MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF STRUCTURES THEORY OF STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF STRUCTURES Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. A simply supported beam has

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES a. 2 hinges
b. 2 rollers
After studying this module, you are expected to: c. 1 hinge and 1 roller
d. None of the above
1. Comprehend the fundamentals in theory of
structures; 2. What unit is typically used in moment?
2. Have a deeper understanding on how a
structure behaves subjected to loading; a. N - m2
3. Solve the Strain Energy of a structure; b. kN - m
c. kN
4. Recognize the relationship between E, G and
d. kg - m2
v.
3. The weight of the beam is
TOPIC considered as?
OUTLINE a. Live Load
1.1 Engineering Structures b. Dead Load
c. Impact Load
1.2 Theory of Structures
d. Environmental Load
1.3 Complete Design of a Structure Stages
1.3.1. Developing a General Layout
4. When a member is subjected to compressive
1.3.2. Investigating the loads load, the member tends to?
1.3.3. Stress Analysis
1.3.4. Selection of Element a. explode
1.3.5. Drawing and Detailing b. deteriorate
1.4 Strain Energy c. Shrink
1.5 Relationship between E, G, and v d. Elongate

5. When applying equilibrium equations, which is

among the following statements are true?
OVERVIEW
a. Summation of forces along x-axis is zero
b. Summation of forces along y-axis is zero
Module 1 serves as a review on Mechanics of c. Summation of forces along z-axis is zero
Deformable Bodies. It prepares you to become ready d. All of the above
for the succeeding lessons throughout the course. It
also gives overview on how a structure behaves
subjected to loading. This module is good for a 6- 1.1 ENGINEERING
hour lecture. STRUCTURES

ACTIVATING The word structure has various meanings. By an

Engineering Structure we mean roughly something
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE constructed or built. The principal structures of
Before studying this unit, take the test to determine concern to Civil Engineers are bridges, buildings,
how much you already know about Theory of walls, dams, towers, and shell structures. Structures
Structures. as such are composed of one or more solid
elements so arranged that the whole structures as

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MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF STRUCTURES THEORY OF STRUCTURE

well as their components are capable of holding

themselves without appreciable geometric change Basically, most structures may be classified as
during loading and unloading. beams, rigid frames, or trusses or combination of
these elements. A beam is a structural member
To design a structure involves many considerations subjected to transverse loads only. It is completely
analyzed when the shear and bending-moment
among which are two major objectives that must be
values have been found. A rigid frame is a structure
satisfied:
composed of members connected by rigid joints
(welded joints, for instance). A rigid frame is
1 The structure must meet the performance
completely analyzed when the variations in direct
requirement. stress, shear, and bending-moment along the
2 The structure must carry loads safely. lengths of all members have been found. A truss is a
structure in which all members are usually assumed
to be connected by frictionless hinges. A truss is
1.2 THEORY OF STRUCTURES completely analyzed when the direct stresses in all
members have been determined.

1.3.2 INVESTIGATING THE LOADS

The Theory of Structures deals with the principles
and methods by which the direct stress, the shear Before a refined structural analysis can be carried
and bending moment, and the deflection at any out, it is necessary to determine the loads for which
section of each constituent member in the structure a given structure should be designed. General
may be calculated. The next phase of the design is information about the loads imposed on a structure
to proportion the members in accordance with the is usually given in the specifications and codes.
allowable working stresses of the material and other However, it is part of the designer’s responsibility to
requirements for the proper functioning of the specify the load conditions and to take care of
structure. This work is generally within the scope of exceptional cases.
texts on strength of materials or structural design.
Generally, the loads on structures consists of dead
load, live load, and the dynamic or impact effects of
1.3 COMPLETE DESIGN OF A the live load.

STRUCTURE STAGES a) Dead Load – it includes the weight of the

structure itself. Thus, in building design, the
The complete design of a structure is outlined in the weight of the floorings, beams, girders, and
following stages: columns makes up the dead load.
b) Live Load – it is the loading to be carried by
1.3.1 DEVELOPING A GENERAL LAYOUT the structure. It is the weight of movable
partitions, furniture, appliances, etc. Snow
The General Layout of a structure is selected from load and Wind load are considered as live
many possible alternatives. The primary concern is load.
the purpose for what the structure is to be built. This
c) Impact Load – it is the dynamic effect of the
stage involves the choice of structural type, the
selection of material, and a tentative estimation of application of live load. Often the live load
cost based on a reasonable analysis of a preliminary comes on a structure rather suddenly or as a
structural design. It may also involve selecting the moving or rolling load, as, for example, when
best location or adapting the structure to a site that a train passes over a bridge. In this case the
has not been predetermined. Proper attention should live load is increased by an estimated
also be given to the aesthetic value of the structure, percentage to include its dynamic effect.
since the requirement of good appearance can
This increase is called the Impact Load.
reasonably be met without much increase in cost.

