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Factorisation

Understanrting tJre LeSsOn

. Factors of Natural Number. . Factorisation using identities
. FactorsofAlgebraicExpressions. . Factors of the form (x + a) (r + b)
. Method of factorisation: . Division ofAlgebraicExpressions
(a) By common factors. . Division of a monomial by another monomial.
(6) By regrouping the terms. . Division of a polynomial by a monomial.

Conceptual Facts
o Prime factors of 30 (say) = 2 x 3 x 5
o Factors of algebraic expression 4scy ={xa xy
n I is a factor of every expression.
. Method of common factors
4t+2tl=4(r+6)
. Method of factorisation by regrouping terms
&y + 3y = 2 x 3 x x xy + 3 xy = 3 x y (?-x + l\ = 3y (% + l)
n Factorisation gging identities
a2+bb+b2=(a+b)z
a2-?nb+b2=(a-b)2
a2 -b2 = (a + b) b - b)
Tnv Txese (Paez 2191 (ii) 22y - 3Bz

Factorise: =(2xll xy)-(3 x 11 xz)

(i) l?.2 +36 (ii) 22a -332 =ll(2xt-3xz)
(iii) l4pq + 35pqr
= Lt(2y -3z)
Sol. (i) 12r + 36 (iii) l4pq + 35pqr
=(2x2x3xx)+(2 x 2 x 3 x 3)
=(2x2x3)(:+3) = (2 x7 x p x q) + (5 x 7 x p x q x r)
= 12(x + 3) = (7 x p x q)(2 + 5r) = 7pq(2 + 5r)

Ql. Find the common factors of the given terms. (vi) t6l,-4*,32a
O 12.x,36 (uii) l0pq,2oqr, SOrp
Gi) 2y,22.ry
(uiii) \z\s, tofy2,6r\22
(iiD L4pq,28p2q2 SoI. (r) 12r,36
(2 x 2 x 3 x r) and (2 x 2 x 3 x 3)
(iu) 2,r, U2, 4
Common factors are 2 x 2 x 3 = 12
(u) fubc,zhb2, l?ezb
Hence, the comrnon factor = 12

209

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Gil 24'24 (u) 2ol2tn + B\alm = lolm(2l + Ba)

=(2xy)ar.d(Z x 11 xr xy) (oi) 5*T - L5xy2 = 5sy1* - 3r1
.. Common factors are2 x y =2y bii) loaz _ L5b2 + 20c2 = 5(?a.2 _ 3b2 + 4.2)
Hence, the common faclnr = 2y fuiii) hb - ka
-4<t2 + = 4aG-a + b - c)
(ii) L4pq,28p2q2 (.ix)x)z + xy2z + ryz2 = xyz(x + y +z)
= (2 x 7 x p x q) and, (2 x 2 x 7
(*) aa) + bry2 + ctyz = *7@x + by + cz)
xpxpxqxq)
.'. Common factors are 2 x 7 x p x q = l4pq Q3. Factorise:
Hence, the common factor = 74pq
(i)t2+:cy+8:.-+8y
(iu) 2r,3r2,4 (ii) - 6t. + 6y - 2
LSry

= (2 x x), @ x : y r) and (2 x 2)
(ii o.x +br-ay -b!
. . Common factor is 1 (iD) lSpq + t5 + 9q + 25p
Hence, the common factor = I (u) z-7 +7ry-rlz
['.' I is a factor of every numberl Sol. (i) *+ry +8r+8y
(u) 6abc,24ab2,7%Pb Grouping the terms, we have
= (2 x 3 x a x b x c), (2 x 2 x 2 x 3 52+ry+82+8y
xaxbxb)and(2x2x3
=x(t+y)+8(z+y)
xaxaxb)
= (r +yX.r + 8)
.. Common factors are 2 x Sxab = 6ab
Hence, the required factors = (z + y)(, + 8)
Hence, the comm oD, fac.;or = 6ab
(ii)l\ry-tu+5y-2
fuD 16,,3, -4c2,32r
Grouping the terms, we have
= (2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x x x x x x), 12 x 2 x x x x),
(2x2xZx2x2xx) (lll.y-Gr)+(6y-2)
.'. Common factors are 2 x2xr=4r =gr:(Sy_z)*(fu_z)
Hence, the commoo factol. = 4u = (5Y - 2)(3r + 1)
@ii) lipq,2oqr,30rp (iii) os + b* - ay - by
= (2 x 6 x p x q), (2 x 2 x 5 x q x r), Grouping ttre terms, we have
(2xBx6xrxp) = (tu - ol) + (bx - by)
.. Common factors are 2 x 5 = 10
=a(t_y)+b(x-y)
Hence, the common factor = l0
=(r-y)(a+b)
(uiii) 3x\2, l0fy2, 6r?%
Hence, the required factors = (t - y)(a + b)
=(3 xr xr x y x y),(2 x 5 x, x r x r (iu) lSpq + 75 + 9q + Z6p
x y x y),(2 x 3 x r xr x y x y x z)
Grouping the terms, we have
.'. Common factors are r x, xyxy=a\2
(l5pq + 25p) + (9q + 15)
Hence, the common factnr = rT2.
Q2. Factorise the following expressions. = Ep(W + 5) +B(3q + 5)
(i) 7x - 42 (ii) 6p - t?.q =(3q+5)(5p+3)
(iii) 7a2 + L4a (iu) -762 + 20C Hence, the required factors = Gq + 5)
(5p + 3)
(v) 2olztn + Soalm b 1x,A - l5xr2
(uii) l0a2 - LBbz + 20c2 (uiii) -4a2 + 4ab - ka
(u)z-7+7xy-ry,
(is) x)z + zy2z + ry22 {i ar5 + btyz + cryz Grouping the terms, we have
(-xyz+7ry)+Q-7)
Sol. (i) 7x - a2 = 7(r - 6)
(ii) 6p - t2q = 6(p -2s) =-rrQ-7)+t(z-7)
Gii) 7a2 + 7k = 7a(a + 2) =(-ry+t)(z-7)
(iu) -16z + ZOf = 4z(4 + 522) Hence the required factor = { 1 - ly) (z
- 7)

