar sign: $.
\textemdash (or ---)
Em-dash: — (for punctuation).
\textendash (or --)
En-dash: — (for ranges).
\texteuro
The Euro symbol: €.
\textexclamdown (or !`)
Upside down exclamation point: ¡.
\textgreater
Greater than: >.
\textless
Less than: <.
\textleftarrow
Left arrow.
\textordfeminine
\textordmasculine
Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º.
\textperiodcentered
Centered period: \cdot.
\textquestiondown (or ?`)
Upside down questionation point: ¿.
\textquotedblleft (or ``)
Double left quote: “.
\textquotedblright (or ')
Double right quote: ”.
\textquoteleft (or `)
Single left quote: ‘.
\textquoteright (or ')
Single right quote: ’.
\textquotestraightbase
\textquotestraightdblbase
Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
\textregistered
Registered symbol: ®.
\textrightarrow
Right arrow.
\textthreequartersemdash
“Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
\texttrademark
Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}.
\texttwelveudash
“Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
\textunderscore
Underscore: _.
\textvisiblespace
Visible space symbol.
22.3 Accents
LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages, through
the babel package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support.
It merely lists the core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters.
The \capital... commands produce alternative forms for use with capital letters. These are not
available with OT1.
\"
\capitaldieresis
Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in ö.
\'
\capitalacute
Produces an acute accent, as in ó. In the tabbing environment, pushes current column to the
right of the previous column (see tabbing).
\.
Produces a dot accent over the following, as in ȯ.
\=
\capitalmacron
Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in ō.
\^
\capitalcircumflex
Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô.
\`
\capitalgrave
Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the tabbing environment, move
following text to the right margin (see tabbing).
\~
\capitaltilde
Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ.
\b
Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.
\c
\capitalcedilla
Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in ç.
\d
\capitaldotaccent
Produces a dot accent under the following, as in ọ.
\H
\capitalhungarumlaut
Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in ő.
\i
Produces a dotless i, as in ‘i’.
\j
Produces a dotless j, as in ‘j’.
\k
\capitalogonek
Produces a letter with ogonek, as in ‘ǫ’. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
\r
\capitalring
Produces a ring accent, as in ‘o*’.
\t
\capitaltie
\newtie
\capitalnewtie
Produces a tie-after accent, as in ‘oo[’. The \newtie form is centered in its box.
\u
\capitalbreve
Produces a breve accent, as in ‘ŏ’.
\underbar
Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always
processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus
crossing through descenders. See also \underline in Math miscellany.
\v
\capitalcaron
Produces a háček (check, caron) accent, as in ‘ǒ’.
22.4 Non-English characters
Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used in languages
other than English.
\aa
\AA
å and Å.
\ae
\AE
æ and Æ.
\dh
\DH
Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð.
\dj
\DJ
xxxx
\ij
\IJ
ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
\l
\L
ł and Ł.
\ng
\NG
xxxx
\o
\O
ø and Ø.
\oe
\OE
œ and Œ.
\ss
\SS
ß and SS.
\th
\TH
Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ.
22.5 \rule
Synopsis:
\rule[raise]{width}{thickness}
The \rule command produces rules, that is, lines or rectangles. The arguments are:
raise
How high to raise the rule (optional).
width
The length of the rule (mandatory).
thickness
The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
22.6 \today
The \today command produces today’s date, in the format ‘month dd, yyyy’; for example,
‘July 4, 1976’. It uses the predefined counters \day, \month, and \year (see \day \month \year)
to do this. It is not updated as the program runs.
The datetime package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats.
23 Splitting the input
A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large
file, it’s more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate
files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run
LaTeX.
• \include: Conditionally include a file.
• \includeonly: Determine which files are included.
• \input: Unconditionally include a file.
23.1 \include
Synopsis:
\include{file}
If no \includeonly command is present, the \include command executes \clearpage to start a
new page (see \clearpage), then reads file, then does another \clearpage.
Given an \includeonly command, the \include actions are only run if file is listed as an
argument to \includeonly. See the next section.
The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by
another \include command.
23.2 \includeonly
Synopsis:
\includeonly{file1,file2,...}
The \includeonly command controls which files will be read by
subsequent \include commands. The list of filenames is comma-separated. Each file must
exactly match a filename specified in a \include command for the selection to be effective.
This command can only appear in the preamble.
23.3 \input
Synopsis:
\input{file}
The \input command causes the specified file to be read and processed, as if its contents had
been inserted in the current file at that point.
If file does not end in ‘.tex’ (e.g., ‘foo’ or ‘foo.bar’), it is first tried with that extension
(‘foo.tex’ or ‘foo.bar.tex’). If that is not found, the original file is tried (‘foo’ or ‘foo.bar’).
24 Front/back matter
• Tables of contents:
• Glossaries:
• Indexes:
24.1 Tables of contents
A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You put the command
right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run
must have generated a .toc file.
The \tableofcontents command produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new
page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a \newpage command after
the \tableofcontents command.
The analogous commands \listoffigures and \listoftables produce a list of figures and a list of
tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
The command \nofiles overrides these commands, and prevents any of these lists from being
generated.
• \addcontentsline: Add an entry to table of contents etc.
• \addtocontents: Add text directly to table of contents file etc.
24.1.1 \addcontentsline
The \addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} command adds an entry to the specified list or table
where:
ext
The extension of the file on which information is to be written, typically one of: toc (table of
contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables).
unit
The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the following, matching the value
of the ext argument:
toc
The name of the sectional unit: part, chapter, section, subsection, subsubsection.
lof
For the list of figures.
lot
For the list of tables.
entry
The actual text of the entry.
What is written to the .ext file is the command \contentsline{unit}{name}.
24.1.2 \addtocontents
The \addtocontents{ext}{text} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to
