COMPUTER STUDIES SS3

First Term Scheme of Work

NETWORKING
Computer networking is an engineering discipline that ails to study and analyze the
communication process among various computing devices or computer systems that are linked,
or networked, together to exchange information and share resources.
A computer network, is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by
communications channels that facilitate communication among users and allows users to share
resources. A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among
interconnected devices. Some resources that can be shared on the network are:
1. Files/document
2. Software
3. Printer
4. Scanner
5. Hard disk
6. Computers etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
i Local Area Network (LAN)
ii Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
iii Wide Area Network (WAN)
iv Token ring
v Ethernet
vi ARCNET
LAN (Local Area Network):
This a type of network that connects few computers within a few kilometers and typically used in
offices or across university campuses. LAN enables fast and effective transfer of information
within a group of users (computers) and reduces operational costs.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
Metropolitan area network is a type of network that connects computers within a city of several
urban settlements. They typically use wireless infrastructure or optical fiber connections to link
their sites. Moreso, MANs have been built without cables using microwave, radio or infra-red
free-space optical communication links.
WIDE AREA NETWORK
A wide area network or WAN are large computer networks usually spanning a large compus or a
city. They typically use wireless infrastructure or optical fiber connections to link their sites.
WAN is similar to LAN except that it connects computers separated by longer distances,
typically across countries using specialized and costly hardware computers and communication
links or services. It connects computers around the globe.
TOKEN RING
This is a type of LAN that uses a special message in 3-byte called token that travels from
computer to computer. This type of network is physically implemented using a hub which all the
computers on the network are connected to in a ring form. It is a type of computer network in
which all the computers are arranged (schematically) in a circle. A token, which is a special bit
pattern, travels around the circle. To send a message, a computer catches the token, attaches a
message to it, and then lets it continues to travel around the network.
ARCNET
Arcnet stands for Attached Resource Computer Network. It is the network that was first widely
used and became popular in the 1980s for office automation. It was developed by John Murphy
in 1976. Signals are broadcast across the entire network with computers processing only signals
addressed to them. ARCNET tokens travel based on a station identifier (SID) which each
computer has. Each network card has a DIP switch used to set the SID with an address between
1 and 255.
ETHERNET
This is a way of connecting computers together in a local area network or LAN. It has been the
most widely used method of linking computers together in LANs since the 1990s. The basic
idea of its design is that multiple computers have access toit and can send data at any time. If
two computers send data at the same time, a collision will occur. When this happens, the data
sent is not usable. In general, both computers will stop sending and wait for a random amount of
time, before they try again. A special protocol was developed to deal with such problems. It is
called CSMA/CD which carries sense multiple access with collision detection.
Components of Networking
A networking comprises of three layers of components namely:
i. Application software
ii. Network software
iii. Network hardware.
Application Software
These are programme of the computer that interface with network users and permit the sharing of
information such as files, graphics video and other resources such as printer and disk. Examples
are client server and a peer-to-peer (network group).
Network Software
This consists of computer programmes that establish protocols (or rules) for computer to talk to
one another. Protocols are carried out by sending and receiving formatted instructions of data
called packets. They make logical connections between network applications direct the
movement of packets through the physical network and reduce the possibilities of collisions
between packets sent at the same time.
Network Hardware
These are the physical components or devices that connect computers. They include wires (fiber
optic cables), network adapters etc. they carry the computer signals, receives packets form
network software and also transmit instructions and request to other computers. Transmitted
information is in binary digits.
Network Topology
It is the pattern or layout in which the network devices and resources of a network are connected.
The layout of devices and wires is referred to as the physical topology while the method of
communication of the network devices is known as the logical topology.
There are 3 common computer network topologies. They include the following:
i. Bus Topology: In this type of network topology, a common bus (cable) is used to
connect all the network devices. That is there is shared medium of communication to
which all the network devices are connected and less length of cables are required. The
 network shuts down if the common bus fails and problem identification on network is
difficult. Also the network is excellent if the network device are not too many.
Computer Computer Computer Computer Common
Bus