210 MATHEMATICS-VIII

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EXERCISE 14.2
Ql. Factorise the following expressions. =4b@-l)-1(r-1)l
(i) a2 + tu. +16 =(r-l)(:-1)
(i p2 - llp +26 = 4{r - l)2
(ui) 727b2 - 8*c + 1tu2
(iii) 25tnz + \Om + 9
Herc, M + 44 = 88 all.d M x M = 721 x LG
(iu) 49y2 + 84yz + 3622
= 1936
(v)4*-8*+4 :. l2Lb2 l&2
- 88bc +
bD L2Lb2 - 88bc + l6C = - - 44bc + l&2
127b2 44bc
(uii) (l + mP - 4m (Hinfi f,3p6afl (l + mf fint) = r1b(lrb - 4c) - Ac(ltb -k)
(uiii) aa + 'h2b2 + b4 = (llb - t*) (llb - a*)
Sol. (i) a2 + b +16 = (l7b - k)2
(uii) (l + m)2 - 4lm
Here,4+4=8and4x4=16 Expanding (l I 7n)2 we get
,
.'. a2+fu+L6 P+2lm+m2-4,hn
=a2+4a+h+4x4 =P-2lm+m2
=b2+M)+(4a+16) =12-lm-lm+m2
=a(a+4)+4(a+4) = l(l - m) -m(l - m)
=(a+4)(a+4)=b+4)2 =(l-m)(l-m)=(l-mP
(ii) p2 - lop + 25 fuii aa + '2a2b2 + b4
Here,5+5=10and5x5=25 = a4 + a2b2 + a2b2+ b4
.. p2-7op+25 = a2(a2 + b2) + b2(a2 + b2)
=pz-6p-Bp+5xS = (a2 + b2)(a2 + b2) = (a2 + b2)2

= (pz - 6p) + (4p + 25) Q2, Factorise.

= p(p - 5) -5(p - 5) G) 4p2 - 9q2
=(p-5)(p-5)=Q'-5)2 Gi) 6tu2 - ll2b2
(iii) 25rn2 + 30m + I (iii) 4912 - 36
Here, 15 + 15 = 30 and 15 x l5 =25 x I (iu) L6* -L44i
=
225 (u) (l + m)2 - (l - m)2
.. 25tn2 + \Om + 9 (u 9r\2 - 16
=25m2+l6m+lim+9 (uii) (x2
- ?,ry + y2) - z2

= (26m2 + l5rz) + (1512 + 9)

(uiii) 26a2 4b2 + 28bc
- - 49P
= 5m(5m + 3) + 3(5n + 3) Sol. (i) 4p2 -qqz = (2p)2 - (A)2
= (5n + 3) (5rz + 3) = (2p -
fu) 3q) (2p +

=(5m+3P l.; s2_g2=(a+b)(a_b)l

Gv) 49y2 + 84yz + 3622
(ii) 68(,2 _ tt2b2 = 7@a2 _ t&2)
Here, 42 + 42 = 84 atd 42 x 42 = 49 x 36 = = 7l('3,a)2 -(4D4
t7u = 7(3a - ts)(3a + 4b)
. . 49y2 + 84yz + 3622 l"' sz - 6z = (a + b) (a - b)l
Gii) (6)2
= 49!2 + 42yz + 4212 + 3622 49x2 - 38 = l7r)2 -
= 7y(7y + 6z) +62(7y + 6z) =(7x_6)(7t+6)
= (7! + 6z) (7y + 6z) I.; a2_bz=(a+b)(a_b)l
= (7! + 6z)2
(iu) Ltr - 744f = L6i (x2 - 9)
(u)4t2-8r+4 = reC (:)2 - (3)21
= 4{r2 - 7)
2.t + flIaking 4 common] = 16d(: - 3)(: + 3)
1... sz _ b2 = (a + b) (a _ b)l
=4(x2-r-r+l)
FACTOR|SANON 211

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(u) (l + nt)z - (l - m)2 (uiii) 1.0ab + 4a + 5b + 2

=lQ+rn)-(l-m)lI(l+n) = %t(Sb + 2) + 1(6b + 2)
+(t_m)l = (5b + 2)(2a + L)
l.: s2-g2=(a+b)(a-b) (i*) tuy - 4y + 6 -9r
=(l+m-l+m)(l+rn+l-m) =tuY-4Y'9x+6
= (2m) (21) = 4ml
(ui) 9r\2
=ZY&x-Da$r-2)
- 76 = 1sry12 - 1n z =(3t-2)(2y-g)
=Qq - q@rr +4) Q4. Factorise.
l':
-b2 = (a + b) (a - b)l
a2 (i) aa -ba (ii) p4 - 8l
(uii) (x2 - 2,xy + y') - z2 = (r - y)z - sz
Qiil #- O, + z)a (iu) xa - (r - z)a
=(t-y-z)(x-y+z) (u) a4 - %12b2 + b4
1.: az _bz = (a + b) (a _ b)l Sol. (D a4 b4 = (a2)2
(uii - - (b2)2
25a2 - 4b2 +28bc - 49c2
: a2-bz=(a-b)(a+b)l
= 25a2 - (4b2 - 28bc + 49c2)
= (a2 - b2) (a2 + b2)
= (5a)2 - (2b - 7c)2