the .ext file that generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
ext
The extension of the file on which information is to be written: toc (table of contents), lof (list
of figures), or lot (list of tables).
text
The text to be written.
24.2 Glossaries
The command \makeglossary enables creating glossaries.
The command \glossary{text} writes a glossary entry for text to an auxiliary file with
the .glo extension.
Specifically, what gets written is the command \glossaryentry{text}{pageno},
where pageno is the current \thepage value.
The glossary package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries.
24.3 Indexes
The command \makeindex enables creating indexes. Put this in the preamble.
The command \index{text} writes an index entry for text to an auxiliary file with
the .idx extension.
Specifically, what gets written is the command \indexentry{text}{pageno}, where pageno is
the current \thepage value.
To generate a index entry for ‘bar’ that says ‘See foo’, use a vertical
bar: \index{bar|see{foo}}. Use seealso instead of see to make a ‘See also’ entry.
The text ‘See’ is defined by the macro \seename, and ‘See also’ by the macro \alsoname.
These can be redefined for other languages.
The generated .idx file is then sorted with an external command, usually
either makeindex (http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex) or (the multi-
lingual) xindy (http://xindy.sourceforge.net). This results in a .ind file, which can then be read
to typeset the index.
The index is usually generated with the \printindex command. This is defined in
the makeidx package, so \usepackage{makeidx} needs to be in the preamble.
The rubber length \indexspace is inserted before each new letter in the printed index; its
default value is ‘10pt plus5pt minus3pt’.
The showidx package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where
the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index.
The multind package supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX FAQ entry on this
topic, http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind.
25 Letters
You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The letter document class is
designed to make a number of letters at once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
Your .tex source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e.,
you must have the following commands as a minimum:
\documentclass{letter}
\begin{document}
... letters ...
\end{document}
Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and address of the recipient.
For example, you might have:
\begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
\\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
...
\end{letter}
The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the letter follows. It is typed
as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, do not
work. The letter closes with a \closing command.
After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command produces the usual “cc:
…”. There’s also a similar \encl command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands,
use \\ to separate the items.
These commands are used with the letter class.
• \address: Your return address.
• \cc: Cc list.
• \closing: Saying goodbye.
• \encl: List of enclosed material.
• \location: Your organisation’s address.
• \makelabels: Making address labels.
• \name: Your name, for the return address.
• \opening: Saying hello.
• \ps: Adding a postscript.
• \signature: Your signature.
• \startbreaks: Allow page breaks.
• \stopbreaks: Disallow page breaks.
• \telephone: Your phone number.
25.1 \address{return-address}
The \address specifies the return address of a letter, as it should appear on the letter and the
envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands.
If you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted for copying onto
your organisation’s standard letterhead. (See Overview, for details on your local
implementation). If you give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a
personal letter.
25.2 \cc
Synopsis:
\cc{name1\\name2}
Produce a list of names the letter was copied to. Each name is printed on a separate line.
25.3 \closing
Synopsis:
\closing{text}
A letter closes with a \closing command, for example,
\closing{Best Regards,}
25.4 \encl
Synopsis:
\encl{line1\\line2}
Declare a list of one more enclosures.
25.5 \location
\location{address}
This modifies your organisation’s standard address. This only appears if
the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
25.6 \makelabels
\makelabels{number}
If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of address labels. This
sheet will be output before the letters.
25.7 \name
\name{June Davenport}
Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address.
25.8 \opening{text}
Synopsis:
\opening{text}
A letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument, text, is whatever text
you wish to start your letter. For instance:
\opening{Dear Joe,}
25.9 \ps
Use the \ps command to start a postscript in a letter, after \closing.
25.10 \signature{text}
Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your
signature. \\ starts a new line within text as usual.
25.11 \startbreaks
\startbreaks
Used after a \stopbreaks command to allow page breaks again.
25.12 \stopbreaks
\stopbreaks
Inhibit page breaks until a \startbreaks command occurs.
25.13 \telephone
\telephone{number}
This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
26 Terminal input/output
• \typein: Read text from the terminal.
• \typeout: Write text to the terminal.
26.1 \typein[cmd]{msg}
Synopsis:
\typein[\cmd]{msg}
\typein prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of
input, ending with return. If the optional \cmd argument is omitted, the typed input is
processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the \typein command. If
the \cmd argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then
defined or redefined to be the typed input.
26.2 \typeout{msg}
Synopsis:
\typeout{msg}
Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that are defined
with \newcommand or \renewcommand (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
LaTeX’s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and ignoring spaces after a
command name apply to msg. A \space command in msg causes a single space to be printed,
independent of surrounding spaces. A ^^J in msg prints a newline.
27 Command line
The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX uses .tex as a default file
extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You
specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g.
latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
will process foo.tex without pausing after every error.
If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a ‘*’ prompt, it is waiting for
input. You can type \stop (and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
Appendix A Document templates
Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional
template resources are listed http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates.
• book template:
• beamer template:
• tugboat template:
A.1 book template
\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\chapter{First}
Some text.