Computer Computer Computer Computer

ii Star Topology
The computer and devices in the star topology are connected to a central hub, switch or
router which makes them look like a star after being connected.
Data passes through the central hub before it gets to its destination.
Management of data is done by the hub switch or router more cables are required because
cables are laid from hub/switch/router. To all network devices. If the hub/switch/router
fails, the entire networkcollapse. Also the topology is expensive because of the costs of
the hub/switch/router and huge or large cables.
Computer 1 Computer 3
Computer 4
Hub/Switch/Router

Computer 2
Computer 5

iii Ring topology Computer 6

This is a network topology which all the network devices are connected in close loop or
ring. In it, each connected computer (device node) has two neighbours’ for
communication purpose in a clock wise or anticlockwise direction. The future of any
cable or a break in the loop can shutdown the entire network but it can be designed to
bypass any malfunctioning or failed node. Because of the closed loop, however, the
addition of new nodes may be difficult.
NETWORK DEVICE: Are those devices that help the connection and communication of
computer network. They can also mean the nodes of a network. Some of the network device
include:
i Network Interface Card; It is a hardware component used to connect the computer to a
computer network. Two popular types are cable type and wireless type.
ii Hub: It receives signals from devices and broadcasts the message (or signal(s) to all the
other devices in the network and also monitors the signal for collisions to their
destinations. Physically, every device on the network connects directly to the hub using a
single network.
iii Router: This is a network devices that is capable of connecting two or more dissimilar
networks together. E.g routers can connect a cable network and a wireless network or a
star network and a ring network or the likes.
iv Modem: Is a device that enables computer fascinate machines and other network or
communication device to communicate with each other telephone lines or over a TV
“network cables or satellites. The word MODEM” was carved from
modulator/demodulator in computer science network. A modem is a device that converts
between analog and digital signals which are used by computers to communicate.
BRIDGE: Is a network device that connects two similar networks together e.g ring to another
ring network or two or more star network.
SWITCH:Is another network device that can eliminate incoming data from a network device to
the \
actual destination network device. The switch cannot broadcast live the Hub back intelligently
deliver
the data to its destination device.
Benefits of Computer Networking
i. It aids in information transfer and sharing
ii It makes communication easier and faster
iii It leads to a paperless environment
iv It can lead to the sharing of devices
v Time is conserved
vi It also enhances connectivity of unlimited number of computers
vii Computer networking has also given rise to internet where users can share both data,
information and hardware globally.
Introduction to WWW
World Wide Wed, WWW can also simply be called the web. The web is also defined as a
collection of
inter connected documents and other resources which are available in the internet. It can also be
defined as computerized network of information that combines text and multimedia which are
available
in the internet.
Some others can also view the WWW as a system of interconnected hyper text documents (or
multimedia) accessed through internet.
Brief history of WWW
The WWW was developed by Timothy Berners Lee, a British physicist and computer scientist,
as a
project with the European organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland in 1989.
He
combined several existing ideas into a single system to make it easier for physicists to use data
on the
internet. Most importantly, Berners Lee added multimedia to the hyper link concept found in a
previous
internet service known as Gopher. He had started working with hyper text in the early 1980. An
early
prototype of the www became operational at CERN in 1989 and the idea quickly spread to
universities in
the rest of the work including CKC.
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
i WWW: This has already been defined in a variety of way, in the beginning part of this
note. It can also be defined as a global set of documents, images, video, sounds etc.
(Multimedia) logically connected and accessed on the internet.
ii Website: A collection of related web pages. This collection could be one or more pages
accessed over the internet.
iii Web Browser: A software that enables computer users to locate and access web pages
or webpages on the internet. It can be referred to as browser, web browsing, program
internet browsing etc.
iv Webpage: Is a single page document on the internet displayed by in internet browser.
v Home page: The first introductory or the main page of a web site.
vi Protocol: Set of rules governing communication between computers in a network. It
can also mean a standard method of transferring data between different computers on the
internet.
Benefit of WWW
i Information can be obtained from WWW
ii It can be used to send and receive Emails.
iii E-learning
iv Online shopping
v E-banking
vi Easy multimedia transmission
vii Online reservation of hotels and online booking of across the globe
viii Research purpose
ix It saves time (if known how to use)
x GPs services
xi Social network media
xii Online publication of books
xiii Quick and affordable means of communication
xiv Knowledge, ideas and skills are shared across the globe
xv Provides means of data transfer across the globe
xvi Online storage (cloud computing i.e google drive)
xvii Advertisement of goods and services.
Web development software
1. Hot dog
2. Coffee cup
3. Netscape navigator
4. I web
5. Amaya
6. Web editor plus x4
7. Notepad
8. Microsoft front page
9. Adobe dream waver
10. Micro media dream waver
11. Net object fission
12. Web studio
13. Adobe fireworks
14. Micro media flash studio
15. Micro media free hand
16. Hypertext markup language.
Network Cables and Connectors
Network cables are those cables used to connect and transfer data from one computer to another
and
from one network to another. Most commonly used types of network cables include:
1 TWISTED PAIR CABLES
Alexander Graham Bell, in 1881 inverted this cable. The cable is made up of two
conductors of a single circuit which are twisted together for the purpose of cancelling out
electromagnetic interference from Ethernet network and telephone lines. The cable is
used mainly for Ethernet network and telephone. There are two types of twisted pair
cables:
2 FIBER OPTIC CABLE
This cable is a product of new technology where glass or plastic threads or fibers are used
to transmit data. The cable has many advantages over the conventional metal
communication lines but its major disadvantages lies on the huge cost of the cable. The
advantages are:
i It is thinner and lighter in weight
ii Data can digitally be transmitted
iii The cable has a high band with (i.e they can carry more data than the metal cables)
iv The cable is less susceptible than metal cables.
3. CAOXIAL CABLE:
The cable was invented in 1880 by Oliver Heaviside an English mathematician and
engineer. It is an electrical cable with an inner conductor surrounded by a flexible
tubular conducting shield. It is mainly used for connecting TV antenna to the TV set but
also used in the computer industry in Ethernet bus networks.
Connectors
A connector is a coupler used to join cables or to join cable to a device. It can also be defined as
that part of a cable that plugs into a port or interface to connect a device to another.
Most connector types are available in one or two genders – male or female connectors. A male
connector is characterized by one or more exposed pins while female connector (port) is
characterized by one or more connector.
COMMON TYPES OF CONNECTORS
i Registered Jack 45 (RJ45)
ii Registered Jack 11 (RJ II)
iii T – Connector.
Registered Jack 45 Connector
It is an eight-wire connector used commonly to connect computer networks. RJ45 in an Ethernet
Networking used to connect computer system and other devices together using twisted pair
cables.
Registered Jack II Connectors
It is a four or six-wire connector used basically to connect telephone equipment. It is mainly
used to connect telephone lines to computer systems for browsing purpose using telephone
twisted cables.

