INDEX

Chapters Pages

1. Motion 1 – 16

2. Force and laws of motion 17 – 31

3. Work and Energy 32 – 45

4. Gravitation 46 – 56

5. Sound 57 – 72

C All Rights Reserved with C SQUARE Revised Edition

C SQUARE COACHING INSTITUTE PH : 1800 103 0015

 MOTION 1
CHAPTER

 Two dimensional motion A particle

moving along a curved path in a plane has
CONTENTS 2-dimensional motion.
 Introduction Three dimensional motion Particle
moving randomly in space has 3-dimensional
 Types of motion motion.

 Terms used to define motion  According to state of motion

Uniform Motion
 Equations of Motion A body is said to be in a state of uniform

 Body falling freely under gravity

motion if it travels equal distances in equal
intervals of time.
 Various Graphs Related to  If the time distance graph is a straight line the
Motion motion is said to be uniform motion.

 Circular Motion
Non-uniform motion
 A body has a non-uniform motion if it travels
unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
Ex. a freely falling body.
 INTRODUCTION  Time - distance graph for a body with non-
When a body does not change its position with uniform motion is a curved line.
time, we can say that the body is at rest, while if 
a body changes its position with time, it is said to
 TERMS USED TO DEFINE MOTION
be in motion. 
 An object is said to be a point object if it (i) Distance and displacement
changes its position by distances which are (ii) Speed and velocity
much greater than its size. (iii) Acceleration
 A point or some stationary object with respect 
to which a body continuously changes its (i) Distance & Displacement
position in the state of motion is known as  The path length between the initial and final
origin or reference point.
positions of the particle gives the distance
covered by the particle.
 TYPES OF MOTION
 The minimum distance between the initial
 According to Directions and final positions of a body during that time
  One dimensional motion is the motion of
interval is called displacement
a particle moving along a straight line.
 Distance and displacement both are measured
in meter in m.k.s. system.

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 Difference between distance and (i) Displacement of the body in first 2 seconds.
displacement (ii) Total distance travelled in 7 seconds.
 Distance travelled is a scalar quantity while (iii) Displacement in 7 seconds
displacement is a vector quantity. 100
80
When a body continuously moves in the same

Distance (m)
60
B C D
40
straight line and in the same direction then 20
displacement will be equal to the distance A
O E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
travelled. But if the body changes its direction Time (s)
while moving, then the displacement is Displacement-time graph
smaller than the distance travelled. Sol. (i) Displacement of the body in first 2s = 40m
Displacement  Dis tance (ii) From t = 0 to t = 7 s, the body has moved a
distance of 80 m from origin and it has again
Displacement in any interval of time may be
come back to origin. Therefore, the total
zero, positive or negative where as distance
distance covered = 80 × 2 = 160 m
cannot be negative..
(iii) Since the body has come back to its initial
Ex.1 A person travels a distance of 5 m towards position, the displacement is zero.
east, then 4 m towards north and then 2 m
towards west.
(ii) Speed and Velocity
(i) Calculate the total distance travelled.
 The 'distance' travelled by a body in unit time
(ii) Calculate the resultant displacement.
interval is called its speed. When the position
Sol. (i) Total distance travelled by the person
of a body changes in particular direction, then
= 5 m + 4 m + 2 m = 11 m
speed is denoted by 'velocity'. i.e. the rate of
(ii) To calculate the resultant displacement, we
change of displacement of a body is called its
choose a convenient scale, where 1 cm
Velocity.
represents 1 m. We draw a 5 cm long line AB
 
Speed is a scalar quantity while velocity
towards east and then 4 cm long line BC
is a vector quantity.
towards north. Finally, a 2 cm long line CD
dis tance
towards west. The resultant displacement is   Speed =
time
calculated by joining the initial position A to
displaceme nt
the final position D. We measure AB = 5 cm.   Velocity =
time
Since 1 cm = 1 m
  Unit : In M.K.S. system = ms–1
 5 cm = 5 m
In C.G.S. system = cm/s
Hence, the displacement of the person
  If time distance graph is given then speed can
= 5m towards AD.
be given by the slope of the line, at given time
D 2m C
s
  v= = slope
R  32  4 2 t
4m

A B
s s
5m 
t
Ex.2 A body is moving in a straight line. Its t
distances from origin are shown with time in The area of velocity time graph gives
Fig. A, B, C, D and E represent different parts displacement travelled.
of its motion. Find the following :

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 Types of speed Ex.3 The distance between two points A and B is
(a) Average and Instantaneous speed 100 m. A person moves from A to B with a
Average speed : speed of 20 m/s and from B to A with a speed
It is obtained by dividing the total distance of 25 m/s. Calculate average speed and
travelled by the total time interval. i.e. average velocity.
total dis tan ce Sol. (i) Distance from A to B = 100 m
average speed = Distance from B to A = 100 m
total time
Thus, total distance = 200 m
displaceme nt
Averagevelocity  Time taken to move from A to B, is given by
total time
dis tance 100
 Average speed is a scalar, while average t1 = = = 5 seconds
velocity 20
velocity is a vector.
Time taken from B to A, is given by
  For a moving body average speed can never
dis tance 100
be –ve or zero (unless t ), while average t2 = = = 4 seconds
velocity 25

velocity can be i.e. vav > 0 while v av > = or < 0 Total time taken = t1 + t2 = 5 + 4 = 9 sec.
 In general average speed is not equal to  Average speed of the person
magnitude of average velocity. However it Total dis tance covered 200
can be so if the motion is along a straight line = = m/s = 22.2 m/s
Total time taken 9
without change in direction
(ii) Since person comes back to initial position A,
 If a particle travels distances L1, L2, L3 at
displacement will be zero, resulting zero
speeds v1, v2, v3 etc respectively, then average velocity.

vav =
s L  L 2  ..... L n
= 1 =
 Li Ex.4 A car moves with a speed of 40 km/hr for
t
v
L1 L 2 Ln L first hour, then with a speed of 60 km/hr for
  .... i
v1 v 2 vn i next half hour and finally with a speed of 30
 If a particle travels at speeds v1, v2 etc for 1
km/hr for next 1 hours. Calculate the
intervals t1, t2 etc respectively, then 2

v t
average speed of the car.
v1t1  v 2 t 2  .... 1 1
vav = = Sol. Distance travelled in first hour, is given by
t1  t 2  .... t 1 s1 = speed × time = 40 km/hr × 1 hr = 40 km
Instantaneous speed : Distance travelled in next half an hour, is
given by
The speed of a body at a particular instant of
1
time is called its instantaneous speed. s2 = speed × time = 60 km/hr × hr = 30 km
2
s ds
= lim  1
Distance travelled in last 1 hours, is given by
t 0 t dt 2
(b) Uniform and Non uniform speed 3
s3 = speed × time = 30 km/hr × hr = 45 km
Uniform speed : 2
If an object covers equal distance in equal Thus, total distance travelled = s1 + s2 + s3
interval of time, then time speed graph of an = 40 + 30 + 45 = 115 km
object is a straight line parallel to time axis 1 1
Total time taken = 1 + + 1 = 3 hours
then body is moving with a uniform speed. 2 2
  Average speed =
Non-uniform speed : Total dis tance covered 115km
If the speed of a body is changing with = =38.33 km/hr
Total time taken 3hrs
respect to time it is moving with a non-
uniform speed.
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Ex.5 Figure shows time distance graph of an Sol. Distance travelled in first 8s is given by area
object. Calculate the following : OABCG
(i) Which part of the graph shows that the body = area of rectangle OAMG
is at rest ? + area of triangle BMC
(ii) Average speed in first 10 s. 1
= 8 × 60 + × 4 × 40 = 480 + 80 = 560 m.
2
(iii) Speeds in different parts of motion.
(iii) Acceleration
100 B C
80
Distance (m)

60  Rate of change of velocity is called

40 D
20 A E acceleration. It is a vector quantity
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
vu
Time (s) i.e. a =
t
Distance-time graph  Unit of acceleration = m/s2 or ms–2
 Types of acceleration
Sol. (i) The part BC shows that the body is at rest.  Uniform & Non uniform acceleration
(ii) In first 10 seconds, distance travelled = 100m Uniform acceleration
Dis tance covered If a body travels in a straight line and its
 Thus, average speed =
Time taken velocity increases by equal amounts in equal
100 intervals of time then it is said to be in state
= = 10 m/s
10 of uniform acceleration.
(iii) Speed of the object in part AB is given by e.g. motion of a freely falling body.