\chapter{Second}
Some other text.

\section{A subtopic}
The end.
\end{document}
A.2 beamer template
The beamer class creates slides presentations.
\documentclass{beamer}

\title{Beamer Class template}

\author{Alex Author}
\date{July 31, 2007}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{First Slide}

\begin{verbatim}
This is \verbatim!
\end{verbatim}

\end{frame}

\end{document}
One web resource for this: http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/.
A.3 tugboat template
TUGboat is the journal of the TeX Users Group, http://tug.org/TUGboat.
\documentclass{ltugboat}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
\usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
\else
\usepackage{url}
\fi
\title{Example \TUB\ article}

% repeat info for each author.

\author{First Last}
\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for \TUB{}.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

This is an example article for \TUB, from

\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.

We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the

hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output).
Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.

The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:

% verbatim blocks are often better in \small

\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
\TUB \TUG \tug
\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE

\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag

\careof \thinskip

\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred} % please use!

\cs{fred} -> \fred
\env{fred} -> \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -> <fred>
\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}
For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).

Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.

\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style

\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX

\makesignature
\end{document}
Concept Index
Jump * . `
to: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X
Index Entry Section

*
‘*’ prompt: Command line
*-form of defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand
*-form of environment commands: \newenvironment &
\renewenvironment
*-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning

.
.glo file: Glossaries
.idx file: Indexes
.ind file: Indexes

`
‘see’ and ‘see also’ index entries: Indexes

A
abstracts: abstract
accents: Accents
accents, mathematical: Math accents
accessing any character of a font: Reserved characters
acute accent: Accents
acute accent, math: Math accents
ae ligature: Non-English characters
align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray
aligning equations: eqnarray
alignment via tabbing: tabbing
 amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray
appendix, creating: Sectioning
aring: Non-English characters
arrays, math: array
arrow, left, in text: Text symbols
arrow, right, in text: Text symbols
ascender height: Text symbols
ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols
ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols
asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols
author, for titlepage: \maketitle
auxiliary file: Overview

B
backslash, in text: Text symbols
bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols
bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols
bar-over accent: Accents
bar-over accent, math: Math accents
bar-under accent: Accents
basics of LaTeX: Overview
bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX
bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography
bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX
big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols
black boxes, omitting: Document class options
bold font: Font styles
bold typewriter, avoiding: description
boxes: Boxes
brace, left, in text: Text symbols
brace, right, in text: Text symbols
breaking lines: Line breaking
breaking pages: Page breaking
breve accent: Accents
breve accent, math: Math accents
bug reporting: About this document
bullet symbol: Math symbols
bullet, in text: Text symbols
bulleted lists: itemize

C
calligraphic letters for math: Font styles
cap height: Text symbols
caron accent: Accents
case sensitivity of LaTeX: Overview
cc list, in letters: \cc
cedilla accent: Accents
centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols
centered period, in text: Text symbols
centering text, declaration for: \centering
centering text, environment for: center
characters, accented: Accents
characters, non-English: Non-English characters
characters, reserved: Reserved characters
check accent: Accents
check accent, math: Math accents
circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols
circled letter, in text: Text symbols
circumflex accent: Accents
circumflex accent, math: Math accents
circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols
class options: Document class options
classes of documents: Document classes
closing letters: \closing
closing quote: Text symbols
code, typesetting: verbatim
command line: Command line
commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand
composite word mark, in text: Text symbols
computer programs, typesetting: verbatim
copyright symbol: Text symbols
counters, a list of: Counters
counters, defining new: \newcounter
counters, getting value of: \value
counters, setting: \setcounter
creating letters: Letters
creating pictures: picture
creating tables: table
credit footnote: \maketitle
cross references: Cross references
cross referencing with page number: \pageref
cross referencing, symbolic: \ref
 currency, dollar: Text symbols
currency, euro: Text symbols

D
dagger, double, in text: Text symbols
dagger, in text: Text symbols
dagger, in text: Text symbols
date, for titlepage: \maketitle
datetime package: \today
defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand
defining new environments: \newenvironment &
\renewenvironment
defining new fonts: \newfont
defining new theorems: \newtheorem
definitions: Definitions
description lists, creating: description
dieresis accent: Accents
discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany
displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation
displaying quoted text without paragraph quote
indentation:
document class options: Document class options
document classes: Document classes
document templates: Document templates
dollar sign: Text symbols
dot accent: Accents
dot over accent, math: Math accents
dot-over accent: Accents
dot-under accent: Accents
dotless i: Accents
dotless i, math: Math accents
dotless j: Accents
dotless j, math: Math accents
double angle quotation marks: Text symbols
double dagger, in text: Text symbols
double dagger, in text: Text symbols
double dot accent, math: Math accents
double guillemets: Text symbols
double left quote: Text symbols
double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols
double quote, straight base: Text symbols
double right quote: Text symbols
 double spacing: Low-level font commands
double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols

E
e-dash: Text symbols
ellipsis: Text symbols
em-dash: Text symbols
em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols
em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols
emphasis: Font styles
emphasis: Font styles
enclosure list: \encl
ending & starting: Starting & ending
enlarge current page: \enlargethispage
environments: Environments
environments, defining: \newenvironment &
\renewenvironment
equation number, cross referencing: \ref
equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray
equations, aligning: eqnarray
equations, environment for: equation
es-zet German letter: Non-English characters
eth, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters
euro symbol: Text symbols
exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols
exponent: Subscripts & superscripts

F
feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols
figure number, cross referencing: \ref
figures, footnotes in: minipage
figures, inserting: figure
fixed-width font: Font styles
float package: figure
float package: figure
flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage
font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands
font sizes: Font sizes
font styles: Font styles
fonts: Typefaces
fonts, new commands for: \newfont
 footer style: \pagestyle
footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters
footnote number, cross referencing: \ref
footnote parameters: Footnote parameters
footnotes in figures: minipage
footnotes, creating: Footnotes
footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered: Symbolic footnotes
formulas, environment for: equation
formulas, math: Math formulas
fragile commands: \protect
French quotation marks: Text symbols
functions, math: Math functions

G
global options: Document class options
global options: Document class options
glossaries: Glossaries
grave accent: Accents
grave accent, math: Math accents
greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols
greek letters: Math symbols

H
háček accent, math: Math accents
hacek accent: Accents
hat accent: Accents
hat accent, math: Math accents
header style: \pagestyle
header, parameters for: Page layout parameters
here, putting floats: figure
hungarian umlaut accent: Accents
hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation
hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation)
hyphenation, preventing: \mbox

I
Icelandic eth: Non-English characters
Icelandic thorn: Non-English characters
ij letter, Dutch: Non-English characters
in-line formulas: math
indent, forcing: \indent
 indent, suppressing: \noindent
indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage
indexes: Indexes
input file: Splitting the input
input/output: Terminal input/output
inserting figures: figure
italic font: Font styles

J
justification, ragged left: \raggedleft
justification, ragged right: \raggedright