= l\a - (2b - 7c)ll6a + (2b - 7c)l =(a-b)(a+b)(a2+b2)

= 6a - 2n + 7c)(6a + %t - 7c)
Gi) p4 - 8l = (p2)2 - (9)2
Q3. Factorise the expressions. = (P2 -9) @2 + 9)
(i) a* + b* l.: 6z _ 6z = (a + b) (a _ b)l

Gi) 7p2 + 2lq2 =(p-3)(p+3)(p2+9)

(iii) 2f + 2-xa2 a 2oz Qiil t -ly + z)a = 6z1z - l(y + z)212
(iv) amz + bm2 + bnz + anz l.: d2-b2=(a-b)(a+b)l
(u)(lm+l)+m+L = lrz -1" + z)4 b2 + (y + z)21
(ui) y(y + z) + 9\y + z) = 1a - @ + z)llr + tg + z)l lr2 + (g + z)1
(uii) 6y2 - 20y - 8z + 2yz = (r -y - z) (x + y + z) lx2 + (y + z)21
(uiii) Llab + 4a + 5b + 2 (iv) xa - (r - z)a = (r2)2 - l(y - 2)212
(i.i6ry-4y+6-9x -1tz-1y-z)1fuz+{g-z)7
Sol. (i) a"x2 + br. =r(ar + b)
= (x - y + z) G + y - z) (*2 + (y - z)1
(ii) 7p2 + 27q2 = 71pz a 3rz1 (v) d4 _.kL2b2 + b4
(iii) 2l + ?q;P 1 '2rrz
= d4 - d2b2 - a2b2 + b4
= 2r(r2 + y2 + z2)
(iu) amz + bm2 + bnz + an2
= a2(a2 - b2) 42(d2 - b2)

= @2- b2)(a2 - b2)

=m2(a+b)+nz(a+b)
= (a2 - b2)2 = l@ - b) (a + b)12
= (a + b)(mz + n2)
(o)(lm+l)+m+l =@-b)"la+b)'
Q5. Factorise the following expressions.
=L(m+L)+(m+L)
(i)p2+6p+8
=(rz+1)(l+l) (ii) q2 - loq + 2l
(ui) yQ + z) + 9(y + z)
=(y+z)(y+9)
l&)p'+op-to
(uii) 5r2 - 20r - 82 + ?.yz Sol. (i) p2 + 6p + I
=W2-ZW+2yz-82 Here,2+4=6and2x4=8
= 6tO _ 4) + 2z(1t _ 4) .'. p2+6p+8
=g-4)(6y+?.2) =p2+2p+4p+8

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=p(p+2)+4(p+2) Tav rHese (Peee 225)

=(p+2)(p+4) Ql. Divide.
(ii) q2 - loq + 2l (i) z4zyUby 6yz2
Here,3+7=l0and3x7=21 (") 6la2b4ca by 7a2b2ca
:. q2-70q+21 Sol. (i) 24ry%3 + @22

=q2-@-7q+21 y'x2x2x/xrxyx/xzxy'xy'
=q(q-3)-7(q-3) y'x/x/x/x/
=(q_B)(q_7) = 4qz
Gii) p2 + 6p - LG (ii) 6b2b4c6 by 7a2b2ca
Here, 8-2=6and8x2=16 6ga2b4cd :- 7d2b2ca

:. p2 + 6p -16 = p2 +8p -2p - L6 zxzx / x y' x y' x / x y' xbxbx y' x y'

=pe+8)_2(p+8) xy'xcxcxc
={p+B)@_2)
/xy'xy'x/xlxy'x/xy'
=3x3xbxbxcxcxc=9b2c3
EXERCISE 14,3
Qr. Carry out the following divisions.
(i) 28ra + 56, tu) L%fb'+(-{,.'b.!=m
(ii) -3@3 + 9y2
(iii) 66pq2f + ltq4 /lx(-)xy'xzxdx/x/x/xd
(iu) 34#ytz3 + \Wry x / x / xaxax / x / x / x y' xbxbxbxb
b) l?a.gb$ + (-&6ba) y'lxy'x/x/x/x/xy'xy'xy'
Sol. (i) 28tr
. + 6& 28za x/xlx/x/
= 56r
_.b.2b4
=
y'xy'x/ x/ xxrxxx ,3
- zxy'xy'x/x/ - 2 Q2. Divide the following polynomial by the given
monomiaL

(ii) 46va * gr' = -361u

O\ 6a2-fu) +k
9y" (ii) (}yB - 4ye + I'y4) + J4
(tii) 8(fy2z2 + r\322 + aAzzs) + 4ir2z2
_ ?1 xzxzxixixyxy' xy' _un (iu) (/ + ?.t2 + k) + ?.2
fu't @3q6 - peqa) + psql
( 5r2 -Gr
(ii 66pq2{ + llqP = 'ePq'!- Sol. (i) (5r2 - 6r) + 3: =
\lqr' 3r
2x\xfrxpx/xqx/x/xr _ /(ar-e) _ (sr-e)
-3/-3
Y(x/x/x/
(ii) (}yB - qy6 + + la
= 6pqr 'yn)
syg - 4yo + 5y4
(io) S4dyazt + 51ta\3 =i@v
34rB yB zB
-y4