100
Non uniform acceleration
slope = = 50/3 m/s A body has a non-uniform acceleration if its
6
velocity increases by unequal amounts in
Speed of object in part BC = 0 m/s
equal intervals of time.
Speed of the object in part CD
Instantaneous acceleration 
100  40 60
= = = 30 m/s The acceleration of a body at any instant is
12  10 2
called its instantaneous acceleration.
Speed of object in part DE
 If the velocity of a body decreases, then it
40  0 40
= = = 20m/s will experience a negative acceleration which
14  12 2
is called deceleration or retardation.
 Acceleration is determined by the slope
Ex.6 Time-velocity graph of a particle is shown in
of time-velocity graph.
Figure. Calculate the distance travelled in
dv
first seconds. tan  =
dt
100 C
(i) If the time velocity graph is a straight line,
80
A B M acceleration remains constants.
60
Velocity(m/s)

40 (ii) If the slope of the straight line is positive,

20
E F G D positive acceleration occurs.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (iii) If the slope of the straight line is negative,
Time(s)
negative acceleration or retardation occurs.

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Ex.7 Time-velocity graph of a body is shown in the seconds. Calculate the acceleration of the
figure. Find its acceleration in m/s2. bicycle in both the cases.
Sol. As it is clear from the figure, Sol. (i) Initial velocity, u = 0, final velocity,
At t = 0 s, v = 20 m/s v = 6 m/s, time, t = 30 s
At t = 4 s, v = 80 m/s
Using the equation v = u + at, we have
Change in velocity
 Acceleration, a = vu
Time int erval a=
t
80
substituting the given values of u, v and t in
Velocity (m/s)

60
the above equation, we get
40
20 60
a= = 0.2 m/s2 ;
0 1 2 3 4 30
Time(hrs) which is positive acceleration.
v v v (80  20) m / s
= = 2 1 = 15m/s2 (ii) Initial velocity, u = 6 m/s, final velocity,
t t 2  t1 (4  0)
v = 4 m/s, time, t = 5 s, then
Ex.8 Time-velocity graph of a particle is shown in
vu 46
figure. Find its instantaneous acceleration at a= = = –0.4 m/s2 ;
t 5
following intervals :
C which is retardation.
100
80 Note : The acceleration of the case (i) is
A B
60 positive and is negative in the case (ii).
M
Velocity(m)

40
20
0 E F G D  EQUATIONS OF MOTION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time(s)
Motion under uniform acceleration
 (a)1st Equation of motion
Consider a body having initial velocity 'u'.
(i) at t = 3s
Suppose it is subjected to a uniform
(ii) at t = 6s
acceleration 'a' so that after time 't' its final
(iii) at t = 9s
velocity becomes 'v'. Now we know,
Sol. (i) Instantaneous acceleration at t = 3s, is given
change in velocity
by Acceleration =
Time
a = slope of line AB = zero
vu
(ii) Instantaneous acceleration at t = 6 s, is given a=
t
by a = slope of line
or v = u + at …..(i)
CM 100  60
BC = = = – 10 m/s2
BM 84
2nd Equation of motion
(b)
(iii) Instantaneous acceleration at t = 9 s, is given
  Suppose a body has an initial velocity 'u' and
0  100
by a = slope of line CD = = –50 m/s2 uniform acceleration 'a' for time 't' so that its
10  8
final velocity becomes 'v'. The distance
Ex.9 Starting from rest, Deepak paddles his bicycle
travelled by moving body in time 't' is 's' then
to attain a velocity of 6 m/s in 30 seconds
the average velocity = (v + u)/2.
then he applies brakes so that the velocity of
Distance travelled = Average velocity × time
the bicycle comes down to 4 m/s in the next 5

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 uv  u  u  at   BODY FALLING FREELY UNDER GRAVITY
s=  t  s =   t (as v = u + at)
 2   2 
Assuming u = 0 for a freely falling body :
 2u  at  2ut  at 2
s=   t s = t is given h is given v is given
 2  2
2h v
1 v  gt t t
s = ut + at 2 ……(ii) g g
2 1
h  gt 2 v  2gh v2
rd
(c)3 Equation of motion
2 h
2g
  Distance travelled = Average velocity x time s v a
uv g
s=  t ……(iii)  tan = g
 2  t t t

vu
from equation (i) t =  Body is projected vertically up :
a Taking initial position as origin and direction
Substituting the value of t in equation (iii), of motion (i.e. vertically up) as positive.
(a) At the highest point v = 0
 vu vu (b) a = – g
we get s =   
 a  2 
t is given h is given u is given
 v2  u 2  u
s =  

u = gt t= 2h / g t=
g
 2a 
1 2 u= u2
h= gt 2gh h=
 2as = v2 – u2 or 2 2g
v2 = u2 + 2as….(iv) s u2/2g u a
+ +
 The equations of motion under gravity can be u/g 0
0 2u/g g t
obtained by replacing acceleration by t u/g t –
–
acceleration due to gravity (g) and can be It is clear that in case of motion under gravity
written as follows : (a) Time taken to go up is equal to the time taken
to fall down through the same distance.
 When the body is coming towards the centre (b) The speed with which a body is projected up
of earth is equal to the speed with which it comes
back to the point of projection.
1 2 (c) The body returns to the starting point with the
(a) v = u + gt (b) h = ut + gt
2 same speed with which it was thrown.
(c) v2 = u2 + 2gh Ex.10 A body starts moving with an initial velocity
 When a body is thrown upwards with some 50 m/s and acceleration 20 m/s2. How much
initial velocity, then a retardation produced distance it will cover in 4s ? Also, calculate
its average speed during this time interval.
due to attraction of the earth. In equations of
Sol. Given : u = 50 m/s, a = 20 m/s2,
motion, a is replaced by (–g) and thus t = 4s, s = ?
equations become. 1 1
s = ut + at2 = 50 × 4 + × 20 × (4)2
1 2 2 2
(a) v = u – gt (b) h = ut – gt = 200 + 160 = 360 m
2
Average speed during this interval,
(c) v2 = u2 – 2gh
dis tance travelled 360
V = = = 90 m/s
time int erval 4

