Unit-5 : Application Layer

Content
 DNS
 TELNET
 E-Mail
 MIME
 POP3
 IMAP4
 SMTP
 FTP
 HTPP
 SNMP

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 Domain Name System (DNS)
 The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of
the Internet.
 Humans access information online through domain
names, like google.com or facebook.com.
 Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses
so browsers can load Internet resources.
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 Domain Name System (Cont’d)
The tree can have only 128 levels: level 0 (root) to level 127

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 Domain Name System (Cont’d)
 Label: Each node in the tree has a label, which is a string with a maximum of 63
characters. The root label is a null string (empty string).
 Domain Name: Each node in the tree has a domain name. A full domain name is a
sequence of labels separated by dots (.). The domain names are always read from the node
up to the root. The last label is the label of the root (null).

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 Domain Name System (Cont’d)
 Fully Qualified Domain Name If a label is terminated by a null string,
it is called a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). An FQDN is a domain
name that contains the full name of a host.
Example: challenger.ate.tbda.edu.
 Partially Qualified Domain Name If a label is not terminated by a
null string, it is called a partially qualified domain name (PQDN). A
PQDN starts from a node, but it does not reach the root. It is used when
the name to be resolved belongs to the same site as the client.
Example: challenger

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 Domain
 A domain is a sub-tree of the domain name space. The name of the domain
is the domain name of the node at the top of the sub-tree.
 Note that a domain may itself be divided into domains (or subdomains as
they are sometimes called).

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 DNS in the Internet
 DNS is a protocol that can be used in different platforms.
 In the Internet, the domain name space (tree) is divided into three different
sections:
generic domains,
country domains, and
 the inverse domain.

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 DNS in the Internet
 Generic Domains: The generic domains define registered hosts according to their generic
behavior. Each node in the tree defines a domain, which is an index to the domain name
space database.
Example:
 com -Commercial organizations
 edu-Educational institutions ,
 gov- Government institutions ,
 info -Information service providers
 int-International organizations,
 net - Network support centers ,
 org -Nonprofit organizations
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 DNS in the Internet
 Country Domains: The country domains section uses two-character
country abbreviations (e.g., us for United States and in for India).
Example www.ashutoshksingh.in

 Inverse domain: It is used to map an address to a name. This may happen,

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 TELNET
 TELNET is an abbreviation for TErminaL NETwork. It is the standard
TCP/IP protocol for virtual terminal service as proposed by the
International Organization for Standards (ISO).
 TELNET enables the establishment of a connection to a remote system in
such a way that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote
system.
 Note: TELNET is a general purpose client/server application program.

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TELNET

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 Electronic Mail
 Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages
("mail") between people using electronic devices.

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 Electronic Mail
 The local part defines the name of a special file, called the user mailbox, where all
the mail received for a user is stored for retrieval by the message access agent.
 Domain Name : The second part of the address is the domain name. An
organization usually selects one or more hosts to receive and send e-mail; the hosts
are sometimes called mail servers or exchangers.

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 MIME
 MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
 MIME is a supplementary protocol that allows non-ASCII data to be sent
through e-mail.

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 MIME
 MIME defines five headers that can be added to the original e-mail header
section to define the transformation parameters:

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 MIME
 MIME-Version: This header defines the version of MIME used. The current
version is 1.1.
 Content-Type : This header defines the type of data used in the body of the
message. The content type and the content subtype are separated by a slash.
 Content-Transfer-Encoding: This header defines the method used to
encode the messages into 0s and 1s for transport.
 Content-Id : This header uniquely identifies the whole message in a multiple-
message environment.
 Content-Description : This header defines whether the body is image, audio,
or video
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 SMTP
 SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
 The actual mail transfer is done through Message Transfer Agents (MTA).
 To send mail, a system must have the client MTA, and to receive mail, a
system must have a server MTA. The formal protocol that defines the MTA
client and server in the Internet is called the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP).
 SMTP is used two times, between the sender and the sender's mail server
and between the two mail servers.
 SMTP simply defines how commands and responses must be sent back and
forth.
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 SMTP
 Commands and Responses: MTP uses commands and responses to
transfer messages between an MTA client and an MTA server.