K
Knuth, Donald E.: About this document

L
labelled lists, creating: description
Lamport, Leslie: About this document
LaTeX logo: Text symbols
LaTeX overview: Overview
LaTeX Project team: About this document
layout commands: Layout
layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters
left angle quotation marks: Text symbols
left arrow, in text: Text symbols
left brace, in text: Text symbols
left quote: Text symbols
left quote, double: Text symbols
left quote, single: Text symbols
left-justifying text: \raggedright
left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft
left-to-right mode: Modes
lengths, adding to: \addtolength
lengths, defining and using: Lengths
lengths, defining new: \newlength
lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths
lengths, setting: \setlength
less than symbol, in text: Text symbols
letters: Letters
letters, accented: Accents
letters, ending: \closing
 letters, non-English: Non-English characters
letters, starting: \opening
line break, forcing: \\
line breaking: Line breaking
line breaks, forcing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak
line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak
lines in tables: tabular
lining numerals: Font styles
lining text up in tables: tabular
lining text up using tab stops: tabbing
list items, specifying counter: \usecounter
lists of items: itemize
lists of items, generic: list
lists of items, numbered: enumerate
loading additional packages: Document class options
log file: Overview
logo, LaTeX: Text symbols
logo, TeX: Text symbols
low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols
low-level font commands: Low-level font commands
lR mode: Modes
LuaTeX: Overview

M
macron accent: Accents
macron accent, math: Math accents
Madsen, Lars: eqnarray
makeidx package: Indexes
makeindex program: Indexes
making a title page: titlepage
making paragraphs: Making paragraphs
marginal notes: Marginal notes
masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols
math accents: Math accents
math formulas: Math formulas
math functions: Math functions
math miscellany: Math miscellany
math mode: Modes
math mode, entering: Math formulas
math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode
math symbols: Math symbols
 minipage, creating a: minipage
modes: Modes
monospace font: Font styles
moving arguments: \protect
multicolumn text: \twocolumn
multind package: Indexes
multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany

N
nested \include, not allowed: \include
new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand
new line, output as input: \obeycr & \restorecr
new line, starting: \\
new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline
new page, starting: \newpage
non-English characters: Non-English characters
notes in the margin: Marginal notes
null delimiter: Math miscellany
numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter
numerals, old-style: Font styles

O
oblique font: Font styles
oe ligature: Non-English characters
ogonek: Accents
old-style numerals: Font styles
one-column output: \onecolumn
opening quote: Text symbols
options, document class: Document class options
options, global: Document class options
ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols
oslash: Non-English characters
overbar accent: Accents
overdot accent, math: Math accents
overview of LaTeX: Overview

P
packages, loading: Document class options
page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
page breaking: Page breaking
 page layout parameters: Page layout parameters
page number, cross referencing: \pageref
page numbering style: \pagenumbering
page styles: Page styles
paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage
paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation
paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote
paragraph mode: Modes
paragraph symbol: Text symbols
paragraphs: Making paragraphs
parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters
parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters
pdfTeX: Overview
period, centered, in text: Text symbols
pictures, creating: picture
pilcrow: Text symbols
placement of floats: figure
poetry, an environment for: verse
polish l: Non-English characters
postscript, in letters: \ps
pounds symbol: Text symbols
preamble, defined: Starting & ending
predefined lengths: Predefined lengths
prompt, ‘*’: Command line

Q
questionation point, upside-down: Text symbols
quotation marks, French: Text symbols
quote, straight base: Text symbols
quoted text with paragraph indentation, quotation
displaying:
quoted text without paragraph indentation, quote
displaying:

R
ragged left text: \raggedleft
ragged left text, environment for: flushright
ragged right text: \raggedright
ragged right text, environment for: flushleft
redefining environments: \newenvironment &
\renewenvironment
registered symbol: Text symbols
 remarks in the margin: Marginal notes
reporting bugs: About this document
reserved characters: Reserved characters
right angle quotation marks: Text symbols
right arrow, in text: Text symbols
right brace, in text: Text symbols
right quote: Text symbols
right quote, double: Text symbols
right quote, single: Text symbols
right-justifying text: \raggedleft
right-justifying text, environment for: flushright
ring accent: Accents
ring accent, math: Math accents
robust commands: \protect
roman font: Font styles
running header and footer: Page layout parameters
running header and footer style: \pagestyle

S
sans serif font: Font styles
script letters for math: Font styles
section number, cross referencing: \ref
section numbers, printing: Sectioning
section symbol: Text symbols
sectioning: Sectioning
setspace package: Low-level font commands
setting counters: \setcounter
sharp S letters: Non-English characters
showidx package: Indexes
simulating typed text: verbatim
single angle quotation marks: Text symbols
single guillemets: Text symbols
single left quote: Text symbols
single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols
single right quote: Text symbols
sizes of text: Font sizes
slanted font: Font styles
small caps font: Font styles
space, inserting vertical: \addvspace
spaces: Spaces
spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode
 Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols
special characters: Non-English characters
specifier, float placement: figure
splitting the input file: Splitting the input
starting & ending: Starting & ending
starting a new page: \newpage
starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage
starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage
sterling symbol: Text symbols
straight double quote, base: Text symbols
straight quote, base: Text symbols
stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom
styles of text: Font styles
styles, page: Page styles
subscript: Subscripts & superscripts
superscript: Subscripts & superscripts
symbols, math: Math symbols

T
tab stops, using: tabbing
table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline
table of contents, creating: Tables of contents
tables, creating: table
terminal input/output: Terminal input/output
TeX logo: Text symbols
text symbols: Text symbols
textcomp package: Font styles
thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle
theorems, defining: \newtheorem
theorems, typesetting: theorem
thorn, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters
three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols
tie-after accent: Accents
tilde accent: Accents
tilde accent, math: Math accents
tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols
title pages, creating: titlepage
title, for titlepage: \maketitle
titles, making: \maketitle
trademark symbol: Text symbols
transcript file: Overview
 two-column output: \twocolumn
two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols
typed text, simulating: verbatim
typeface sizes: Font sizes
typeface styles: Font styles
typefaces: Typefaces
typewriter font: Font styles
typewriter labels in lists: description

U
umlaut accent: Accents
underbar: Accents
underscore, in text: Text symbols
unordered lists: itemize
using BibTeX: Using BibTeX