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Ex.11 A body is moving with a speed of 20 m/s. (ii) For calculating the distance travelled, we use
When certain force is applied, an acceleration equation,
of 4 m/s2 is produced. After how much time v2 = u2 + 2as, we get
its velocity will be 80 m/s ? (0)2 = (400)2 + 2 × (–10) × s
Sol. Given : u = 20 m/s, a = 4 m/s2, or 20s = 400 × 400
v = 80 m/s, t = ? or s = 8000 m = 8 km
Using equation, v = u + at, we get Ex.14 A body is thrown vertically upwards with an
80 = 20 + 4 × t initial velocity of 19.6 m/s. If g = –9.8 m/s2.
or 4t = 80 – 20 = 60 Calculate the following :
or t = 15 s (i) The maximum height attained by the body.
Therefore, after 15 seconds, the velocity of
(ii) After how much time will it come back to the
the body will be 80 m/s.
ground ?
Ex.12 A body starts from rest and moves with a Sol.(i) Given: u = 19.6 m/s, g = –9.8 m/s2, v = 0, h = ?
constant acceleration. It travels a distance s1in Using equation v2 = u2 + 2gh, we get
(0)2 = (19.6)2 + 2(–9.8) × h
first 10 s, and a distance s2 in next 10 s. Find
19.6  19.6
the relation between s2 and s1. or h= = 19.6 m
2  9.8
Sol. Given : u = 0, t1 = 10 s (ii) Time taken to reach the maximum height can
 Distance travelled in first 10 seconds, is given be calculated by the equation,
by v = u + gt
1 2 1 or 0 = 19.6 + (–9.8) × t
s1 = ut + at = 0 + × a × (10)2 or t = 2s
2 2
= 50a ...(1) In the same time, it will come back to its
To calculate the distance travelled in next 10s, we original position.
first calculate distance travelled in 20 s and then   Total time = 2 × 2 = 4s
subtract distance travelled in first 10 s.
Ex.15 From the top of a tower of height 490 m, a
1 1 shell is fired horizontally with a velocity 100
s = ut + at2 = 0 + × a × (20)2
2 2 m/s. At what distance from the bottom of the
= 200a ...(2)
tower, the shell will hit the ground ?
 Distance travelled in 10th second interval, Sol. We know that the horizontal motion and the
s2 = s – s1 = 200a – 50a ...(3) vertical motion are independent of each other.
or s2 = 150a Now for vertical motion, we have u = 0,
s 150a 3 h = 490 m, g = 9.8 m/s2, t = ?
Now, 2 = =
s1 50a 1 1
Using equation,h = ut + gt2, we get
or s2 = 3s1 2
1
Ex.13 A train is moving with a velocity 400 m/s. 490 = 0 + × 9.8 × t2
2
With the application of brakes a retardation of 490
or t2 = = 100
10 m/s2 is produced. Calculate the following : 4.9
(i) After how much time it will stop ? or t = 10 s
(ii) How much distance will it travel before it  It takes 10 seconds to reach the ground.
stops? Now, horizontal distance
= horizontal velocity × time
Sol. (i) Given: u = 400 m/s, a = –10 m/s2, v = 0, t = ?
= 100 m/s × 10 s = 1000 m
Using equation, v = u + at, we get
0 = 400 + (–10) × t  The shell will strike the ground at a distance
or t = 40 s of 100 m from the bottom of the tower.

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 VARIOUS GRAPHS RELATED TO MOTION  Acceleration is increasing and is +ve

Displacement- time graph : a

 The straight line inclined to time axis in s-t t
graph represents constant velocity.
Acceleration is decreasing and is –ve
s
a
t
  t
 In s-t graph the straight line inclined to time
axis at angle greater than 90º shows negative
velocity  CIRCULAR MOTION
When a body moves in such a way that its
s
distance from a fixed point always remains
t constant, then its motion is said to be the circular
 Body with accelerated motion motion.
s Uniform circular motion :
t  If the radius vector sweeps out equal angles in
 Body with decelerated motion equal times, then its motion is said to be
uniform circular motion.
s P'
s
t  P
O r
Velocity -time graph :
 For the body having constant velocity or zero  In uniform circular motion speed remains
acceleration. const.
 Linear velocity, being a vector quantity, its
v
direction changes continuously.
t  The direction of velocity is along the tangent
 The body is moving with constant retardation at every point.
and its initial velocity is not zero.
Angular velocity :
v 
=
t t
 The body is accelerated and the initial  A vector quantity
velocity is zero.  Direction is perpendicular to plane of rotation
Note : If the particle is revolving in the
v
clockwise direction then the direction of
t
angular velocity is perpendicular to the plane
 The body is decelerated
downwards. Whereas in case of anticlockwise
v direction, the direction will be upwards.
t  Unit is Radian/sec.
 In uniform circular motion the direction of
Acceleration-time graph : angular velocity is along the axis of rotation
 Acceleration is constant which is constant throughout.
 Angular velocity remains constant in
a
magnitude as well as in direction.
t  v = rwhere r = radius of the circle.

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Centripetal acceleration 2 2
(i) Now angular velocity, = = =
 In uniform circular motion the particle T 2
experiences an acceleration called the rad/s
centripetal acceleration. (ii) Linear velocity is given by
v2 v = r= 2
 ac =
r   v = 2m/s
 The direction of centripetal acceleration is Ex.17 The length of second's needle in a watch is
along the radius towards the centre. 1.2 cm. Calculate the following :
Centripetal force : (i) Angular velocity and
 Always acts towards centre. (ii) Linear velocity of the tip of the needle.
 Centripetal force is required to move a Sol. (i) We know that the second's needle in a watch
particle in a circle. completes one revolution in 60 seconds.
 Because Fc is always perpendicular to   Time period, T = 60 s
velocity or displacement, hence the work Angular velocity, 
done by this force will always be zero. 2 2 
   = = = rad/s
Note : T 60 30
 Circular motion in horizontal plane is usually (ii) Length of the needle = 1.2 cm = Radius of the
uniform circular motion. circle
 Remember that equations of motion are not Linear velocity of the tip of the needle is
applicable for circular motion. given by
 
v = r= 1.2 × =
Time period : 30 25
 It is the time taken to complete one complete 
or v = = 1.266 × 10–1 cm/sec.
revolution. 2s
 In one revolution, angle subtended is 2 and
Ex.18 Earth revolves around the sun in 365 days.
if T is time period, then the angular velocity
Calculate its angular velocity.
is given by
Sol. Time period,
2 2
= or T= T = 365 days
T 
= 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 seconds
Frequency : 2
 Frequency is defined as the number of  Angular velocity, =
T
revolutions per second.
2
1  = rad/s = 1.99 × 10–7 rad/s.
i.e. n = = 365  24  60  60
T 2

Ex.16 A particle moves in a circle of radius 2 m and

completes 5 revolutions in 10 seconds.
Calculate the following :
(i) Angular velocity and
(ii) Linear velocity.
Sol. Since, it completes 5 revolutions in 10
seconds.
10
  Time period = = 2s
5

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 EXERCISE-1
Q.17 Time-displacement graphs of two bodies A
A.  Very Short Answer Type Questions and B are shown in the Figure. Which one has
Q.1 Can the speed of a body moving with a larger velocity?