2x!{ x/ xt,xrx y' xy'

T;7;V;V;V;V;V;7
xyx/xy'x/
=
2"
-3'a' \)
= ---v-
y'(e/ -+t'*s)

=3y4-4!2+5
FACTOruSANON 213

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(iii) 8(fy%2 + r\3zz + r\2z}) + 4r\222

a(f y2z2 + r2y3? * *2t2i) /,/ y',x lt"6t

4r2 y2 z2
zl
i
/" /t-q tcy

(o) 9tubc(3a 72) (6b

/'/ y' / @*v*"1 e^abc(3a
-
- t2)(5b -30)
- 30) + 144(a - 4) (b - 6)

//// - ru(a - +)(b -6)

=2(r+y+z) y'xy'xy'xy'xzx/abc
Gu) (f + ?.a2 + 3r) + 2.a

xs +2,2 +Bt / (x2 +2"*e) = , ,'/,4iuY4 =roou"

- y'xy'xy'xy'x/x/
2r. 2/ !e-4119-q
,2 + 2t +3
Q4. Divide as directed.
2 (i) 6(2r + 1) (3r + 5) + (2r + l)
b') (p3q6 - p;qs) i pzrs
PBQB
- PoqB (ii) 26xt Q + 5)(y - 4) + 13r(y - 4)
= ps qs (iii) 62pqfu + q) (q + r) G + p)
o t . + lO4pq(q + r)(r + p)
'f
.PA" \0" - 0"1
==i=q3-P3 (iu) Zots + 4)(y2 + [y + 3) + 5(y + 4)
(v) dr + L) (x + 2) (r + 3) + r(z + 1)
Q3. Work out the following divisions. Sol. (i) 5(2t + 1) (3r + 5) + (2r r- 1)
(i) (7Ox - 25) + 5 59e<i(k+5)
(ii) (70x - 25) + (2-x - 5) =@ =5(3r+5)
(iii)L0y(fu + 21) + 5(2y +7)
(ii) 26rt G +5XY-4)+ 7k(Y - 4)
(iu) 9x\2(gz - u) + 27wQ - 8)
(u) 9tubc(3a - 12) (5b - 30) + 7M(a - 4) (b - 6) 26ry@+ 6)(y - +)
- tlx(y*a)
sor. (i) oor-25)*,=P+E
zx Yl /y@+a)$>-41
b 2r 5
p =2r-6
= )y(r + 5)
(iii) \2pqr(p + q) (q + r) (r + p) + ll4pq(q + r)
(ii) (Lor -2b)+ (22 - E) =
tr# (r+p)
sgFd \zpqr(p+ q) (q+r) (r+p)
- Toapq(q+r)(r+ p)
l2E'15)
Uiil l}y@y + 2L) + 5(2y +7) y'xy'xY{ / /r(p+q)
r\y(6y +21) 9*r1t r'r1
6(2y +7) y'xy'xzxy{y' /
_ M'xs!2yal W4Wrl
f P-"'rt| r(o + e)
2
=2yx3=6y (iu) 20(y + 4)\y2 + 5r + 3) + 5(y + 4)
(iu) 9x\2(32 - 24) + 27ryQ - 8)
exz y2 (32 zo(y+ $(y2 + 5y+ 3)
- z+)
- 27ry(z-8) - 5(y+ a)

214 MATHEMATICS-VIII

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(iii) (5p2 - 26p + 20) + @ - 1)

2x2x I ly*,'41 (y2 + 5y + 3)

f 9"41 (sp2 -zsp+zo)

=4Q2+5y+3) p-L
b) rG + l) (x+ 2) (r + 3) +r(r + 1)
5p2 -20p-6p+20
/@'1(:+ 2) (r+ 3) p-l
/\e"$
_ sp(p-+)-s(p-+)
=(r+2)(r+3) - p-L
Q6. Factorise the expressions and divide them as
directed. (p-+)(sp-s)
(i) (y2 +7y + l0) + (y + 5) p-l
(ii) (rn2 - l4m - 32) + (m + 2)
(p _ 4)5rp,_i
Uii) (5p2 - 25p + 20) + (p - l)
(iu) 4yzQ2 + 62 - 16) + 2y(z + 8) -@
_

fu) 6pq(p2 - q2) + zp(p + q)

(ui) l?.ry(9r2 - 1612) + 4ry$r + 4y) =5@-a)
(iu) 4yz(22 + 62 - L6) + 24Q + 8)
tuii) 39ta(50y2 - 98) + 2fl2(5r + 7)
Sol. (i) rg2 + 7y + 10) + (y + 5) +tz(22 +62-rc)
(r'z+7r+ro) 2y(z +8)
y+5 4yz z2 + 8z -22 - 16)
y2 + 5y + + 10 ':2+5=7 2y(z+8)
(v* s) 2x5=10 2

y(y+5)+2(y+5)
li zlz(z+a)-z(z+a))

(v*5)
/! (z +a)

ly,r{(v+z) - 229/6((z-2)
b*4
9-51
= 2z(z - 2)
=y+2 (v) 5pq(p2 - q2) + 2p@ + q)
(i (m2-l4m-32)+(m+2)
(*'-t+*-sz) spq(p' - q')
(m+2) zp(p + q)

m2 -1-6m+2m-32 s/q\p*'ql@-q)
(m+2) z/ \j*'el
-16+2=-14 \q(p- q)
-L6 x2 = -32 2
fui) 1?.q(9x2 - l6y2) + 4rt$r + 4y)
m(m-16)+2(m-16)
rn+2 P&t(sa2 -LGt2)
4rr/(3x + 4y)
(n-t6)bt rq
-
_
\k"4 nrvl<ut2 -t+yt2)
= m-16 +a(u++y)

