Indian National Congress (1885)

 The establishment of the Congress was done by the British/English for their own
security, but it became a platform for Indian revolutionaries.
 The founder of Congress was a retired British officer named A.O. Hume. He was called
the Hermit of Shimla.
 The annual meeting of the Congress was called Adhiveshan (Session).
 The Congress session used to be held in December, but after 1930, it started to be held
in January.
 The first President of the Congress session was Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee.
 Dadabhai Naoroji named it the Indian National Congress. Earlier, its name was Indian
National Union.
 The first Congress session was proposed in Pune, but due to the outbreak of plague
there, it was shifted to Bombay (Mumbai) at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit School, where it
was held from 28th to 31st December.
 When the Congress was founded in 1885, the Viceroy of India at that time was Lord
Dufferin
 . The first 20 years of the Congress are called the Moderate Phase, because during this
period the Congress had acceptance among the British.
 The Extremist Phase is known for Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who gave political education to
the people.
 The prominent leaders of the Extremist Phase were W.C. Bonnerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji,
and Bipin Chandra Pal.
 When the British partitioned Bengal in 1905, the internal discontent within Congress
began, which eventually resulted in a split at the Surat Session

 BY—LAVI RAJPUT SIR

 Some important statements
Pherozeshah Mehta: "The voice of Congress is not the voice of the people!"
DAFRIN: The microscopic minority has an institution
Aurobindo Ghosh: Congress is a begging organization
GHANDHI:Congress must end this now

Partition of Bengal (1905)

 Nationalism had reached its peak in Bengal. Therefore, to end national
consciousness, the British divided Bengal. But the British cited
administrative reforms as the reason for the partition of Bengal.
 The partition of Bengal was announced by Lord Curzon on July 19, 1909 and
the partition was completed on October 16, 1905.
 More Muslims were kept in East Bengal and more Hindus were kept in West
Bengal. The British started acting as the protectors of Muslims and made
them fight with Hindus in East Bengal.
 Whereas in West Bengal, the British used to say to the minority Puralgals
that "Yes, by becoming your protectors,
 The British started the policy of divide and rule in Bengal. The British policy
of Bengal division could not succeed because in 1905, the Swadeshi and
Boycott movement had started in Haroon House of Bengal.
 Indians boycotted British clothes, schools, goods, etc. and adopted
indigenous products.
 BY—LAVI RAJPUT SIR
 Indian people refused to wash the clothes of the British, to work for them
and to study in their schools.
 Jamshedji Tata established TATA Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) in
Jamshedpur.

 During the Anti-Foreign Movement, Indians burned foreign clothes.

Rabindranath Tagore called burning of foreign clothes a heinous crime.
 The main leaders of the Swadeshi movement were Womesh Chandra
Banerjee, Rabindra Nath Tagore etc. He started the 'Bang-Bhang Movement'
to cancel the partition of Bengal.
 In 1911, during the time of Lord Harding, King George V of Britain came to
India. On his arrival, a grand program was organized in Delhi. Which is
called Delhi Durbar. During this, three announcements were made in 1911.
The partition of Bengal will be cancelled.
Bihar will be separated from Bengal.
The capital of India will be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.
 These three declarations were implemented on January 11, 1912.
Bihar was separated from Bengal in 1912. Vidosa was separated from Bihar
in [1936]. Jharkhand was separated from Bihar in 2000.
Remark: When Lord Curzon divided Bengal, Gopal Krishna Gokhale
compared Lord Curzon to Aurangzeb.
 BY—LAVI RAJPUT SIR
 First phase of revolutionary