Displacement
constant velocity change?
A
Q.2 Can the velocity of a body moving with a B
uniform speed change?
Time
Q.3 Can average velocity of a moving body be zero?
Q.18 The velocity of a body is 72 km/hr. Calculate
Q.4 Can average speed of a moving body be zero? its value in m/s.
Q.5 Time-displacement graph is a straight line B.  Short Answer Type Questions
parallel to the time axis. What is its velocity
and the acceleration?
Q.19 Define state of motion.
Q.6 What is the acceleration of a body moving Q.20 Differentiate between the following:
with constant velocity?
(i) Speed and velocity,
Q.7 A stone is thrown upwards, reaches a height h (ii) Distance and displacement
and comes back. What are the distance moved
Q.21 Displacement of a body can be zero even
and displacement?
when the distance travelled is not zero.
Q.8 A particle moves along the circumference of Explain.
a circle in half cycle. Calculate the distance
Q.22 What do you mean by negative and positive
travelled and displacement.
acceleration ? Explain.
Q.9 Define uniform circular motion. Q.23 A train is moving with a constant speed of 40
Q.10 What is the relation between linear velocity km/hr. Draw time-speed graph. From this, draw
and angular velocity? time-distance graph upto 5 hours from the start.

Q.11 Does uniform circular motion has accelerated Q.24 Draw the graph for uniform motion.
motion or no acceleration at all ? (i) Displacement - Time
Q.12 What is the direction of angular velocity ? (ii) Velocity - Time
Q.13 In uniform circular motion, does the angular Q.25 In the given figure A and B represent uniform
velocity remain constant or if changes with motion or accelerated motion.
time. A
Distance

Q.14 A car starts moving with 20 m/s and its B

velocity becomes 80 m/s after 6 sec.
Calculate its acceleration. Time

Q.15 A body is thrown vertically up with a velocity Q.26 In the given Figure. What type of motion are
represented by the parts AB, BC, CD and DE.
98 m/s. How much high it will rise ? (g = 9.8
m/s2). D
Distance

B C
Q.16 A body falls from a height of 500 m. In how
much time, will it strike the ground ? A Time E

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Q.27 For a moving body distance travelled is (iii) Acceleration between t = 20 s to t = 25s.
directly proportional to the time. What do you

Velocity (m/s)
40
conclude about its speed ? P Q
30
20
Q.28 Figure shows the time velocity graphs for
10
three bodies A, B and C.
R
60
Velocity (m/s)

0 5 10 15 20 25
50 C Time (s)
40 B
30 Q.37 Time velocity graph of a moving body is
20 A
10 shown in figure Calculate the following :
0 60 C

Velocity (m/s)
1 2 34 5 6
50
Time (s)
40
B D E
(i) Which body has minimum acceleration ? 30
(ii) Which body has maximum acceleration ? 20
A
10
F
Q.29 A body starting with initial velocity u moves 0 2 6 8 10 12 14 16
with a constant acceleration a. Find the Time (s)
expression for distance travelled in nth
(i) Change in velocity during t = 6s to t = 8s
seconds.
(ii) Average acceleration during t = 10s to
Q.30 A body starting from rest moves with a
t = 12s.
constant acceleration. It moves a distance s1
(iii) In which time interval acceleration will
in first 5 seconds and a distance s2 in next 5
be zero.
seconds. Prove that s2 = 3s1.
(iv) Acceleration during t = 14 s to t = 16 s.
Q.31 An engine is moving with a velocity 44 m/s.
After applying the brakes, it stops after Q.38 Time-acceleration graph of a moving body is
covering a distance of 121 m. Calculate shown in figure Calculate the following :
retardation and time taken by the engine to Acceleration (m/s2)
stop. 15
10
Q.32 A body is thrown vertically up with an initial 5
0 1 2 34567 8
velocity of 60 m/s. If g = 10 m/s2, at what –5 Time (s)
–10
time, it will be at a height of 100 m. –15

(i) Time interval in which acceleration will be

C.  Long Answer Type Questions zero.
(ii) Acceleration at t = 5 s.
(iii) Change in velocity during time interval
Q.33 What do you mean by average speed ? How
will you find average speed from time- t = 4s and t = 8 s.
distance graph ? Q.39 An artificial satellite is moving in a circular
Q.34 What is the difference between time-speed orbit of radius 42, 250 km. Find its speed if it
and time-velocity graph ? In what condition, takes 24 hours to revolve round the earth.
they are similar ?
Q.40 On 120 km track, a train travels the first 30
Q.35 What do you mean by acceleration ? How do km with a uniform speed of 30 km/h. How
you find acceleration from time-velocity fast must the train travel the next 90 km so as
graph?
to average 60 km/hr for entire trip ?
Q.36 Time-velocity graph of a body is shown in
figure Calculate the following :
(i) Distance travelled in first 10 s
(ii) Acceleration at t = 15 s
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 EXERCISE-2

Single Correct Answer Type Questions


Q.9 Which of the following is not characteristic of
displacement ?
Q.1 A body whose position with respect to
(A) It is always positive.
surrounding does not change, is said to be in a
state of - (B) It has both magnitude and direction.
(A) Rest (B) Motion (C) It can be zero.
(C) Vibration (D) Oscillation (D) Its magnitude is less than or equal to the
actual path length of the object.
Q.2 In case of a moving body-
(A) Displacement > Distance
Q.10 S.I. unit of displacement is-
(B) Displacement < Distance
(A) m (b) ms–1
(C) Displacement  Distance (C) ms –2 (D) none of these
(D) Displacement  Distance
Q.11 Which of the following is not a vector?
Q.3 Vector quantities are those which have : (A) Speed (B) Velocity
(A) Only direction (C) Weight (D) Acceleration
(B) Only Magnitude
(C) Magnitude and direction both Q.12 Time is an example of:-
(D) None of these
(A) Scalar
Q.4 What is true about scalar quantities ? (B) Vector
(A) Scalars quantities have direction also. (C) Scalar or vector
(B) Scalars can be added arithmetically. (D) Neither scalar nor vector
(C) There are special laws for scalar addition.
(D) Scalars have special method to represent. Q.13 In five minutes distance between a pole and a
car changes progressively. What is true about
Q.5 A body is said to be in motion if -
the car ?
(A) Its position with respect to surrounding
objects remains same (A) Car is at rest
(B) Its position with respect to surrounding (B) Car is in motion
objects keep on changing (C) Nothing can be said with this information
(C) both (A) and (B) (D) None of the above
(D) Neither (A) nor (B)
Q.14 A distance -
Q.6 A distance is always-
(A) shortest length between two points (A) Is always positive
(B) path covered by an object between two (B) Is always negative
points (C) May be positive as well as negative
(C) product of length and time (D) Is neither positive nor negative
(D) none of the above
Q.15 When a body covers equal distance in equal
Q.7 A displacement- intervals of time, its motion is said to be :
(A) is always positive (A) Non-uniform
(B) is always negative (B) Uniform
(C) may be positive as well as negative (C) Accelerated
(D) is neither positive nor negative (D) Back and forth
Q.8 Examples of vector quantities are:
(A) velocity, length and mass Q.16 The motion along a straight line is called:
(B) speed, length and mass (A) Vibratory (B) Stationary
(C) time, displacement and mass (C) Circular (D) Linear
(D) velocity, displacement and force
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Q.17 A particle is traveling with a constant speed. Q.26 A particle covers equal distances in equal
This means- intervals of time, it is said to be moving with
(A) Its position remains constant as time uniform-
passes
(A) Speed (B) Velocity
(B) It covers equal distances in equal interval
of time (C) Acceleration (D) Retardation
(C) Its acceleration is zero
(D) It does not change its direction of motion Q.27 The SI unit of the average velocity is -
(A) m/s (B) km/s
Q.18 The rate of change of displacement is - (C) cm/s (D) mm/s
(A) Speed (B) Velocity
(C) Acceleration (D) Retardation Q.28 A car accelerates uniformly from 18 km/h to
36km/ h in 5 s. The acceleration in ms–2 is -
Q.19 Speed is never - (A) 1 (B) 2
(A) Zero (B) Fraction (C) 3 (D) 4
(C) Negative (D) Positive
Q.29 Out of energy and acceleration which is
Q.20 The motion of a body covering different vector ?
distances in same intervals of time is said to (A) Acceleration (B) Energy
be - (C) Both (D) None of these
(A) Zig-Zag (B) Fast
(C) Slow (D) Variable
Q.30 C.G.S. unit of acceleration is -
(A) ms–2 (B) cm s–2
Q.21 Unit of velocity is :
(C) ms–2 (D) cm s2
(A) ms (B) ms–1
(C) ms–2 (D) none of these
Q.31 A train starting from a railway station and
Q.22 Metre per second is not the unit of - moving with uniform acceleration, attains a
speed of 40 kmh–1 in 10 minutes. Its
(A) Displacement (B) Velocity acceleration is -
(C) Speed (D) None of them (A) 18.5 ms–2 (B) 1.85 cm s–2
–2
(C) 18.5 cms (D) 1.85 m s–2
Q.23 A particle moves with a uniform velocity -
(A) The particle must be at rest Q.32 The brakes applied to a car produce a
(B) The particle moves along a curved path negative acceleration of 6ms–2. If the car
(C) The particle moves along a circle stops after 2 seconds, the initial velocity of
(D) The particle moves along a straight line the car is -
(A) 6 ms–1 (B) 12 ms–1
Q.24 A quantity has value of –6.0 ms–1. It may be (C) 24 ms –1
(D) Zero
the-
(A) Speed of a particle Q.33 A body is moving with uniform velocity of 10
(B) Velocity of a particle ms–1. The velocity of the body after 10 s is -
(C) Position of a particle (A) 100 ms–1 (B) 50 ms–1
(D) Displacement of a particle
(C) 10 ms–1 (D) 5 ms–1