FACTORISATION 2'.t5

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sxLsyl xz(25y2 -4s)

E ylpw<'fi1x-+v1
- //9s*{y1 zxtgy2 (5y +7)

l': a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b)l s ,. rars x zf(sr)'z - (z)'z]

= 3(u - 4y) 2xtlx y2 (5y +7)
(uii) 3Ws(5W2 - 98) + 26y2(5r + 7) r
_
y',sxy{ / g*tJ@y-21
soys (soy'z - sa)
- 2612(6t+7)
/"fi y' g**tj
=3y(51 - 7)
EXERCISE 14.4
Find and correct the errors in tJre following mathematica.l stat€meDts.

Mathenatical Statement Conection

1. 4(z- =4x-5 4(x-5)=4t-20
2. x(k+2)=322+2 x(32+2)=3t2+?.r
3. 2.r+3y=$q b+3y=2aa3y
4. t+?,t+3r=5r r+?.t+3t.=&
5.5y+2y+y-7y=O 5y+2y+y-7y=y
6. k+2.t,=522 3z+2.x=fu
7. (?,r)2 + 4(?.2) + 7 = ?.t2 + 8r + 7 Q.r.)2 + 4(2.i + 7 = 4x! a g*7
8. (?.t\2 + 5x = 4t + 5z =9r (2.r)2 +5r=4r2 +5t
9. (3r+2)2=3l2+fu+4 (Bx +2Y =9* + l2.t + 4
10. Substitu'r"gz = -3 in
(a) x2+5x+ 4 gives (-3)2 + 5(J) +4= 9+2+4=15 :2 + 5r + 4 gives (-3)2 + 5(-a) + 4
=9-15+4=-2
(b) * - 5x + 4 gives (-B)2 -5(-3) + 4 = 9 - 76 + 4 = -2 x2 - 5t + 4 g;ves (-3)2 -5(-A) + 4
=9+15+4=28
(c) 12 + 5.r gives (-3P + 6(-9) = -9 -15 = -24 12 + 5* gives (-3)2 + 5(-3) = 9 -16 = -6
11. ly-3)2=y2-9 ly -3Y =y2 -61 +9
12. (z+5)2=22+25 \z+5P=22+].0z+25
13. (2a + 3b) (a - b\ = %1} - 3b2 (2n+3b\b-b)
= a(?tt; + 3b) -b(?a. + 3b)
= 2n2 + \ab - 2ar)b - 3b2
=2r2+@b-3b2
74. (a+4)(a+2)=a2+8 (a + 4)(a + 2) = a2 + (4 + 2) a + 8
=a2+fu+8
15. (a-4)(a-2)=a2-8 (a - 4) (a - - 2)a + 8
2) = az + G 4
=a2-fu+8
216 MATHEMATICS-VIII

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3x2 3r.2
16. . =U 1
3x" 3r.2

1t+1=r+t=2 3r2+l 3l.2 1 - I

3r2 -3r2'gr2--',3r2
17.
3t'
3r. I 3.r 3r (No
18.
3t+2 2 3x+2 3r+2' error)
3 1 3
-
19
4x+3 4x 4t.+3 4x+3

4x+5 4r+5 4x 5 1r
5
20.
4r 4x 41 -
4x -]- -4t

7x+5 7x+5 7x 5 7t
2L. 5555 =-+l
5

LearningMoreQ&A
L Venv Ssonr ANSWER (VSA) Quesrtorus (b) 74(3y - 5z)3 + 7$y - 5z)2

Q I . Find the conmon factor's ofthe following terms. = 7(3y - bz)2 l2(3y - 5z) +Ll

(a) 25x),3ott2 (b) 63msn,54mna = 7(3Y - 6z)2 (fu - 702 + L)

SoL. (d) 25e),30ry2

Q4. Factorise the following:
(a)pzq-pP-pq+P
25rA=SxSxrxrxy (b)12+lz+ay+xz
3lry2 - 2x3x5x * xyxy
Sol. (a)p2q-p*-pq+P
Common factors are 6 x x x Y = foa
= (p2q pq) + (-pP + P)
-
(b) 6Bm3n, 54mna
= pq@ _ t)_P@ - 1)
63msn = 3 x 3 x 7 x tn x tn x fiL x tL
=tp-D@q-P)
54mna = 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 x m' x n x n x n x n (b)12+lz+ly+rz
Common factors are 3 x3 xmxn=9mn
=12+r!+a2+yz
Q2. Factorise the following expressious.
=r(r+y)+z(r+y)
(a) 54msn + 8Lman2
=(x+y)(x+z)
(b) l5z\32 + 26fy2z + 35r\222
Q5. Factorise the following polynomials.
Sol. (a) 54m3n + 8lrn4n2 (a) ry(22 + l) +z(xz + Y2)
=2xBxB x 3 xrz x rn x m xn+3 x 3 xB (d 2o.rf2 + 10r + 3oy2 + 15
xSxmxtnxtLxlnxntn Sol. (a) ryQ2 + L) +zG2 + y2)
= 3 x 3 x 3 x m x m x m x n x (2 + 1mn) = ryzz + ty + zz2 + zy2
= 27m3n (2 + \mn) = Glz2 + zr2) + (ry + zyz)
(b) 15*\32 + 25fy2z + 35r\222
= zr(yz + r) + y(x + yz)
= Ex52z ( By + 5x +7) .= zr(z + yz) qQ + yz)
Q3. Factorise the following polynomials. = (a+yz)(zr+y)
(a) 6p(p - 3) + 1(p - 3) (b\ 2o42 + llx + 3ay2 + 15
(b) L4(3y - 5z)B + 7(3y - 5z)2 = (2a,q2 + 3ny2) + (10r + 15)
Sol. (o) 6P(P - 3) + 1@ - 3) = ay2(2e + g) +5(Z.a + B)
=(p-B)(6p+1) = (2t + 3) (ayz + 6)