T Connectors

BNC T – Connector is the short name for Bayonet Neill Concelman T- Connector which is
mostly called T-Connector. It is a type of connector used with coaxial cables in a 10 Base – 2
Ethernet system. It is a male connector type mounted at each end of a cable.

OTHER CABLES

Other cables considered such as:

a. Power Cables

b. Data Cables

c. Monitor Cable

d. Printer Cable

e. Parallel port Cable

f. Serial Cables etc.

Power Cables: The are cables used to supply electricity to computer and other devices used
with the computer (peripheral devices). For the system unit computers, e.g the motherboard,
HDD, System fan, CD/DVD, etc. their power is supplied from a square metal box (called the
power pack) which takes in 220/290volts and produces different stem components according to
their power ratings.

Data Cables: A data cable is any media that allows baseband transmitter (binary 1,0’s) from a
transmitter to a receiver. examples of data cables are printer, universal serial bus (USB),
Monitor cable, Serial Cable.

Printer Cable: This is referred to as the type of cable that carries data between a computer
system and the printer machine. Example of printer cables are serial, parallel, fire wire and USB.

Monitor Cable: The monitor cable is also known as VGA (VIDEO Graphics Array), it is a
connector with three-row 15 pins DB – 15 connector. VGA connectors and cables carry analog
component RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal, sync, vertical sync) video signals and VESA
Display Data channel (VESA DDC) data.