Q.25 In 10 minutes, a car with speed of 60 kmh–1

Q.34 In 12 minutes a car whose speed is 35 kmh–1
travels a distance of -
travels a distance of -
(A) 6 km (B) 600 km
(A) 7 km (B) 3.5 km
(C) 10 km (D) 7 km
(C) 14 km (D) 28 km

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Q.35 A body is moving along a straight line at Q.43 The velocity-time graph of a body moving in
20 ms–1 undergoes an acceleration of 4 ms–2. a straight line is shown in figure. The
After 2 s, its speed will be- displacement and distance travelled by the
(A) 8 ms–1 (B) 12 ms–1 body in 6 second are respectively-
(C) 16 ms–1 (D) 28 ms–1
v(m/sec)
Q.36 A car increase its speed from 20 kmh–1 to 5
50 kmh–1 in 10 s., its acceleration is - 4
(A) 30 ms–2 (B)3 ms–1 3
(C) 18 ms–2 (D) 0.83 ms–2 2
1
Q.37 When the distance travelled by an object is 0 t(sec)
1 2 3 4 5 6
directly proportional to the time, it is said to 1
travel with- 2
(A) zero velocity (A) 8m , 16m (B) 16m, 8m
(B) constant speed
(C) 16m, 16m (D) 8m, 8m
(C) constant acceleration
(D) uniform velocity
Q.44 For the velocity time graph shown in figure,
Q.38 A body freely falling from rest has a velocity the distance covered by the body in the last
v after it falls through a height h. The distance two seconds of its motion is what fraction of
it has to fall further for its velocity to become the total distance covered in all the seven
double is - seconds ?
(A) 3 h (B) 6 h
(C) 8 h (D) 10 h
10
8
Velocity(m/s)
Q.39 The velocity of a bullet is reduced from 200
6
m/s to 100 m/s while travelling through a 4
wooden block of thickness 10 cm. The 2
retardation, assuming it to be uniform, will be 0
(A) 10 × 104 m/s2 (B) 1.2 x 104 m/s2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(C) 13.5 × 10 m/s (D) 15 x 104 m/s2
4 2 Time (s)
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4
Q.40 A body starts falling from height 'h' and (C) 1/3 (D) 2/3
travels distance h/2 during the last second of
motion. The time of travel (in sec.) is- Q.45 Velocity-time graph AB (Figure) shows that
(A) 2 1 (B) 2  2 the body has-
(C) 2 3 (D) 32 A

Q.41 Area between speed-time graph and time axis v

gives- B
(A) Distance (B) Velocity t 0
(C) Speed (D) None of these (A) A uniform acceleration
(B) A non uniform retardation
Q.42 An object undergoes an acceleration of 8ms–2
starting from rest. Distance travelled in 1 sec. (C) Uniform speed
is- (D) Initial velocity OA and is moving with
(A) 2 m (B) 4 m uniform retardation
(C) 6 m (D) 8 m

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Q.46 In figure BC represents a body moving- Q.54 Unit of angular velocity is –
(A) rad (B) m/s

Displacement
(C) rad/s2 (D) rad/s
A B
Q.55 Two bodies in circular paths of radii 1 : 2 take
C same time to complete their circles. The ratio
0 of their linear speeds is-
Time
(A) 1 : 2 (C) 2 : 1
(A) Backwards with uniform velocity
(C) 1: 3 (D) 3 : 1
(B) Forward with uniform velocity
(C) Backward with non-uniform velocity
Q.56 In a circular path of radius 1 m, a mass of
(D) Forward with non-uniform velocity
2 kg moves with a constant speed of 10 ms–1.
The angular speed in radian/sec. is -
Q.47 1C is equal to-
(A) 5 (B) 10
(A) 57.3° (B) 573°
(C) 15 (D) 20
(C) 180° (D) 360°

Q.48 An athlete complete one round of a circular Q.57 The relation among v,  and r is -
v 
track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What will be (A)   (B) v 
the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 40 s. ? r r
(A) 2200 m (B) 220 m r
(C)   (D) None of these
(C) 22 m (D) Zero v

Q.49 What will be the distance in the above Q.58 Uniform circular motion is an example of :
question? (A) Constant acceleration
(A) 2512 m (B) 2500 m (B) Variable acceleration
(C) 2200 m (D) Zero (C) A and B both
(D) None of these
Q.50 The distance travelled by a body is directly
proportional to the time, then the body is said
Q.59 Rate of change of angular velocity refer to :
to have -
(A) angular speed
(A) Zero speed (B) Zero velocity
(B) angular displacement
(C) Constant speed (D) None of these
(C) angular acceleration
(D) None of these
Q.51 An athlete runs along a circular track of
diameter 28 m. The displacement of the th
athlete after he completes one circle is - 1
Q.60 A car travels   of a circle with radius r.
(A) 28 m (B) 88 m 4
(C) 44 m (D) Zero The ratio of the distance to its displacement
is-
Q.52 A boy is running along a circular track of  
radius 7 m. He completes one circle in 10 (A) 1 : (B) :1
2 2 2 2
second. The average velocity of the boy is -
(A) 4.4 ms–1 (B) 0.7 ms–1 (C) 2 2 :  (D) 2 2 : 1
(C) Zero (D) 70 ms–1