FACTOREANON 217

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Q6. Factorise the following expressions. (b) (a - b)2 + 4ab

(a)J+4r+8y+4ry+4y2 =a2-?a,b+b2+Aab
( 4p2+?.q2+p2q2+8 =a2+2ab+b2=(a+b)2
Sol, (a)l + 4t. + 8jr + 4ry + 4y2 Qr0. Factorise:
= (t2 + 4ty + 4y2) + (4x + W) (a) 74m6nap2 - 42m7ngp7 - TOminaps
= (x + 2y)2 + 4(r + 2y) (b) kt2(b2 - c2) + b2(2c2 - 'kP) + 2c2(a2 - b2)
=G+A)@+2y+4) Sol. (a) l4n6nap2 - 42m7 nBpT - 7om6n+oa
(b) 4p2 + 2q2 + p2q2 + 8
= 74m5nzp2(n - \tn2p6 - Smnp)
= (4p2 + 8) + Qt2q2 + Zq2) (b') 2a2(b2 2a2) + .k2(a2
- c2) + b2(2c2 - - b2)
= 4@2 + 2) + q2(p2 + 2)
= 2a2(b2 - c\ + 2b2(c2 - a2) + 2c2(a2 - b2)
= (p2 + 2)(4 + q2)
Q7. Factorise: = 2la2(b2 - c2) + b2(c2 - a2) + c2(a2 - b2)l

(a) a2 + lh 48
+ (b) m2 - lom - 56
=rle{-?"'*F4-e{ I
Sol. (a) a2 + lh + 48
=a2+6a+8o+€
L * fr{-b'4)

6+8=14 =2x0=0
6x8=48 Qlr. Factorise:
(a) (x + y)2 - 4sy - 922
=a(o+6)+8(o+6) (b) 25a2 - 4y2 + 28yz - 4922
=(o+6)(a+8)
(b) m2 - t\m - 56 Sol. (a) (x + y)2- 44 - 922
=m2-l4m+4m-56 =x2+2ry+y2-4ry-gz2
L4-4=70 =@2-2xy+y2)-922
14x4=56 = 1a - y)2 _ (Bz)2

=n(n - L4) + 6(nt - 14) = G-y +32)(x-y - 3z)

=(m-14)(m+6) (b) 2Et2 - 4y2 + 28yz - 4922
Q8. Factorise: = 2512 J.4y2 - 28yz + 4922)
@)f-(r-y)a = (51)2 - (2y - 7)2
(b) h2 + 9 - L2x - a2 - b2 + Zab
= (5x + 2y - 7) l5r - (2y - 7)l
Sol. @) # - (r - y)a =(5r+U-7)(5x-Zy+7)
= (r2)2 - l@ - y)212 qlz. Evaluate the following divisions:
= lt2 - G -y)2lLx2 + (t -y)1 @) (3b - tu) + (30o - r5b)
= lx + (r - y)lLx - (x - y\kz + 12 - Zry + yl (6) (4C - 100) + 6(, + 5)
= 1a + x -9) k - r + y)12r2 - 2ry + y4
Sol. (a) (3b - tu) + (30o - 15b)
= (Lr - y) y(b2 - ?.ry + y2)
-/ ?p'q
=y(%-y)(b2-2ry+y2)
(b) 4rz *, - l2x - a2 b2 + Zab
-
- B0o3b-6a -
- 186 )"( (2rr-61
= (4* - l?.t + 9) - (a2 + b2 - ?l;,b) _1 5'
=(2e-g)2-(a-b)2 5
= [(2r - 3) + (a - b)llQr - 3) - (a - b)] (b) (4* - 100) + 6(, + 5)
= (2x - 3 + a - b)(?.x - 3 - a + b)
4r2 _too +(r2 -zs)
ll. Sxonr Auswen (SA) Quesrrots 6(r + 5) t(.f+bJ
Q9. Factorise the foilowing polynomials. 2
(a) 1614 - 81 (b) (a -b)2 + 4ab / (r-bJ !r-51
Sol. (o) 16ra - 87 = (4a2)2 - (9)2
= (4x2 + 9)(4* - 9) 3
b*51I
= (4a2 + 9)l(Zx)2 - e)21 2
= (4t2 + 9)(2r. + 3) (2a - 3) = g(r-5)
218 MATHEMATICS-VIII

