EE361

APPLIED
ELECTROMAGNETICS

Assoc. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Nguyen Van Cuong

Topics:
1. Introduction to EM Field
2. Electrostatics
3. Magnetostatics
4. Maxwell's Equations for Time-Varying Fields
5. Plane-Wave Propagation
6. Wave Reflection and Transmission
7. Transmission Lines
 The Role of Wavelength

• The voltage across the output

terminals BB’ will have to be
delayed in time relative to that
across AA’ by the travel delay-
time l/c.
• Assuming no ohmic losses in the transmission line and and ignoring
the wave reflection:

necessary to account for the phase shift

and for the presence of reflected signals
• In rectangular waveguides, rectangular mode numbers
are designated by two suffix numbers attached to the mode
type, such as TE mn or TM mn , where m is the number of
half-wave patterns across the width of the wave guide and
n is the number of half-wave patterns across the height of
the wave guide.

• In circular wave guides, circular modes exist and here m

is the number of full-wave patterns along the
circumference and n is the number of half-wave patterns
along the diameter.
 Lumped vs distributed circuit
parameters
Lumped parameters: are electrical qualities that
appear or exist at a certain location of the circuit, are
represented by lumped circuit element, which can be
directly determined or measured (for example, R, L,
C, G, voltage source, current source).

10
 Lumped vs distributed circuit
parameters
Distributed parameters: electrical characteristic
parameters that do not exist in a single fixed position in the
circuit but are spread evenly over the length of the circuit,
are not determined by direct measurement.

vDistributed parameters are commonly used in the

microwave field, in wave propagation systems (wave
transmission lines, waveguides, free space ...).

11
 Lumped vs distributed circuit
parameters
vIn the microwave field, when λ is comparable to the size
of a circuit, the circuit is considered as a distributed
system.

vWhen considering the distribution system, if only one part

of the circuit is of size << λ, it is possible to replace the
circuit with a lumped circuit to simplify the problem.
12
 Lumped-Element Model
l R: series resistance per
unit length, for both
conductors [Ω/m]
l L: series inductance
per unit length, for
both conductors
[H/m]
l G: shunt conductance
per unit length [S/m]
l C: shunt capacitance
per unit length [F/m]

13
 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines
14

 The time-average stored magnetic energy per unit length:

 The self-inductance per unit length:

 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines
15

 The time-average stored electric energy per unit length:

 The capacitance per unit length:

Field Analysis of Transmission Lines
(Cont.)
16

 The power loss per unit length due to the finite conductivity of
the conductors:

 The series resistance R per unit length:

Field Analysis of Transmission Lines
(Cont.)
17

 The time-average power dissipated per unit length in a

lossy dielectric:

 The shunt conductance per unit length:

 EXAMPLE 2.1 TRANSMISSION LINE
PARAMETERS OF A COAXIAL LINE
18

The fields of a traveling TEM wave

inside the coaxial line:

Permeability μ = μ0μr
 EXAMPLE 2.1 TRANSMISSION LINE
PARAMETERS OF A COAXIAL LINE
19

Transmission line parameters:

20
21
 Transmission Line Equation (Cont’d)
22

KVL and KCL can be applied to give:

Take the limit Δz →0

 Transmission Line Equation (Cont’d)
23

For the sinusoidal steady-state condition, with cosine-based

phasors, let complex forms of the voltage wave and current
wave are:
v(z,t) = V(z)ejwt i(z,t) = I(z)ejwt
 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
24

The two equations can be solve simultaneously to give

wave equations for V(z) and I(z)

where γ is the complex propagation constant which is a

function of frequency
 Wave Propagation on a Tx. Line (Cont.)
25

v Traveling wave solution can be found as:

where the e−γ z term represents wave propagation in the +z

direction, and the eγz term represents wave propagation in
the −z direction.
 Wave Propagation on a Tx. Line (Cont.)
26

Substitute into

v The current on the line:

 Characteristic Impedance
27

The characteristic impedance relate to the voltage and

current on the line as follow:
 Voltage Waveform
28

Let complex form of the Voltage Wave:

v(z,t) = V(z)ejwt, V(z) = V+(z) + V-(z)
V+(z) = V+e-γz = |V+0|eϕ+e-γz, V-(z) = V-eγz = |V-0|eϕ-eγz

where f± is the phase angle of the complex voltage V±

Real form:
 Voltage Waveform
29

Can you draw it?

The wavelength and the phase velocity are

 Outline
30

1. The Lumped-Element Model for a

Transmission Line:
Ø WavePropagation on a Transmission Line
Ø The Lossless Line
 The Lossless Line
31

 In many practical cases the loss of the line is very small so

can be neglected, resulting in a simplification of the results.
 Setting R = G = 0 the propagation constant is given

 The characteristic impedance reduce to

Voltage and Current on a Lossless Tx. Line
32

 The wave length and the phase velocity are

 Characteristic parameters of
transmission lines.
33
 The Terminated Lossless Transmission Line
34

 The total voltage on the

line:

 The total current on the

line

 At load (z = 0), we have

 Voltage Reflection Coefficient
35

The amplitude of the reflected voltage wave normalized to

the amplitude of the incident voltage wave is defined as the
voltage reflection coefficient Г:
 The time-average power
36

Using:

 The time-average power flow along the line at the position z

The time-average power
37

Incident voltage & current waves:

V+(z) = I+(z) =

time-average incident power:

+ + +
The time-average power
38

Incident voltage & current waves:

V+(z) = I+(z) =

time-average incident power:

+ + +

time-average reflected power:

- - -
The time-average power
39

time-average incident power: + + +

time-average reflected power:

- - -

The time-average power flow along the line = constant

= total power delivered to the load

Energy conservation
 Return Loss
40

 When the load is mismatched, Г ≠ 0, not all of the

available power from the generator is delivered to the
load.
 The loss reflected wave, cause by the reflection at load,
is call the return loss and is defined as:

Ø Matched load (G=0): RL= ∞

Ø Total reflection (G=1): RL= 0
 Standing Wave Ratio
41

 The magnitude of the voltage on the line:

 Standing Wave Ratio
42

 The magnitude of the voltage on the line:

 Standing Wave Ratio
43

 The magnitude of the voltage on the line:

 Standing wave ratio is the ratio of Vmax to Vmin

as follow
 Reflection Coefficient and Input Impedance
at any point on the line
44

 The reflection
coefficient at z = - l

 The imput impedance

at z = - l
Transmission Line Impedance Equation
45
Special Cases of Lossless Terminated Lines:
Short-circuited Transmission Line
46

Ø Short-circuited Tx. Line:

Ø The voltage and current on the line:

Ø The input impedance:

Short-circuited Transmission Line
47
Open-circuited Transmission Line
48

Ø Open-circuited Tx. Line:

Ø The voltage and current on the line:

Ø The input impedance:

Open-circuited Transmission
Line (Cont.)
49
 Half-wavelength Tx. Line
50

 If the length of the line is half of the wave length

then the
 Quarter-wave transformer
51

 If the length of the line is a quarter wavelength,

then the input impedance is given by

a quarter wavelength transformer

Junction of two transmission lines with different
characteristic impedances.
52

A transmission line of
characteristic impedance Z0
feeding a line of different
characteristic impedance,
Z1.
If the load line is infinitely long, or if it is terminated in its
own characteristic impedance  no reflections from its far
end:
Junction of two transmission lines with different
characteristic impedances.
53

The voltage wave for z > 0 is:

Junction of two transmission lines with different
characteristic impedances.
54

The voltage wave for z > 0 is:

Voltage continuity at z = 0 give the transmission coefficient :

expressed in dB as the insertion loss, IL:

The Smith Chart and Complex Γ on the
Smith Chart
55

Graphical technique for analyzing

and designing Tx line circuits

j r
G  Ge
 Gr  jGi

Example: points A, B on the graph

The Smith chart lies in the complex

plane of Γ
 Normalized Load Impedance
56

The nomalized load impedance:

1 G
zL  Z L zL 
1 G
Z0

The nomalized load impedance is a complex quantity composed of a normalized

load resistance and normalized load reactance z L  rL  jx L

 1  G r2  G i2
1  Gr   jGi  rL 
zL   1  G r  2  G i2
1  Gr  - jGi 
x  2 Gi
 L
 1  G r  2
 G i2
 Normalized Load Impedance (cont.)
57

vNormalized load resistance

rL resides on the red circles,
-what is the fix point?
-what if rL  ∞ ?
vNormalized load reactance
xL resides on the blue circles
-what is the fix point?
-what if xL  ∞ ?
Normalized Load Impedance (cont.)
58

The Smith chart is simply a

depiction on the (Γr , Γi) plane,
of the two families of circles
the family r L and x L family
plotted for selected values of rL
and xL
Which circle yield?
rL  0
Which circle yield?
xL = 0
 Normalized Load Impedance
59

Example
Consider normalized impedance
(1+j2)
Point A: the intersection of
the r L = 1 constant-resistance
circle and the x L = 2 constant-
reactance circle segment

The normalized impedance of

point B?
60

OP
G   0 .45
OR
 r   26 .6 o

Point P: zL= (2-j)

 Input Impedance
61

1  Ge j 2 z 
Z in ( z )  Z 0  j 2 z 
1  G e = |Г|e j(θ – 2βl)
 
Z in 1  Ge j 2 z 
Normalized to zin ( z )   
Z 0 1  Ge j 2  z 
1  G( z ) 1  GL
zin ( z )  zL 
1  G( z ) 1  GL
The same form!!!

On Smith chart, transforming ΓL to Γin means maintaining |Γ|

constant and decreasing the phase θ  θ - 2l
Input Impedance on Smith Chart
Consider a 50 Ohm lossless transmission line terminated in a load impedance (100 – j50) Ohm.
Find Zin at a distance l = 0.1  from load
62

ZL
zL   2 j
Z0

Point A represents
zL = 2– j

Point B represents
zin =0.6– j0.66

zin = (zL + jtanl)/(1+jzLtanl)

SWR, Voltage Maxima, and Minima

63

Point A represents

0.213 zL = 2+ j
SWR Circle λ
0.037 SWR = 2.6
0 A λ
lmax =(0.25-0.213)
Vmin Vmax
=0.037

lmin =(0.037+0.25)

0.287 =0.287
λ
RL = ?
Impedance to Admittance Transform
64

The admittance Y is the reciprocal of Z

1 1 R  jX R X
Y   2 2
 2 2
j 2
Z R  jX R  X R X R X2
Conductance G
Susceptance B
The normalized admittance y:

Y G B
y    j  g  jb
Y0 Y0 Y0
 Impedance to Admittance Transform
65

The admittance yL: Or:

Zin(l=λ/4) = Z02/ZL
1 1 G
yL  
zL 1  G normalized
1  G e  j 1  G
zin (l   / 4)    yL
1  Ge  j
1 G zin(l = λ/4) = 1/zL = yL

Rotation /4 on the Smith chart transforms zL into yL

Impedance to Admittance Transform
Example
66

Point A represents
0.213 zL = 2+ j
SWR Circle λ zin(l = λ/4) = 1/zL = yL
Vmin 0 A
Point B represents yL
Vmax
B