 movement After the partition of Bengal, the revolutionary movement took a

violent turn and ended by 1910.
 2 All the leaders of the extremist group were from rural areas.
 The revolutionary movement was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak from
Maharashtra. He started the Ganpati festival in 1893 and the Shivaji festival
in 1895 to unite the revolutionary youth, instill the spirit of nationalism and
to train them in arms. He used to say, "Swaraj is my birthright and we will
get it."
 Vyayam Mandal was founded by Chapekar brothers in 1897. They killed
Pune's plague officer Ayerst because he was collecting tax instead of helping
the Indian people.
 Mitra Mela was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1900. This Mitra
Mela later became Abhinav Bharat.
 A member of this Abhinav Bharat murdered Nasik Magistrate Jackson.
 In 1907, Savarkar went to London where the 50th anniversary of the
Revolution of 1857 was being celebrated. In his book India War for
Freedom, he called the Revolution of 1857 as India's first freedom struggle.
 Anushilan Samiti was established by Paim Nath Dhingra. It was active in
Bihar (Bengal). Its members Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose threw a
bomb on the car of Judge Kings Ford of Muzaffarpur in 1908, but Kings
Ford's wife Candy died.
 Prafulla Chaki committed suicide out of fear of the police.
 The British hanged Khudiram Bose. He was the youngest person to be
hanged. (13 years old) The British tortured the Bengal revolutionary Arvind
Ghosh like Khudiram Bose. Due to this Arvind Ghosh became a Sanyasi and
opened Orville Ashram in Pondicherry. He wrote a book named Essays of
Gita.

 Yugantar Samaj Revolutionary movement from Bengal was started by
Varindra Nath Ghosh and Bhupendra Nath Ghosh. They said in a magazine
named Yugantar that if 30 crore Indians raise their 60 crore hands together,
then no British force can stop them.
 By 1910, the first phase of the revolutionary movement ended.

 Second phase of revolutionary

movement
 The second phase began with Mahatma Gandhi's sudden end to the non-
cooperation movement.
 Hindustan Republic Association (HRA)
 It was founded by Sachin Sanyal in Oct. 1924. Members of this organisation
committed the Kakori conspiracy.
 Kakori conspiracy (August 1925) The train coming from Mahag Saharanpur
to Lucknow was stopped at a place called Kakodi and the British treasury in
it was looted. Asfaqullah Khan, Roshan Lal Rajendra Lahiri, Ram Prasad
Bismil were hanged on this charge.
 BY—LAVI RAJPUT SIR
 The first Muslim revolutionary to be hanged was Asfaqullah Khan.
 Om The slogan of Ram Prasad Bismil was "The yearning for sacrifice is now
in our hearts, let us see how much strength the murderer has."
 Chandrashekhar Azad, the prime accused in Kakodi incident, fled from there
and later clashed with the British at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
 Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself with his last bullet. Thus he died on 27
February, 1931. He used to say "The English have no bullet to shoot me
(Bhagat Singh formed Naujawan Sabha in 1926. He formed HSRA
(Hindustan Soclist Republic Association) in 1928. Its members threw a
bomb in the Central Assembly of Lahore.
 Bhagat Singh said that the British are sleeping and this is the only way to
wake them up.
 Due to this bomb incident, Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Batukeshwar Das were
tried and on February 14, 1931, they were sentenced to death and on March
23, 1931, they were hanged.
 Bhagat Singh's slogan was "Inkalan Zidanaat" which means this revolution
will live.
 Note: Jatin Das went on a hunger strike in jail and died in jail.
 Chittagong Conspiracy:- Surya Sen promoted the revolutionary movement
in Bengal region in 1930. He looted the British arsenal in Chittagong in April
1930. Due to which the British hanged him in 1934. Thus the revolutionary
movement of India ended.
 BY—LAVI RAJPUT SIR
 Revolutionary movements in foreign
countries
 India House :- It was founded in 1905 in London by Shyamji Krishna
Varman. BY—
 Stugard Conference (1907): Various nations participated in this
conference in Germany was called in which the mother of Indian
independence, Madam Bhikaji Cama, hoisted the tricolor flag.
 Gadar Party: - It was founded by Lala Hardayal in 1913 in St. Fasisko,
USA. It was a revolutionary organization.

 Komagata Maru (1914): Guru Dutt Singh launched a ship named

Komagata Maru They hired a Japanese ship and started for Canada
from Calcutta with some Indians on board. But the Canadian
government came under pressure from the British and declared that
only those ships would be allowed to stop at the Baikuar port which
had come without stopping anywhere on the way. But the Komagata
Maru ship had stopped at Singapore. Therefore, the Canadian
government did not allow that ship to stop at the Baikuar port.
Therefore, the ship returned to the Calcutta port. When these
revolutionaries reached the Budge Budge port of Calcutta, firing
started between them and the British. This incident is known as the
Komagata Maru incident.