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Q13. Simpli& the following expressions

exn# xzl. dz -(t)2)
(z-t)(r-z)(r2 -e:+ la)
(a) 2 xL3n2 (5n -7)
(r-z)(x2 -sx+z)
s,B/" xy'(sn+t)\9w-1J
(b)
(,2 -a,*n)(*2 -rc) - /,yJ/ \Ep-tI
(,'z-so)(,'-+)
= 3n(5n + 7)
(x-r)@-z)(r2 -%+La) (b) 44@a 4ps
Sol. (o) - 24p2) + 7lp(p - 8)
@-z)(r2 -sx+z)
M(p4 -1pB -24p2)
(r - t)(x - z)(r2 - 7 r - 2x + La) 1lp(p - 8)
{x-T(r,2 -2x-x+2)
+t x p2(p2 -sp-z+)
@ - t)(x - z)lr (r - 7) - 2 (r - 7)) - llp(p - 8)
- @-Dlz@-2)-1("-2)l
+ap2(p2 -8p+3p-z+)
=GffiGi=G-2)
\r,'tk-2)!r,'49"-q trp(p - 8)

*+p'z[p(p - a)+ a(p - s)]

(x2 -sr+n)(r2 -rc) 1lp(p - 8)
(b)
(,'-rc)(,2 -+) 4P

-
(x2 - 6x -2x +rz)(r - +)(z + +)
(r-6)(:+6)(x-z)(x+z)
=---iliw
/ M 9>'$1p"21

= 4p(p + 3)
xQ -6)-2(r -6))(x - +)(x + +)
Q15. Ifone ofthe factors of(61 + 70r - 160) is (r - 2)
(:-6)(r+6)(r-2)(r+2) Find the other factor.
Sol. Let the other factor be rn.
grzl9r{1x- +11t++1
- .'. @ - D x tn = 5x2 + 70r - 760
tir{(x+e)!lr!(x+z) 5x2 +70*-16O
(r-a)@+a)
am= r-2
- (r+6)(r+2)
5 * +l4r-32
Q14. Factorise the given expressions and divide that x-2
as indicated.
(a) 39n3(60n2 - 98 ) + 26n2(5n - 7) 5 ( x2 +16x-2r-32
(b) M@4 -6p3 - 24p2) + tLp(p - 8) x-2
s@1. ,(o) 39D3(5022 - 98) + 26n2(5n + 7)
_ 5[r(r + 1o)- z(r+ ro)]
soza (soz2 - oa) r-2
zanz (6n -t)
-
_s(*+rc)9;,-4
lY'4
BsnB x2(2bn2 - 4s)
26n2 (5n -7) = 5(r + 16)

FACTORISANON 219

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Test Yourself
Q1. Factorise the following polynomials. Q7. Factorise the following expressions.
(a) 75- 25r (b) 6ry + 3y2 (a) 2b2 + kb + 4ac + bc
(c) 9/y - 32.2y3 (b) 6pm + 9m4 + 8pn + 724n
Q2. Factorise by regrouping the terms. Q8. Factorise:
(a)x2+yz+a?+zr
- lM
(a) 4a2
(b) m2n - m*2 - mn + s2 (b)#-81
Q3. Factorise the following by splitting the middle @) \fy - 12.ry3
termg.
Qe. Factorise the following:
(a) x2 -x -G (b)N-r-6 (a) lSpa + 3p2 - L8 (b)-5r.2-r+4
(c)2t2-t-7
q4. Factorise the following trinomials. Q10. Factorise the foilowing polynomials.
@) ab(r,z + y2) - xy(a2 + b2)
(a)l-8r.*+l6a2x2
(b) LOO -f - ?.ry
-r2
$)*+x+! 4 Ql1. Divide 25rsy - 76ry3 by 5r - 4y.
(c) l6p2 - 40pq + 26q2 Divide d + 612 + 77.r + 6 by x + 2.
Q12.
Q5. Factorise the following polynomials.
Q13. Area ofa rectangle is (151 + 23r + 4) rrnits. If
.- _x2 r 2
rrl 4y2 its length is (5, + 1) units, find iLs breadth.
'*' 4v2 3' 9x2 Q14. Factorise the following:
o2 b2
(a) aa - (a - b)a
(b) --; +2+ -; (b) 76x2 + 40ry
a' - 8L + 25y2
Q6. Factorise the following expressions. Qr5. Simplifu the following fiactions.
(a) rG - 2z) + y (r - 2z) + (22 - r) 6.26x2 *7.27y2
(6) 16(3:
t.,
vt ,.,, 1614
\tL) -625y4
- 1r)a + 8 (3: - qr;z LSr-LLy 4;iz5i.-
ANSWERS
t. (a)25(3 -t) (b) 3y(2x + y) 8. (a) 4(z
- 6) (,ir + 6)
@) SryG + U)@ - 2y) (b)(x2+9)(*+3)(r-3)
2. (a) G + y) (x + z) (b) (m - 7)(mn - s2) (c) W G +2t)@-2y)
3. (o) (r - 3)(r + 2) (b) (r - 2)(2r + 3) 9. (a) 3(5p2 + 6) (p2 - l)
(c) (:r
- 1)(2r + l) (b)*+L)(5x-4)
4. (a) (7

(c) (4p
- kx)2
- 5q)2
(b) x+-1
2 i lo. (a) (tts - by\ (bx - ay)
(b)(r0-r-y)(10+r+y)
tl. xy(tu + 4y)
, .-2 12.
,.",(*-H) (x2 + 4x + 3)

6. (a) (r + y
"'li.:) 13. (3, + 4) uniLs
L4. (a) b(2n -b) (2o2 +b2-Zab)
- l)(t - 2.2)
(b) 8(3, - 5,,P (6, - 10y + 1) (b)(4t + 5y +9)(41 + 5y -9)
7. @) Qa + b)(Zb + c)
15. (i) (2.5x + l.ly)
(ii) (7'r + 5Y) Qx - 5t)
(b) (2p + 3q) (3m + 4n)