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MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF STRUCTURES THEORY OF STRUCTURE

1.3.3 STRESS ANALYSIS a separate integration for each section between two
concentrated loads or reactions.
Once the basic form of the structure and the
external loads are defined, a structural analysis can Whenever we apply a force to an object of a
be made to determine the internal forces in various deformable material, it will change its shape.
members of the structure and the displacements at Sometimes, it is a big change, like when we stretch out
some controlling points. When live loads are a rubber band. Also, it’s hard to see, like when a load is
involved, it is important to determine the maximum applied to a steel support beam. As we apply more and
possible stresses in each member being considered. more force, the object will continue to stretch. Stress
will be the amount of force applied divided by the
1.3.4 SELECTION OF ELEMENT cross-sectional area of the object.

The selection of suitable sizes and shapes of

members and their connections depends on the
results of the stress analysis together with the
design provisions of the specifications or codes. A
trial-and-error approach may be used in the search
for a proportioning of elements that will be both
economical and adequate. A sound knowledge of
strength of material and process of fabrication is Load P is directly proportional to deformation 𝛿
also essential.
The strain energy is simply the shaded area:
1.3.5 DRAWING AND DETAILING
1
𝑈= 𝑃 𝛿
Once the makeup of each part of the structure has 2
been determined, the last stage of design can begin.
This final stage includes the preparation of contract 𝑃𝐿
drawing, detailing, job specification, and final cost; but 𝛿 = 𝐴𝐸
this information is necessary for construction to
𝛴𝑃2 𝐿
proceed. 𝑈=
2𝐴𝐸
Where:

1.4 STRAIN ENERGY 𝑈 = Strain Energy

𝑃 = Summation of load carried by a
certain floor
Strain energy is a type of potential energy that is
𝐿 = Height of the floor
stored in a structural member as a result of elastic
𝐴 = Cross-sectional area of the
deformation. The external work done on such a
column
member when it is deformed from its unstressed
𝐸 = Modulus of elasticity
state is transformed into (and considered equal to
the strain energy stored in it. If, for instance, a beam 1.5 RELATIONSHIP
that is supported at two ends is subjected to a
bending moment by a load suspended in the canter,
BETWEEN E, G, AND v
then the beam is said to be deflected from its
The relationship between modulus of elasticity E,
unstressed state, and strain energy is stored in it.
shear modulus G and Poisson's ratio ν is:
The integration for strain energy can only be applied
Modulus of Rigidity, G
over a length of beam for which a continuous
expression can be obtained. This generally will imply

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MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF STRUCTURES THEORY OF STRUCTURE

It describes the material's response to shear Let us see if you can remember the main points raised
stress. It is also called Modulus of Elasticity in in this lesson. Below is a summary of these points:

Shear. ➢ When we say Engineering Structure,

we mean roughly something
E constructed or built.
G=
2(1 + 𝑣) ➢ To design a structure involves many
considerations among which are two
Bulk Modulus, 𝐊 major objectives that must be
satisfied: The structure must meet the
The bulk modulus of elasticity K is a measure of a performance requirement and the
resistance of a material to change in volume without structure must carry loads safely.
change in shape or form. It is also called Elasticity or ➢ Theory of Structures deals with the
Modulus of Volume Expansion. principles and methods by which the
direct stress, the shear and bending
moment, and the deflection at any
E section of each constituent member in
K= the structure may be calculated
3(1 − 2𝑣)
➢ The complete design of a structure is
Or outlined in the following stages:
Developing a General Layout,
∆𝑃
K = Investigating the Loads, Stress
∆𝑉/𝑉
Analysis, Selection of Element and
Drawing and Detailing
Constrained Modulus, D

It is one of the elastic moduli available to describe

isotropic homogeneous materials. It is also called P LEARNING ACTIVITY
– wave Modulus and Longitudinal Modulus.
a)
E(1 − 𝑣)
D=
(1 + 𝑣)(1 − 2𝑣)
REFERENCES
Dilatation, e
Strength of Materials 4th Ed.
The object changes shape in all three Ferdinand L. Singer & Andrew Pytel
directions, that means it will change its volume. It is
Structural Analysis - 8th Edition
also called Relative Change in Volume and
R.C. Hibbeler
Volumetric Strain.
Structural Analysis 4th edition
∆V Aslam Kasimali
e=
V
Structural Analysis
Caprani
SUMMARY
Structural Analysis in Theory and Practice

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MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF STRUCTURES THEORY OF STRUCTURE

Alan Williams

Structural Analysis Using Classical and Matrix

Methods 4th Ed
Jack McCormac

Elementary Theory of Structures, Second Edition

Yuan-Yu Hsieh

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