Q.53 A body is moving with a uniform speed of

5 ms–1 in a circular path of radius 5 m. The
acceleration of the body is:
(A) 25 ms–2 (B) 15 ms–2
–2
(C) 5 ms (D) 1 ms–2

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 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
1. no 2.yes 3. yes
4. no 5. 0, 0 6. 0
7. 2h, 0 8. r, 2r 10. v = r
11. accelerated motion 12. along the axis of rotation 13. remains constant
14. 10m/sec2 15. 490 m 16. 10s
17. A 18. 20 m/sec
27.Auniform motion, Baccelerated motion 28. (i) A, (ii) C
31. 8 m/sec2, 5.5s 32. 2s, 10s 36. (i) 300 m (ii) 0 m/s2, (iii) –6 m/s2
37. (i) 30 m/s, (ii) 0, (iii) 10 to 14 s, (iv) – 15 m/s2 38. (i) 2 to 4s, (ii) – 15 m/s2 (iii) 30 m/s
39. 3.1 km/sec 40. 90 km/h

EXERCISE - 2

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans A D C B B B C D A A A A B A B
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans D B B C D B A D B C A A A A B
Ques 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans B B C A D D B A D B A B A B D
Ques 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans A A D A C D C C D A B A B C B

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 FORCE & LAWS OF MOTION 2
CHAPTER

If, however, the objects are in rough contact

CONTENTS and move (or have a tendency to move)
 relative to each other without losing contact
 Force then frictional force arise which oppose such
motion. Again each object exerts a frictional
 Newton´s Laws of Motion force on the other and the two forces are
 Law of Conservation of Momentum
equal and opposite. This force is
perpendicular to normal reaction. Thus, the
 Friction contact force (F) between two objects is made


up of two forces.
Thrust and Pressure (i) Normal reaction (N) (ii) Force of friction (f)
 Buoyancy
and since these two forces are mutually
perpendicular.
 Density F  N2  f 2

 FORCE  NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

The external agent which tends to set a body in (A) Newton´s Ist law :
motion or which changes the speed and direction A body can not change its state of motion by
of motion of a body or which can change the itself. If the object is at rest it will remain at
shape of a body is called force. SI unit of force is rest and if it is in uniform motion, it continues
newton. to be in motion unless some external force is
Types of forces : applied on it.

(a) non contact : Inertia :

 There is an inherent property of an object by
These are the forces in which contact between
virtue of which it cannot change its state of
two objects is not necessary. Gravitational
motion or rest by itself. This property is
force between two bodies and electrostatic
called 'inertia'.
force between two charges are two examples
of field forces.  Inertia is of two types– inertia of rest and
inertia of motion.
(b) Contact forces :
(a) Inertia of rest:
Two bodies in contact exert equal and
If the body is at rest, it will continue to be at
opposite forces on each other. If the contact is rest unless some external force is applied on
frictionless the contact force is perpendicular it. Examples are following.
to the common surface and known as normal Ex. When a train at rest starts moving suddenly, a
reaction. passenger standing inside the compartment
A F1 tends to fall backward.
F2 B Ex. When a carpet is beaten up with a stick, the
dust particles are detached.