220 MATHEMATICS-VIII

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lnternal Assessment
Ql. Fill in the blankq: 1"1 .' 112 (l + 1)
1,
(d)@-7)2G2+l)
(a) t2 -2.2 = ..........
(b) 4lYz2 + ?.rYz = ..........
Q5. The factors of a2 + b2 - c2 - hb ale
(a)(a-b-c)@+b+c)
(c) 25* - 16 = .......... b)b-b+c)(a+b-c)
(d) 12 + L& + 64 = .......... b)b-b+c)(a-b-c)
(e) -f + 12 = ..-.......
(d)@-b-c)(a+b-c)
,2 o2
Q2. Write True (T) or False (F). Q6, The factors of ia'r -2+ -n arc
(o) G - 2) is one ofthe factors of t2+4.
,,2 ,,2
(b) 12 - 9 is completely divisible by r + 3.
(c) The factors of 12 - Lare (r - 1) (r + 1).
I
to'[;*;Jr al
*'l:-i)
(d)The factors of 12 + r + I = (: + 1) (r + l). o,
(e) Factors of 612 - 276 = 6(x - 6) (r + 6). (c)
:)e.:) ,o,(z-z\(z +
\@ r.i\a a
11
Murrrple Cuotce QuesrtoHs (MCQs) :----i-
' The value of
Q7.
x+a
is
Q3. Ifr - 2 is a factor ofthe expression .r2 - 10, + 16,
then the other factor is (a) a)
(r + (b) (r - a)
G)r+2 (b)r2-2 (c)(* +a2) (d') (x2 + a2)
(c)x2+2 @)r-8
Q8. The value of 24lYz6 + 6tlz is
Q4. The factors ofra - 1 are 4t2za (b) 4lYz
(a)(r+1)(r-1)(r2+l) @)
(b)(x-l)(x2+l\(r-2) (d 4ry322 (d) 4Yz6

ANSWERS
(c) T (d)F
L. b)x6-2) (b) 2-x2z
(d) (e) T
G) 6t - 4)(5t + 4) @ + 8)2
(e) -*(r - l) 3. (d) 4. (a\
5. (C,, 6. (b)
2. (a) F (b) T
7. (b) 8. (o)

FACTORISATION
221

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o Periodic Assessment
SET.3

Tim.e: t hour M.M.:20

Genera,l Instructinns
" All questians are compulsory. Howeuer thzre is an interno) chnire.

" Section-A consists of 4 questintts carrying 1 mark earh.

" Sectinn-B consists of 8 questinrn carrying 2 mnrk earh.

" Calculator i,s rnt perrnitted.

SECTION-A
1' Perimeter of a rhombus is 20 cm. If the length of one diagonal is 8 cm, find the length of the other
diagonal.
2. Using the formula -b2 = (.a +D@-b),fild (1.02p_ (0.9Sp
a2

3. Mulbiply (c - 4) and (2, + 3).

4. Subtract 4z - 7ab +3b +12from 7%-9ab +56-8.
SECTION-B
ll q
l;^-i") *z^,=E*,**,,
12
E. showthat:

6. Using (r + a) (t + b) = x2 + (a + bh + ab, find l0B x 104.

7. Using Euler's formula, find the value of F.

Faces Vertices Edges

F 6 L2
8. Find the perimeter of a semi-circular paper of diameter 2.g cm.
9. The area ofa trapezium shaped field is 4ti0 m2, the dista.nce between two parallel sides is Lb m and one
ofits parallel sides is 20 m. Find the other parallel side.
10. Find the height of a right circular cylinder whose rad.ius is 7 cm and the total srlrface area is 96g cm2.

OR
Two equal cubes of edge 6 cm each are joined with a common face. Find the volume of the resulthg
cuboid.
11. A.rectangular piece ofpaper 11 cm x 4 cm is folded without overlapping to make a cylinder
ofheight 4 cm.
Find the volume of the cylinder.

12. Find the value of rz fo" *u"n l,-?)"-' *l -?\* -?\'

\3/ \8, =(l.s/

222

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o Periodic Assessment
SET.4

Time: I hnur M.M.:20

General Instructions: Sam'e as paper-l

SECTION-A
l. Add: 7* - 4a. + 5 and 9: - 10.

-
2. Find the p"oa.r.t' [-10pqt'l
\ s .. .,,l.9o'r]
\b- -/
3. Show that, (& + 7)2 - 84, = (3a - 7)2
4, Using Eulels formula, fintl the number ofEdges if it has 8 vertices and 6 faces'

SECTION-ts
5. An octahetlron is having 20 triangular faces and 12 vertices. Find the number of its faces.
6. Fill in the blanks:
(a) A regular octahedron has vertices faces.
(b) An hexagonal p;,.1gmid has faces.
(c) A tetrahedron has
--
vertices' -
(d) A cylinder has -
-- faces.
7. Find the area ofa rhombus whose diagonals are oflengths l0 cm and 8'2 cm'
8. Find the height of a- ryliader whose radius is 7 cm ard the total surface area is 968 cm2.
9. Find the height of the cylinder whose volume is 1.54 m2 and diameter of the base is 140 cm.

10. simp,iry:
{(*i' t;[]-t+)" OR

-. ..^
SrmDhtv:
3-E x 10-5 x 125
--- --
5-' x 6-'
11. Find the side ofa cube whose total surface area is 600 cm2.
12. Find the area of the quadrilateral PQRS shown in given figure.
R

N
a t. s
5.6 cm
0r
B

223

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