 BY—LAVI RAJPUT SIR

 मुस्लिम लीग
Muslim League
 इसकी स्थापना ढाका में 1906 ई. में आग खाँ एवं सलीमुल्लाखाँ ने
किया। इस समय वायसराय मिंटो-II थे
 It was established in Dhaka in 1906 by Aag Khan and Salimullah Khan. The
Viceroy at that time was Minto-II.
 1909 ई० में मुस्लिम लीग की मांग पर मुसलमानों की पृथक
निर्वाचन क्षेत्र मिल गया जिस कारण कांग्रेस तथा लिग में
विवाद होने लगा।
 In 1909, on the demand of Muslim League, Muslims got separate electorate
due to which a dispute started between Congress and the League.
 साम्प्रदायिकता का जनम (1999
 The Birth of Communalism (1999)
 ऐनी वेसेंट तथा तिलक जी के सहयोग से 1916 ई० में कांग्रेस के
लखनऊ अधिवेशन में नरम दल, गरमदल तथा मुस्लिम लीग एक हो गए तथा
कांग्रेस ने मुस्लिम लीग की पृथक निर्वाचन क्षेत्र को
स्वीकार कर लिया।
 With the cooperation of Anne Besant and Tilak ji, the Moderates, Extremists
and Muslim League united in the Lucknow session of the Congress in 1916
and the Congress accepted the separate electorate of the Muslim League.
 1929-30 ई० के दौरान मो. इकबाल ने सर्वप्रथम द्वि-राष्ट्र की
बात कही।
 During 1929-30, Mohammad Iqbal first talked about two-nation theory.
 BY—LAVI RAJPUT SIR
 चौधरी रहमत अल्ली ने पाकिस्तान शब्द दिया।
 Chaudhary Rahmat Ali coined the word Pakistan.
 1937 के चुनाव के फलस्वरूप कांग्रेस सबसे बड़ी पार्टी बनी थी
और वायसराय के परिषद में कांग्रेस का दबदबा था और मुस्लिम लीग
की शक्तियां कमजोर होते दिख रही थी।
 As a result of the 1937 elections, Congress had become the largest party and
dominated the Viceroy's Council and the power of the Muslim League
seemed to be weakening.
 द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध में अंग्रेजों ने बिना भारतीयों तथा
कांग्रेस के अनुमति के ही यह घोषणा कर दी की 3 लाख भारतीय
सैनिक इंग्लैण्ड की तरफ से लड़ेंगे जिस कारण कांग्रेस ने 22
Dec. 1939 को वायसराय के परिषद से त्याग पत्र दे दिया। इससे खुश
होकर मुस्लिम लीग ने 22 Dec. 1939 को मुक्ति दिवस के रूप में
मनाया।
 In the Second World War, the British declared that 3 lakh Indian soldiers
would fight on behalf of England without the permission of Indians and
Congress, due to which Congress resigned from the Viceroy's Council on 22
December 1939. Happy with this, the Muslim League celebrated 22
December 1939 as Liberation Day.
 1940 में मुस्लिम लीग का लाहौर अधिवेशन हुआ। जिसकी अध्यक्षता
जिन्ना ने किया। इन्होंने स्पष्ट रूप से पृथक पाकिस्तान की
मांग कर दी।
 BY—LAVI RAJPUT SIR

 In 1940, the Lahore session of the Muslim League was held. Jinnah presided
over it. He clearly demanded a separate Pakistan.
 1945 में लार्ड वेवेल ने भारत के विभिन्न पार्टियों को आपसी
समन्वय तथा सहयोग बनाए रखने के लिए शिमला सम्मेलन बुलाया,
किन्तु इस सम्मेलन में मुस्लिम लीग पूरी तरह पृथक पाकिस्तान
कि माँग पर तुला हुआ था।
 In 1945, Lord Wavell called the Shimla Conference to maintain mutual
coordination and cooperation among the various parties of India, but in this
conference the Muslim League was adamant on the demand for a
completely separate Pakistan.
 इस सम्मेलन में मुस्लिम लीग की बात नहीं मानी गई और मुस्लिम
लीग के पाकिस्तान के मांग के कारण ही यह सम्मेलन विफल हो
पाया।
 The views of the Muslim League were not accepted in this conference and
due to the demand of Muslim League for Pakistan, this conference failed.
 BY—LAVI RAJPUT SIR