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 Message Access Agent: POP and IMAP
 SMTP is a push protocol; it pushes the message from the client to the server. In other words,
the direction of the bulk: data (messages) is from the client to the server.
 On the other hand, the third stage needs a pull protocol; the client must pull messages from
the server. The direction of the bulk data is from the server to the client. The third stage uses
a Message Access Agent.

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 POP-3
 Post Office Protocol, version 3 (POP3) is simple and limited in functionality.
 POP3 has two modes: the delete mode and the keep mode.
 In the delete mode, the mail is deleted from the mailbox after each retrieval.
 In the keep mode, the mail remains in the mailbox after retrieval.
 The delete mode is normally used when the user is working at her permanent
computer and can save and organize the received mail after reading or replying.
 The keep mode is normally used when the user accesses her mail away from her
primary computer (e.g., a laptop). The mail is read but kept in the system for later
retrieval and organizing

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 IMAP4
 Another mail access protocol is Internet Mail Access Protocol, version 4
(IMAP4). IMAP4 is similar to POP3, but it has more features; IMAP4 is more
powerful and more complex.
 POP3 is deficient in several ways. It does not allow the user to organize her
mail on the server; the user cannot have different folders on the server. POP3
does not allow the user to partially check the contents of the mail before
downloading.

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 IMAP4
IMAP4 provides the following extra functions:
 A user can check the e-mail header prior to downloading.
 A user can search the contents of the e-mail for a specific string of characters
prior to downloading.
 A user can partially download e-mail. This is especially useful if bandwidth is
limited and the e-mail contains multimedia with high bandwidth requirements.
 A user can create, delete, or rename mailboxes on the mail server.
 A user can create a hierarchy of mailboxes in a folder for e-mail storage.

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 FTP
 FTP stands for File Mail Transfer Protocol.
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP/IP
for copying a file from one host to another. Although transferring files from
one system to another.
 FTP differs from other client/server applications in that it establishes two
connections between the hosts. One connection is used for data transfer, the
other for control information (commands and responses).
 The well-known port 21 is used for the control connection and the well-
known port 20 for the data connection.

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 FTP
 The control connection remains connected during the entire interactive FTP session.
 The data connection is opened and then closed for each file transferred. It opens each
time commands that involve transferring files are used, and it closes when the file is
transferred.

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 FTP
 We should remember that file transfer in FTP means one of three things:
 A file is to be copied from the server to the client. This is called retrieving a file. It is done
under the supervision of the RETR command,
 A file is to be copied from the client to the server. This is called storing a file. It is done under
the supervision of the STOR command.
 A list of directory or file names is to be sent from the server to the client. It is done under
the supervision of the LIST command. Note that FTP treats a list of directory or file names
as a file. It is sent over the data connection.

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 HTTP
 HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
 HTTP is a protocol used mainly to access data on the World Wide Web.
 HTTP functions as a combination of FTP and SMTP.
 It is similar to FTP because it transfers files and uses the services of TCP.
However, it is much simpler than FTP because it uses only one TCP
connection.
 There is no separate control connection; only data are transferred between the
client and the server.

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 HTTP
 HTTP is like SMTP because the data transferred between the client and the
server look like SMTP messages.
 HTTP uses the services of TCP on well-known port 80.

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 Network Management
 We can define network management as monitoring, testing, configuring, and
troubleshooting network components to meet a set of requirements defined by
an organization.

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 SNMP
 SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol .
 SNMP is a framework for managing devices in an internet using the TCP/IP
protocol suite.
 It provides a set of fundamental operations for monitoring and maintaining an
internet.
 SNMP uses the concept of manager and agent. That is, a manager, usually a
host, controls and monitors a set of agents, usually routers.
 The protocol is designed at the application level so that it can monitor devices
made by different manufacturers and installed on different physical networks.

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 Thank You

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