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 Ex. When a bullet is fired into a glass pane, it Sol. We know that force = mass × acceleration
pierces a hole only at the pt where the bullet = 2.4 kg × 5 m/s2
hits the glass without breaking the entire glass = 12.0N
pane into pieces.
(b) Inertia of motion : Ex.2 A body of mass 2.5 kg is moving with a
velocity of 20 m/s. Calculate its momentum.
When a body is in uniform motion, it will Sol. Momentum, p = mass × velocity
continue to remain in its uniform motion, i.e. Here, mass m = 2.5 kg
it resists any change in its state of motion due Velocity, v = 20 m/s
to inertia of motion.
 Momentum, p = mv = 2.5 × 20 kg-m/s
Ex. when a person jumps out of a moving bus, he = 50 kg-m/s
should run in the direction in which bus is
moving otherwise he will fall down. Impulse :
Ex. A train moving with a uniform speed and if a  If a force F is applied on a body of mass m
ball is thrown upwards inside the train by a for a time interval t and if the change in
passenger, then the ball comes back to his velocity is v then
hand.
Impulse = F dt = m v
Relation between mass and inertia :  Impulse = change in momentum
Larger the mass of the body, larger is the  Unit of impulse is newton × second,
inertia.
Ex. eg : it is more difficult to stop a cricket ball
than a tennis ball. Examples of impulse
(B) Newton's second law of motion Ex. While catching a cricket ball a player
moves his hands backwards. Cricket ball
Momentum : The product of mass and coming towards fielder has a large
 momentum. By doing so he increases the time
velocity is called 'momentum'. i.e. p= m v interval to reduce the momentum of the ball.
(a) Unit : SI unit of momentum is kg-m/s. Rate of change of momentum becomes slow.
(b) It is a vector quantity.
Ex.3 A force acts for 0.2 s on a body of mass 2.5
kg initially at rest. The force then ceases to
Newton's second law states "the rate of act and the body moves through 4m in the
change of momentum of a body is directly next one second. Calculate the magnitude of
proportional to force and takes place in the force.
direction of force."
Sol. When the force ceases to act, the body will
P P 
 vu
(a) i.e. F  2 1 or F = m  = ma move with a constant velocity. Since it moves
t  t  a distance of 4 m in 1 s, therefore, its uniform
where p1 = initial momentum = mu velocity = 4m/s.
Now, initial velocity, u=0
p2 = final momentum = mv
Final velocity, v = 4 m/s
Time interval t = 0.2 s
(b) Unit of force in SI system is newton.
vu 40
(c) 1N is equivalent to that force which can Acceleration, a = = = 20m/s2
t 0 .2
produce an acceleration of 1m/s2 in a body of
mass 1 kg. Force, F = 2.5 × 20 = 50 N
(d) Unit of force in CGS system is dyne. Ex.4 A ball of mass 20 gm is initially moving with
1 dyne = 1 gm - cm/s2 a velocity of 100 m/s. On applying a constant
1 N = 105 dynes force on the ball for 0.5s, it acquires a
velocity of 150 m/s. Calculate the following :
Ex.1 Calculate the force required to produce an (i) Initial momentum of the ball
acceleration of 5 m/s2 in a body of mass (ii) Final momentum of the ball
2.4 kg.
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 (iii) Rate of change of momentum 8.0  0
= = – 200 N
(iv) Acceleration of the ball 0.04
(v) Magnitude of the force applied (The negative sign shows that the force is
20 applied in a direction opposite to the direction
Sol. Given , m = 20 gm = kg = 0.02 kg of motion of the ball).
1000
Initial velocity, u = 100 m/s Ex. 6 A motorcycle is moving with a velocity of
Time interval, t = 0.5 s 108 km/hr and it takes 5 s to stop it after the
brakes are applied. Calculate the force
Final velocity, v = 150 m/s exerted by the brakes on the motorcycle if its
(i) Initial momentum of the ball mass along with the rider is 250 kg.
= mass × initial velocity Sol. Given that initial velocity of the motorcycle
or P1 = mu = 0.02 kg × 100 m/s = 108 km/hr = 30 m/s
Final velocity = 0 m/s
= 2 kg-ms–1 Time taken to stop = 5s, the mass of the
(ii) Final momentum of the ball motorcycle with rider = 250 kg.
= mass × final velocity The change in the velocity of the motorcycle
in 5s = 0 – 30 = –30 m/s
or P2 = mv = 0.02 kg × 150 m/s
Therefore, the acceleration of the motorcycle,
= 3 kg-ms–1
30
(iii) Rate of change of momentum a= = –6 m/s2
5
Final momentum  Initial momentum
= The magnitude of the force applied by the
Time
brakes is given by the equation,
P 3 2 1
or = = = 2.0 kg-ms–1 =2.0N F = mass × acceleration
t 0 .5 0 .5
= 250 kg × (6)m/s2 = 1500 N
vu 150  100
(iv) Acceleration, a = = (C) Newton's third law of motion
t 0.5
= 100ms–2 Newton's first law of motion gives a
(v) Force, F = mass × acceleration qualitative idea of force, while the second law
provides us an idea to measure the force.
= 0.02 × 100 = 2.0 N
 Newton's third law of motion states that
Ex.5 A cricket ball of mass 200 gm moving with a " if a body A exerts a force on the body B,
speed of 40 m/s is brought to rest by a player the body B will also exert an equal and
in 0.04s. Calculate the following : opposite force on A."
(i) change in momentum of the ball, The force exerted by A on B is called action
(ii) average force applied by the player. while the force exerted by B on A is called
the reaction.
200
Sol. Mass, m = 200 gm = kg = 0.2 kg  Newton's third law is also stated as "to every
1000 action there is an equal and opposite
Initial velocity, u = 40 m/s reaction."
Final velocity, v = 0  Forces always occur in pairs.
Time, t = 0.04 s Action and reaction always act on different
(i) Initial momentum, p1 = mu = 0.2 kg × 40 m/s bodies.
= 8.0 kg-ms–1 Ex. by hitting a table with palm we apply a force.
The table also exerts a force on palm on
Final momentum, p2 = m × v = 0.2 × 0
hitting it.
= 0 kg-ms–1
Change in momentum, p = p2 – p1 Applications of Newtons III law :
= 0 – 8.0 kg ms–1= – 8.0 kg-ms–1  Recoil of a gun – when the bullet is fired
Change in momentum from a gun, an equal and opposite force is
(ii) Average force =
Time
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 applied on the gun, due to which the gun or 0 + 0 = 5 × v1 + 0.04 × 200
recoils in backward direction. 0.04  200
 Application in walking : while moving in or v1 = – = –1.6 m/s
5
forward direction we push the ground (ii) Initial momentum of the rifle = 0
backwards that is the action. An equal and
Final momentum of the rifle = 5 kg ×(–1.6)
opposite force is applied by the ground on the
= –B kg-m/s
man, thus the reaction due to which man
Time interval = 0.004 s
moves forward.
Change in momentum
 Rowing a boat in river : when we push the   Force =
water backward with the help of oars Time int erval
(applying a force backward), an equal and  8kg  ms 1
opposite force acts on the boat. This is the = = –2000 N
0.004
reaction which moves the boat forward.
Launching Rocket : In rocket, gases are Ex.8 A bullet of mass 20 gm moving with a
velocity 200 m/s gets embedded into a
produced in large amount. Due to internal
wooden block of mass 980 gm suspended by
combustion they come out and move
a string. Calculate velocity acquired by the
backwards with an equal and opposite force combined system.
which in turn acts on the rocket and moves it Sol. Mass of the bullet, m1 = 20 gm
forward.
20
= kg = 0.02 kg
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM 1000
Velocity of the bullet, u1 = 200 m/s
 According to law of conservation of
momentum "if there is no force acting on a Momentum of the bullet = m1u1
system, the momentum of the system remains = 0.02 × 200 kg-m/s = 4 kg-m/s
unchanged." Now, the bullet gets embedded into a wooden
 Generalizing the situation " if a group of block of mass 980 gm. The mass of the block
bodies are exerting force on each other, their and bullet = 980 + 20
total momentum remains conserved before = 1000 gm = 1kg
and after the interaction provided there is no
Let the velocity of the combined system = v
external force acting on them."
 Momentum of the combined system
i.e. m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
= 1 × v kg-m/s = v kg-m/s
Ex.7 A rifle of mass 5 kg fires a bullet of mass 40 Now, applying the law of conservation of
gm. The bullet leaves the barrel of the rifle momentum,
with a velocity 200 m/s. If the bullet takes m1u1 = (m1 + m2)v
0.004 s to move through the barrel, calculate
or 4 = v v = 4 m/s = 4 kg m/s
the following:
(i) recoil velocity of the rifle and Ex.9 A rifle man, who together with his rifle has a
(ii) the force experienced by the rifle due to its mass of 100 kg, stands on a smooth surface
recoil. fires 10 shots horizontally. Each bullet has a
Sol. (i) Given mass of the rifle, m1 = 5 kg mass 10 gm a muzzle velocity of 800 m/s.
What velocity does rifle man acquire at the
Mass of the bullet, m2 = 40 gm = 0.04 kg end of 10 shots?
Initial velocities, u1 = 0, u2 = 0 Sol Let m1 and m2 be the masses of bullet and the
After firing velocity of the bullet, v2 = 200 m/s rifleman and v1 and v2 their respective
Velocity of the rifle, v1 = ? velocities after the first shot. Initially the
Applying the law of conservation of rifleman and bullet are at rest, therefore initial
momentum, we get momentum of system = 0.
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

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 As external force is zero, momentum of The force opposing the motion of the car is called
system is constant "force of friction".
i.e. initial momentum = final momentum  The frictional force is tangential to the
= m1v1 + m2v2 surface in contact and always in a direction
opposite to the direction of motion of the
m1v1 (10 10 3 kg)(800 m / s) object.
or v2 = =–
m2 100kg
direction of direction of
= – 0.08 m/s
friction force F motion
Velocity acquired after 10 shots (a)
= 10 v2 = 10 x (–0.08)
direction of
= – 0.8 m/s. direction of
motion
friction force F
i.e, the velocity of rifle man is 0.8 m/s in a (b)
direction opposite to that of bullet.

Ex.10 A body of mass 1 kg strikes elastically with  Frictional force is a force opposing the
another body at rest and continues to move in relative motion between two surfaces which
the same direction with one fourth of the are in contact with each other.
initial velocity. What will be the mass of the
other body ? 
Reducing friction
Sol . Given that, Frictional force can be reduced in the
Initial velocity = u following ways:
u  Use of lubricants : In machines, friction
Final velocity =
4 can be reduced by applying lubricants
So by conservation of momentum, we have between the contact surfaces to fill the fine
u pores or depressions in the surfaces and make
1xu+0=1× + m x v2 them smooth thereby reducing friction.
4
3u  Polishing : unevenness of the surfaces can
 mv2 = ...(1) be reduced by polishing, thereby reducing the
4
and by conservation of energy, we have friction.

1 1 u 1
2  Use of ball bearings : In rotating
× 1 × u2 + 0 = x1   + mv22 machines, shafts are mounted on ball
2 2 4 2
15 2 bearings. By doing so, rolling friction occurs
or mv22 = u ...(2) lesser than sliding friction, thereby reducing
16
from equation (1) and (2), the friction.