Serial Cable: A serial Cable is a type of cable that can be used to transfer information between
two devices using serial communication. A monitor cable or VGA cable is an example of a
serial cable.

Connectors Ports: Ports are interface where cables connector ports are connected. There are
two types of connector ports, the male and the female connectors. Male connector port have pins
while female connector ports have holes. One goes into one, if the cable is having a male
connector, then the device should be having a female port.

DATABASE: A database is any organized collection of related data which is stored in

computer memory and designed for easy access by authorized users. The collected data could be
in form of text, numbers, graphics or sound. The electronic database have dominated the manual
database because of the following:

1. Manual database is difficult to maintain

2. Time consuming

3. Prone to errors.
Our interest here is on (computer) database. It is easy to create and maintain and prone to errors.
Errors are easily corrected. By definition, electronic or computerized or computer based
database is a collection of data which can be created and called DBMS.

Information of any sort can be collected using a DBMS examples are: age, date of birth,
admission number, sex, state of origin, height, etc.

The major purpose of a DBMS is to maintain information available when needed. Examples of
BDMS are Dbase iv, Foxpro, MySQL, Oracle, Foxbase Pro Microsoft Access Sybase.

Basic terms used in Database:

Data: it is the smallest meaningful piece of information in a database. It can also be defined as
raw or unprocessed facts e.g 1, N400, 5/11/2018.

Field: Fields are items of data relating to a record and usually made up of characters. It can also
be said to be a single piece of attribute about an entity.

Record: This is a complete set of attribute about an entity. A record can also be said to be a
collection of related fields or data items. Also, we can say that a record is a row of information
relating to a single entry and comprising of one or more fields.

File: This is a single collection of one or more related records.

Database:A collection of related files. Any organized collection of related information arranged
in such a way for easy access and update is known as database.

Primary Kay: A unique identifier or attribute that can be used to identify a record in a database
file.

Key: Is a field that can be used to identify a record in a database.

Table: A two-dimensional structure into which data is stored. It is made up of vertical lines
which are called column and the horizontal lines are called rows.
DATABASE MODELS:

A database model is a tool used to describe how a database is structured and used. it is described
also as a tool used to organize, store, relate and manipulate data. It is the fundamental
specification describing how the data is arranged.

TYPE OF DATABASE MODELS

There are many database models but three basic database models will be considered which are:

1. Hierarchical database model

2. Network database model

3. Relational database model

Hierarchical Database Model: The hierarchical database model organizes data in a tree-like
structure, implementing a single upward like in each record to describe the nesting and a sort
field to keep the records in a particular order in each same-level list. For example, there is a
hierarchy of parent and child data segments. Each parent can have many children, but each child
can only have one parent.
Hierarchical database model

Network database model: In the network model of a database it is possible for a record to have
multiple parents, making the system more flexible compared to the strict single-parent model of
the hierarchical database. The model is made to accommodate many to many relationships,
which allows for a more realistic representation of the relationships between entities.

Network database model

Relational database (RDBMS) Model:

Relational database (RDBMS) model are entirely unique when compared to the aforementioned
models as the design of the records is organized around a set of tables (with unique identifiers) to
represent both the data and their relationships. The fields to be used for matching are often
indexed in order to speed up the process and the data can be retrieved and manipulated in a
number of ways without the need to reorganize the original database tables
Activity code Activity name
23 Patching

24 Overlay
 25

FIELD TYPES

Each field on a database access must have a type so that Access will know how to handle its
contents.

These database types are :