V
variables, a list of: Counters
vector symbol, math: Math accents
verbatim text: verbatim
verbatim text, inline: \verb
vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols
vertical bar, in text: Text symbols
vertical space: \addvspace
vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip
visible space: \verb
visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols

W
wide hat accent, math: Math accents
wide tile accent, math: Math accents

X
XeTeX: Overview
xindy program: Indexes

Jump * . `
to: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X
Command Index
Jump to: $ . 1 @ [ \ ^ _ {
A B C D E F I L M N O P Q R S T V X
 Index Entry Section

$
$: Math formulas

.
.aux file: Overview
.dvi file: Overview
.log file: Overview
.pdf file: Overview
.toc file: Tables of contents

1
10pt option: Document class options
11pt option: Document class options
12pt option: Document class options

@
@{...}: array

[
[...] for optional arguments: Overview

\
\ character starting commands: Overview
\" (umlaut accent): Accents
\#: Reserved characters
\$: Reserved characters
\%: Reserved characters
\&: Reserved characters
\' (acute accent): Accents
\' (tabbing): tabbing
\(: Math formulas
\): Math formulas
\*: Math miscellany
\+: tabbing
\,: Spacing in math mode
\-: tabbing
\- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation)
\. (dot-over accent): Accents
\/: \/
\:: Spacing in math mode
\;: Spacing in math mode
\<: tabbing
\= (macron accent): Accents
\= (tabbing): tabbing
\>: tabbing
\>: Spacing in math mode
\> (tabbing): tabbing
\@: \AT
\@fnsymbol: Symbolic footnotes
\a (tabbing): tabbing
\a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing
\a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing
\aa (å): Non-English characters
\AA (Å): Non-English characters
\acute: Math accents
\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text}: \addcontentsline
\address: \address
\addtocontents{ext}{text}: \addtocontents
\addtocounter: \addtocounter
\addtolength: \addtolength
\addvspace: \addvspace
\ae (æ): Non-English characters
\AE (Æ): Non-English characters
\aleph: Math symbols
\alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
\fnsymbol
\Alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
\fnsymbol
\Alph example: enumerate
\alpha: Math symbols
\alsoname: Indexes
\amalg: Math symbols
\and for \author: \maketitle
\angle: Math symbols
\appendix: Sectioning
\approx: Math symbols
\arabic: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
\fnsymbol
\arccos: Math functions
\arcsin: Math functions
\arctan: Math functions
\arg: Math functions
\arraycolsep: array
\arrayrulewidth: tabular
\arraystretch: tabular
\ast: Math symbols
\asymp: Math symbols
\author{name \and name2}: \maketitle
\a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing
\b (bar-under accent): Accents
\backslash: Math symbols
\backslash: Reserved characters
\bar: Math accents
\baselineskip: Low-level font commands
\baselinestretch: Low-level font commands
\begin: Environments
\beta: Math symbols
\bf: Font styles
\bfseries: Font styles
\bibitem: \bibitem
\bibliography: Using BibTeX
\bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX
\bigcap: Math symbols
\bigcap: Math symbols
\bigcirc: Math symbols
\bigcup: Math symbols
\bigodot: Math symbols
\bigoplus: Math symbols
\bigotimes: Math symbols
\bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
\bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
\bigsqcup: Math symbols
\bigtriangledown: Math symbols
\bigtriangleup: Math symbols
\biguplus: Math symbols
\bigwedge: Math symbols
\bmod: Math functions
\boldmath: Math formulas
\bot: Math symbols
\bottomfraction: figure
\bottomnumber: figure
\bowtie: Math symbols
\Box: Math symbols
\breve: Math accents
\bullet: Math symbols
\c (cedilla accent): Accents
\cal: Font styles
\cap: Math symbols
\capitalacute: Accents
\capitalbreve: Accents
\capitalcaron: Accents
\capitalcedilla: Accents
\capitalcircumflex: Accents
\capitaldieresis: Accents
\capitaldotaccent: Accents
\capitalgrave: Accents
\capitalhungarumlaut: Accents
\capitalmacron: Accents
\capitalnewtie: Accents
\capitalogonek: Accents
\capitalring: Accents
\capitaltie: Accents
\capitaltilde: Accents
\caption: figure
\cc: \cc
\cdot: Math symbols
\cdots: Math miscellany
\centering: \centering
\chapter: Sectioning
\check: Math accents
\chi: Math symbols
\circ: Math symbols
\circle: \circle
\cite: \cite
\cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage
\clearpage: \clearpage
\cline: \cline
\closing: \closing
\clubsuit: Math symbols
\columnsep: \twocolumn
\columnseprule: \twocolumn
\columnwidth: \twocolumn
\cong: Math symbols
\contentsline: \addcontentsline
\coprod: Math symbols
\copyright: Text symbols
\cos: Math functions
\cosh: Math functions
\cot: Math functions
\coth: Math functions
\csc: Math functions
\cup: Math symbols
\d (dot-under accent): Accents
\dag: Text symbols
\dagger: Math symbols
\dashbox: \dashbox
\dashv: Math symbols
\date{text}: \maketitle
\day: \day \month \year
\dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn
\dblfloatsep: \twocolumn
\dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn
\dbltopfraction: \twocolumn
\ddag: Text symbols
\ddagger: Math symbols
\ddot: Math accents
\ddots: Math miscellany
\deg: Math functions
\Delta: Math symbols
\delta: Math symbols
\depth: Predefined lengths
\det: Math functions
\dh (æ): Non-English characters
\DH (Æ): Non-English characters
\Diamond: Math symbols
\diamond: Math symbols
\diamondsuit: Math symbols
\dim: Math functions
\displaystyle: Math formulas
\div: Math symbols
\dj: Non-English characters
\DJ: Non-English characters
\documentclass: Document classes
\dot: Math accents
\doteq: Math symbols
\dotfill: \dotfill
\dots: Text symbols
\doublerulesep: tabular
\downarrow: Math symbols
\Downarrow: Math symbols
\ell: Math symbols
\em: Font styles
\emph: Font styles
\emptyset: Math symbols
\encl: \encl
\end: Environments
\enlargethispage: \enlargethispage
\enumi: enumerate
\enumii: enumerate
\enumiii: enumerate
\enumiv: enumerate
\epsilon: Math symbols
\equiv: Math symbols
\eta: Math symbols
\evensidemargin: Document class options
\exists: Math symbols
\exp: Math functions
\extracolsep: tabular
\fbox: \fbox and \framebox
\fboxrule: \framebox (picture)
\fboxrule: \fbox and \framebox
\fboxsep: \framebox (picture)
\fboxsep: \fbox and \framebox
\fill: \hfill
\flat: Math symbols
\floatpagefraction: figure
\floatsep: figure
\flushbottom: \flushbottom
\fnsymbol: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
\fnsymbol
\fnsymbol, and footnotes: Symbolic footnotes
\fontencoding: Low-level font commands
\fontfamily: Low-level font commands
\fontseries: Low-level font commands
\fontshape: Low-level font commands
\fontsize: Low-level font commands
\footnote: \footnote
\footnotemark: \footnotemark
\footnoterule: Footnote parameters
\footnotesep: Footnote parameters
\footnotesize: Font sizes
\footnotetext: \footnotetext
\footskip: Page layout parameters
\forall: Math symbols
\frac: Math miscellany
\frac{num}{den}: Math miscellany
\frame: \frame
\framebox: \framebox (picture)
\framebox: \fbox and \framebox
\frown: Math symbols
\fussy: \fussy
\Gamma: Math symbols
\gamma: Math symbols
\gcd: Math functions
\ge: Math symbols
\geq: Math symbols
\gets: Math symbols
\gg: Math symbols
\glossary: Glossaries
\glossaryentry: Glossaries
\grave: Math accents
\guillemotleft («): Text symbols
\guillemotright (»): Text symbols
\guilsinglleft (‹): Text symbols
\guilsinglright (›): Text symbols
\H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents
\hat: Math accents
\hbar: Math symbols
\headheight: Page layout parameters
\headsep: Page layout parameters
\heartsuit: Math symbols
\height: Predefined lengths
\hfill: \hfill
\hline: \hline
\hom: Math functions
\hookleftarrow: Math symbols
\hookrightarrow: Math symbols
\hrulefill: \hrulefill
\hsize: Page layout parameters
\hspace: \hspace
\huge: Font sizes
\Huge: Font sizes
\hyphenation: \hyphenation
\i (dotless i): Accents
\iff: Math symbols
\ij (ij): Non-English characters
\IJ (IJ): Non-English characters
\Im: Math symbols
\imath: Math accents
\in: Math symbols
\include: \include
\includeonly: \includeonly
\indent: \indent
\index: Indexes
\indexentry: Indexes
\inf: Math functions
\infty: Math symbols
\input: \input
\int: Math symbols
\intextsep: figure
\iota: Math symbols
\it: Font styles
\item: description
\item: enumerate
\item: itemize
\itemindent: itemize
\itemsep: itemize
\itshape: Font styles
\j (dotless j): Accents
\jmath: Math accents
\Join: Math symbols
\k (ogonek): Accents
\kappa: Math symbols
\ker: Math functions
\kill: tabbing
\l (ł): Non-English characters
\L (Ł): Non-English characters
\label: \label
\labelenumi: enumerate
\labelenumii: enumerate
\labelenumiii: enumerate
\labelenumiv: enumerate
\labelitemi: itemize
\labelitemii: itemize
\labelitemiii: itemize
\labelitemiv: itemize
\labelsep: itemize
\labelwidth: itemize
\Lambda: Math symbols
\lambda: Math symbols
\land: Math symbols
\langle: Math symbols
\large: Font sizes
\Large: Font sizes
\LARGE: Font sizes
\LaTeX: Text symbols
\lbrace: Math symbols
\lbrack: Math symbols
\lceil: Math symbols
\ldots: Text symbols
\le: Math symbols
\leadsto: Math symbols
\left delim1 ... \right delim2: Math miscellany
\Leftarrow: Math symbols
\leftarrow: Math symbols
\lefteqn: eqnarray
\leftharpoondown: Math symbols
\leftharpoonup: Math symbols
\leftmargin: itemize
\leftmargini: itemize
\leftmarginii: itemize
\leftmarginiii: itemize
\leftmarginiv: itemize
\leftmarginv: itemize
\leftmarginvi: itemize
\Leftrightarrow: Math symbols
\leftrightarrow: Math symbols
\leq: Math symbols
\lfloor: Math symbols
\lg: Math functions
\lhd: Math symbols
\lim: Math functions
\liminf: Math functions
\limsup: Math functions
\line: \line
\linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak
\linespread: Low-level font commands
\linethickness: \linethickness
\linewidth: Page layout parameters
\listoffigures: Tables of contents
\listoftables: Tables of contents
\listparindent: itemize
\ll: Math symbols
\ln: Math functions
\lnot: Math symbols
\location: \location
\log: Math functions
\longleftarrow: Math symbols
\longleftrightarrow: Math symbols
\longmapsto: Math symbols
\longrightarrow: Math symbols
\lor: Math symbols
\lq: Text symbols
\makebox: \makebox
\makebox (picture): \makebox (picture)
\makeglossary: Glossaries
\makeindex: Indexes
\makelabels: \makelabels
\maketitle: \maketitle
\mapsto: Math symbols
\marginpar: Marginal notes
\marginparpush: Marginal notes
\marginparsep: Marginal notes
\marginparwidth: Marginal notes
\markboth{left}{right}: \pagestyle
\markright{right}: \pagestyle
\mathbf: Font styles
\mathcal: Font styles
\mathnormal: Font styles
\mathring: Math accents
\mathrm: Font styles
\mathsf: Font styles
\mathtt: Font styles
\mathversion: Font styles
\max: Math functions
\mbox: \mbox
\mdseries: Font styles
\medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
\medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
\mho: Math symbols
\mid: Math symbols
\min: Math functions
\models: Math symbols
\month: \day \month \year
\mp: Math symbols
\mu: Math symbols
\multicolumn: \multicolumn
\multiput: \multiput
\nabla: Math symbols
\name: \name
\natural: Math symbols
\ne: Math symbols
\nearrow: Math symbols
\neg: Math symbols
\neq: Math symbols
\newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand
\newcounter: \newcounter
\newenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment
\newfont: \newfont
\newlength: \newlength
\newline: \newline
\NEWLINE: \SPACE
\newpage: \newpage
\newsavebox: \newsavebox
\newtheorem: \newtheorem
\newtie: Accents
\ng: Non-English characters
\NG: Non-English characters
\ni: Math symbols
\nocite: \nocite
\nofiles: Tables of contents
\noindent: \noindent
\nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak
\nonumber: eqnarray
\nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
\normalfont: Font styles
\normalmarginpar: Marginal notes
\normalsize: Font sizes
\not: Math symbols
\notin: Math symbols
\nu: Math symbols
\nwarrow: Math symbols
\o (ø): Non-English characters
\O (Ø): Non-English characters
\obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr
\oddsidemargin: Document class options
\odot: Math symbols
\oe (œ): Non-English characters
\OE (Œ): Non-English characters
\oint: Math symbols
\oldstylenums: Font styles
\Omega: Math symbols
\omega: Math symbols
\ominus: Math symbols
\onecolumn: \onecolumn
\opening: \opening
\oplus: Math symbols
\oslash: Math symbols
\otimes: Math symbols
\oval: \oval
\overbrace{text}: Math miscellany
\overline{text}: Math miscellany
\owns: Math symbols
\P: Text symbols
\pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
\pagenumbering: \pagenumbering
\pageref: \pageref
\pagestyle: \pagestyle
\paragraph: Sectioning
\parallel: Math symbols
\parbox: \parbox
\parindent: minipage
\parindent: \indent
\parsep: itemize
\parskip: \parskip
\parskip example: itemize
\part: Sectioning
\partial: Math symbols
\partopsep: itemize
\perp: Math symbols
\phi: Math symbols
\Pi: Math symbols
\pi: Math symbols
\pm: Math symbols
\pmod: Math functions
\poptabs: tabbing
\poptabs: tabbing
\pounds: Text symbols
\Pr: Math functions
\prec: Math symbols
\preceq: Math symbols
\prime: Math symbols
\prod: Math symbols
\propto: Math symbols
\protect: \protect
\ps: \ps
\Psi: Math symbols
\psi: Math symbols
\pushtabs: tabbing
\put: \put
\quotedblbase („): Text symbols
\quotesinglbase (‚): Text symbols
\r (ring accent): Accents
\raggedbottom: \raggedbottom
\raggedleft: \raggedleft
\raggedright: \raggedright
\raisebox: \raisebox
\rangle: Math symbols
\rbrace: Math symbols
\rbrack: Math symbols
\rceil: Math symbols
\Re: Math symbols
\ref: \ref
\refstepcounter: \refstepcounter
\renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment
\restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr
\reversemarginpar: Marginal notes
\rfloor: Math symbols
\rhd: Math symbols
\rho: Math symbols
\right: Math miscellany
\Rightarrow: Math symbols
\rightarrow: Math symbols
\rightharpoondown: Math symbols
\rightharpoonup: Math symbols
\rightleftharpoons: Math symbols
\rightmargin: itemize
\rm: Font styles
\rmfamily: Font styles
\roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
\fnsymbol
\roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
\fnsymbol
\rq: Text symbols
\rule: \rule
\S: Text symbols
\savebox: \savebox
\sbox: \sbox
\sc: Font styles
\scriptsize: Font sizes
\scshape: Font styles
\searrow: Math symbols
\sec: Math functions
\section: Sectioning
\seename: Indexes
\selectfont: Low-level font commands
\setcounter: \setcounter
\setlength: \setlength
\setminus: Math symbols
\settodepth: \settodepth
\settoheight: \settoheight
\settowidth: \settowidth
\sf: Font styles
\sffamily: Font styles
\sharp: Math symbols
\shortstack: \shortstack
\Sigma: Math symbols
\sigma: Math symbols
\signature: \signature
\sim: Math symbols
\simeq: Math symbols
\sin: Math functions
\sinh: Math functions
\sl: Font styles
\slshape: Font styles
\small: Font sizes
\smallint: Math symbols
\smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
\smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
\smile: Math symbols
\SPACE: \SPACE
\spadesuit: Math symbols
\sqcap: Math symbols
\sqcup: Math symbols
\sqrt[root]{arg}: Math miscellany
\sqsubset: Math symbols
\sqsubseteq: Math symbols
\sqsupset: Math symbols
\sqsupseteq: Math symbols
\ss (ß): Non-English characters
\SS (SS): Non-English characters
\stackrel{text}{relation}: Math miscellany
\star: Math symbols
\startbreaks: \startbreaks
\stepcounter: \stepcounter
\stop: Command line
\stopbreaks: \stopbreaks
\subparagraph: Sectioning
\subsection: Sectioning
\subset: Math symbols
\subseteq: Math symbols
\subsubsection: Sectioning
\succ: Math symbols
\succeq: Math symbols
\sum: Math symbols
\sup: Math functions
\supset: Math symbols
\supseteq: Math symbols
\surd: Math symbols
\swarrow: Math symbols
\symbol: Reserved characters
\t (tie-after accent): Accents
\TAB: \SPACE
\tabbingsep: tabbing
\tabcolsep: tabular
\tableofcontents: Tables of contents
\tan: Math functions
\tanh: Math functions
\tau: Math symbols
\telephone: \telephone
\TeX: Text symbols
\textascenderwordmark: Text symbols
\textasciicircum: Text symbols
\textasciitilde: Text symbols
\textasteriskcentered: Text symbols
\textbackslash: Text symbols
\textbar: Text symbols
\textbardbl: Text symbols
\textbf: Font styles
\textbigcircle: Text symbols
\textbraceleft: Text symbols
\textbraceright: Text symbols
\textbullet: Text symbols
\textcapitalwordmark: Text symbols
\textcircled{letter}: Text symbols
\textcompwordmark: Text symbols
\textcopyright: Text symbols
\textdagger: Text symbols
\textdaggerdbl: Text symbols
\textdollar (or $): Text symbols
\textellipsis: Text symbols
\textemdash (or ---): Text symbols
\textendash (or --): Text symbols
\texteuro: Text symbols
\textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols
\textfloatsep: figure
\textfraction: figure
\textgreater: Text symbols
\textheight: Page layout parameters
\textit: Font styles
\textleftarrow: Text symbols
\textless: Text symbols
\textmd: Font styles
\textnormal: Font styles
\textordfeminine: Text symbols
\textordmasculine: Text symbols
\textparagraph: Text symbols
\textperiodcentered: Text symbols
\textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols
\textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols
\textquotedblright (or '): Text symbols
\textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols
\textquoteright (or '): Text symbols
\textquotestraightbase: Text symbols
\textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols
\textregistered: Text symbols
\textrightarrow: Text symbols
\textrm: Font styles
\textsc: Font styles
\textsf: Font styles
\textsl: Font styles
\textsterling: Text symbols
\textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols
\texttrademark: Text symbols
\texttt: Font styles
\texttwelveudash: Text symbols
\textunderscore: Text symbols
\textup: Font styles
\textvisiblespace: Text symbols
\textwidth: Page layout parameters
\th (þ): Non-English characters
\TH (Þ): Non-English characters
\thanks{text}: \maketitle
\theta: Math symbols
\thicklines: \thicklines
\thinlines: \thinlines
\thinspace: \thinspace
\thispagestyle: \thispagestyle
\tilde: Math accents
\times: Math symbols
\tiny: Font sizes
\title{text}: \maketitle
\to: Math symbols
\today: \today
\top: Math symbols
\topfraction: figure
\topmargin: Page layout parameters
\topnumber: figure
\topsep: itemize
\topskip: Page layout parameters
\totalheight: Predefined lengths
\totalnumber: figure
\triangle: Math symbols
\triangleleft: Math symbols
\triangleright: Math symbols
\tt: Font styles
\ttfamily: Font styles
\twocolumn: \twocolumn
\typein: \typein
\typeout: \typeout
\u (breve accent): Accents
\unboldmath: Math formulas
\underbar: Accents
\underbrace{math}: Math miscellany
\underline{text}: Math miscellany
\unitlength: picture
\unlhd: Math symbols
\unrhd: Math symbols
\Uparrow: Math symbols
\uparrow: Math symbols
\Updownarrow: Math symbols
\updownarrow: Math symbols
\uplus: Math symbols
\upshape: Font styles
\Upsilon: Math symbols
\upsilon: Math symbols
\usebox: \usebox
\usecounter: \usecounter
\usefont: Low-level font commands
\usepackage: Document class options
\v (breve accent): Accents
\value: \value
\varepsilon: Math symbols
\varphi: Math symbols
\varpi: Math symbols
\varrho: Math symbols
\varsigma: Math symbols
\vartheta: Math symbols
\vdash: Math symbols
\vdots: Math miscellany
\vdots: Math miscellany
\vec: Math accents
\vector: \vector
\vee: Math symbols
\verb: \verb
\Vert: Math symbols
\vert: Math symbols
\vfill: \vfill
\vline: \vline
\vspace: \vspace
\wedge: Math symbols
\widehat: Math accents
\widehat: Math accents
\width: Predefined lengths
\wp: Math symbols
\wr: Math symbols
\Xi: Math symbols
\xi: Math symbols
\year: \day \month \year
\zeta: Math symbols
\[: Math formulas
\\ (for array): array
\\ (for center): center
\\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray
\\ (for flushright): flushright
\\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack
\\ (tabbing): tabbing
\\ for flushleft: flushleft
\\ for letters: Letters
 \\ for tabular: tabular
\\ for verse: verse
\\ for \author: \maketitle
\\ for \title: \maketitle
\\ force line break: \\
\\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray
\]: Math formulas
\^: Reserved characters
\^ (circumflex accent): Accents
\_: Reserved characters
\` (grave accent): Accents
\` (tabbing): tabbing
\{: Reserved characters
\|: Math symbols
\}: Reserved characters
\~: Reserved characters
\~ (tilde accent): Accents