1. Text 6. Auto Number

2. Memo 7. Yes/No

3. Number 8. Hyperlink

4. Date/Times 9. Attachment

5. Currency 10. OLE object

1. Text: It is used for text and members that are not used in Mathematical calculations.
Use for names. addresses and other relatively short pieces of text. It can store up to 255
characters.
2. Memo: It is used for long text such as notes and long descriptions. It can store up to
64,000 characters.
3. Number: This is used for numerical data in mathematical calculations
4. Data/time: It is used for dates and times entries.
5. Currency: It is used for currency calculations such as ¥, €, $, N etc.
6. Auto Number: This is a unique sequential numbers or random numbers automatically
inserted when you create a record. It is mainly used for the primary key on a database.
7. Yes/No: It is used for logical data when only one of the two values is valid.
8. Hyper link: It is used to store hyperlinks on the internet.
9. Attachment: It is used to store attachments such as files, videos, images etc.
10. OLE Object Linking Embedded) : It is used to attach OLE object such as Ms Word
Ms excel, Ms PowerPoint etc.
GRAPHIC PACKAGE
Graphic package: These are application packages that are used to create and manipulate
graphic figures such as calendar, brochure, flyers, handbills etc and to make impression.
Example of Graphic packages
- Paint
- Corel Draw
- Adobe Photoshop
- Havard graphics
- Print Master
- Ventura
- Photoshop Pro
- Adobe page Maker.
Versions of CorelDraw
1. Corel draw 8 6. Corel draw x3
2. Corel draw 9 7. Corel draw x4
3. Corel draw 10 8. Corel draw x5
4. Corel draw 11 9. Corel draw x6.
5. Corel draw 12
Features of Corel Draw

1. Title Bar 5. Ruler

2. Menu Bar 6. Scroll Bar
3. Property Bar 7. Colour Palette
4. Printable Area 8. The toolbox

1. Title Bar: The title bar displays the name of the application (Corel Draw0 file on which you

are working.
2. Menu Bar: This is the feature that shows all the commands that is used in graphic design.

There are eleven pull down menus.

3. Property Bar: This property bar changes dynamically depending o the tool being used
and

the number of objects being edited. It is one of the most important features that gives

detailed characteristics of any tool that is selected from the toolbox.

4. Printable Area: As the name implies any design that must be printed out must be
designed or
placed inside the printable Area of the drawing windows. This area can be adjusted to any length
or size of your choice depending on what you want to design.
5. Ruler: Rulers serve a positioning and sizing aid. They can be turned off optionally. In
addition, you can drag guidelines off the rulers to serve as drawing aids.
6. The Scroll Bar:It allows you to shift the page horizontally and vertically.
7. The colour palette: This allows for the quick application of a coloured fill or online
colour. It consists of many colours such as (red, blue, green, black, white, brown, pink
etc.
8. The toolbox: It consist of different tools used for designing in CorelDraw. Examples of
the tools are:
a. Pick tool g. Fill tool
b. Shape tool h. Polygon tool
c. Zoom tool i. Text tool
d. Rectangle tool j. Paint tool etc.
e. Interactive transparency tool
f. Interactive Blend tool.
Steps to load Creldraw
1. Click on start button
2. Point to all programs
3. Point to coreldraw
4. Select coreldraw
Some examples of graphic figures
1. Calendar 6. Handbills
2. Flyers 7. Business Card
3. Brochure 8. Greeting Card
4. Wedding Card 9. Bill board
5. Invitation Card 10.
Basic Programme III
An array is a list of variables of the same data type. This is a type of data structure which is used
to store similar types of data. It is useful for organizing multiple variables. To create an array,
use the DIM (dimension) command.
Example 1
Create an array of three numbers and print out the numbers
10 DIM nos (3)
20 nos (1) = 5
30 nos (e) = 10
40 nos (3) = 15
50 Print nos (1), nos (3)

Example 2
Input of an array
Way to store values in an array. Input five values in an array to show the ages of some students.
10 DIM ages (5)
20 ages (1) = 12
30 ages (2) = 15
40 ages (3) = 11
50 ages (4) = 10
60. ages (5) = 12

Example 3
The following program sequent stores the names of the 39th, 40th and 41st presidents in the
array.
10 REM “Place names of last three presidents in an array”
20 DIM Pres (39 to 41)
30 LET Pres (39) = “Jimmy Carter”
40 LET Pres (40) = “ Ronald Reagan”
50 LET Pres (41) Pres (41) = “George Bush”

Output of an Array
Example on how to output values stored in an array.
10 DIM ages (5)
20 ages (1) = 12
30 ages (2) = 15
40 ages (3) = 11
50 ages (4) = 10
60 ages (5) = 12
70 PRINT ages (1), ages (2), ages (3), ages (4), ages (5)