^
^: Subscripts & superscripts

_
_: Subscripts & superscripts

{
{...} for required arguments: Overview

A
a4paper option: Document class options
a5paper option: Document class options
abstract environment: abstract
array environment: array
article class: Document classes

B
b5paper option: Document class options
book class: Document classes

C
center environment: center
D
description environment: description
displaymath environment: displaymath
displaymath environment: Math formulas
document environment: document
draft option: Document class options

E
enumerate environment: enumerate
eqnarray environment: eqnarray
equation environment: equation
equation environment: Math formulas
executivepaper option: Document class options

F
figure: figure
final option: Document class options
fleqn option: Document class options
flushleft environment: flushleft
flushright environment: flushright

I
indexspace: Indexes
itemize environment: itemize

L
landscape option: Document class options
latex command: Overview
latexrefman-discuss@gna.org email About this document
address:
legalpaper option: Document class options
leqno option: Document class options
letter: letter
letter class: Document classes
letterpaper option: Document class options
list: list
lR box: picture
lrbox: lrbox
lualatex command: Overview

M
 math environment: math
math environment: Math formulas
minipage environment: minipage

N
notitlepage option: Document class options

O
onecolumn option: Document class options
oneside option: Document class options
openany option: Document class options
openbib option: Document class options
openright option: Document class options

P
pdflatex command: Overview
picture: picture
printindex: Indexes

Q
quotation: quotation
quote: quote

R
report class: Document classes

S
secnumdepth counter: Sectioning
slides class: Document classes

T
tabbing environment: tabbing
table: table
tabular environment: tabular
textcomp package: Text symbols
thebibliography: thebibliography
theorem environment: theorem
titlepage environment: titlepage
titlepage option: Document class options
twocolumn option: Document class options
twoside option: Document class options
V
verbatim environment: verbatim
verse environment: verse

X
xelatex command: Overview

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