(mv 2 ) 2 (9 / 16)u 2 By streamlining : Air friction is reduced by

= = designing streamlined bodies of cars or
mv 22 (15 / 16)u 2
aeroplanes. Similarly, if the bodies of boats
or m = 0.6 kg
and ships are streamlined, friction of water
can be reduced.
 FRICTION
Disadvantages of friction :
If the switch off the engine of car it will stop after  Wear and Tear : In machine parts like gears,
moving a certain distance. It means that some brakes when they come in contact with each
retarding force is acting on the car which stops it. other continuously, they wear out gradually,
which should be replaced time to time.
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  Friction reduces efficiency of the machine.  THRUST AND PRESSURE
 Friction in machine produces heat and
undesirable noise which damages the (A) Thrust :
machine. To avoid excessive heating, water is  The force acting normally on surface is called
'thrust'.
circulated in machines generally.
 This is a vector quantity.
 It is measured in newton (N).
 Applications of frictional forces (B) Pressures :
 We would not be able to walk if there had  The thrust on an unit area of a surface is
been no friction between the soles of our called 'pressure'.
shoes and the ground. Thrust F
 Pressure = or P =
 If there had been no friction, the wheels of a Area A
car will slip instead of rotating and stop  Unit : The SI unit of pressure is newton per
moving. For that we have to increase the meter square or N/m2, other units of pressure
friction by making the tyres corrugated to get are pascal and bar.
better grip of tyres on the road. Also, the
 One Pascal : One pascal is defined as the
friction is increased.
pressure exerted on a surface area of 1m2 by a
 When brakes are applied, the vehicle stops thrust of 1 newton.
due to the force of friction between the brake i.e. 1 Pascal = 1 N/m2
lining and the drum.
 Some examples based on pressure
 In the absence of friction, we cannot write on Ex. Inserting a pointed nail in a wooden block is
a blackboard with a chalk stick because the an easier task than to insert a rod inside a
chalk stick will slide off the board without wooden block with the same force because
leaving any mark on the board. the nail has a smaller area and thus it will
experience more pressure even with the same
Ex.11 Three blocks are tied together with strings as force.
shown. They are lying on a horizontal Ex. A sharp knife cuts better than a blunt knife.
frictionless table. These are pulled to the right
with T3 = 12N force. If m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 2kg, Ex. While walking, a man exerts more pressure
on the ground in comparison to when he is
and m3 = 3 kg, calculate the tension T1. standing.
m1 T1 m2 T2 m3 T3  Pressure in fluids
 A substance that can flow is called a 'fluid'.
T2 m T3=12N
Sol. 3 m3a liquid and gases are considered as fluids
m3a = T3 – T2 Laws of pressure
 3a = 12 – T2 ...(1)  Pressure exerted by the liquid is the same in
all directions about a point.
T1 m T2
3  Pressure exerted is the same at all points in a
m2a
horizontal plane as well as in a stationary
m2a = T2 – T1 liquid.
 2a = T2 – T1 ...(2)  Pressure at a particular depth is P = hdg
from (1) & (2) where,h = height of the column of liquid.
5a = 12 – T1 ...(3) d = density of the liquid
m1a = T1 a = T1 ...(4) g = acceleration due to gravity
from (3) & (4)
5T1 = 12 – T1 T1 = 2N

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 Different types of Pressure :  BUOYANCY
(A) Hydrostatic Pressure :
When a body is immersed in a liquid, the liquid
The normal force (or thrust) exerted by a exerts an upward force on the body called as the
liquid at rest per unit area of the surface in 'upthrust' or 'buoyant force.'
contact with it is called "pressure of liquid or
Factors affecting upthrust :
hydrostatic pressure."
(B) Atmospheric Pressure :  Larger the volume of the body submerged in

 The pressure exerted by atmosphere is called the liquid, greater is the upthrust.
atmospheric pressure.  Larger the density of the liquid, greater is the
 At sea level, atmospheric pressure is the upthrust.
pressure exerted by 0.76 m of mercury Archimedes principle :
column i.e. h = 0.76 m equal to 10 pascal 'Archimedes' principle states that when a body is
1 atm = 105 Pascal immersed in liquid partially or completely, it
experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of the
Ex.12 What will be the pressure in N/m2 at a depth
liquid displaced."
of 1.5 m in brine of density 120 kg/cm3 ?
or
Sol. P = hdg
The loss in weight of the block, i.e. buoyant force
=15 × 120 10
acting on the block is equal to the weight of the
= 1800 N/m2
liquid displaced.
Ex.13 Calculate the density of a liquid if the i.e. F = Vdg
pressure at a point 30 m below its surface is where V = volume of the body
32 × 104 N/m2. d = density of the liquid
Sol. P = hdg g = acceleration due to gravity

P 32 10 4 Ex.16 A body weighs 300 gmf in air and 260 gmf
 d= = = 1066.6 kg/m3
hg 30 10 when completely immersed in water.
Calculate the following :
Ex.14 A force of 150 N is applied on an area of 1.5
(i) loss in weight of the body
m2. Calculate the pressure exerted.
(ii) upthrust on the body.
Sol. Force, F = 150 N; area, A = 1.5 m2 Sol. Given : Weight of body in air = 300 gmf
Force Weight of the body in water = 260 gmf
Now, Pressure =
Area
 Loss in weight of the body
F 150N = 300 – 260 = 40 gmf
or P= = = 100 N/m2
A 1.5m 2  Upthrust of the body = Loss in weight
Ex.15 A force of 500 dynes is applied on an area of = 40 gmf
20 cm2. Calculate the pressure exerted. Ex.17 A solid block of volume 2 litres has a weight
Sol. Force, F = 500 dynes = 500 × 10–5 newton of 80 N. What will be its weight when
Area, A = 20 cm2 = 20 × 10–4 m2 immersed completely in water ?
F 500 10 5 N Sol. In order to calculate the weight of the block
Pressure, P = = = 2.5 N/m2
A 20 10  4 m 2 in water, first calculate the upthrust, i.e. the
loss in weight of the body in water, then
Volume of the block = 2 litres = 2000 cc
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  Volume of water displaced = 2000 cc  Relative density
Weight of water displaced = 2000 gm Relative density of a substance
= 2.0 kgf density of substance
( Density of water = 1 gm/cc) =
density of water at 4C
= 2.0 × 9.8 N = 19.6 N
mass of unit volume of substance
 Upthrust of water = 19.6 N =
mass of unit volume of water at 4C
Hence, weight of the body fully immersed in
water = 80 N – 19.6 N = 60.4 N mass of certain volume of substance
=
Ex.18 A solid block of density D has a weight W in mass of same volume of water at 4C
air is fully immersed in a liquid of density d. weight of certain volume of substance
=
Calculate its apparent weight when fully weight of same volume of water at 4C
immersed in liquid.  Unit of Relative Density
Sol. Weight of the block = W
It has no units.
Density of block = D
Note : density of water in CGS system is 1
W
 Volume of the block = .d gm/cm3.
D
W  Relative Density for solids
 Upthrust on the block = .d
D W1
i.e. R.D =
 Loss in weight of the block inside liquid W1  W2
W Where W1 = weight of solid body in air
= .d
D
W2 = weight of solid body in water
Hence, apparent weight of the block when
fully immersed in water  Relative Density for liquids
W  d W  W' '
=W– d = W 1   i.e R.D. =
D  D W  W'
Where.
 DENSITY W' = weight of the body fully immersed
Mass M in water
 Density = or d= W" = weight of the body fully immersed
Volume V
in liquid.
SI unit of density is kg/m3 and CGS unit of W = weight of the body in air
density is g /cm3
 1 gm/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3 Ex.19 A body weighs 30 N in air and 26 N when
 Different substances have different densities fully immersed in water. Calculate its relative
which gets affected by temperature. density.
 Respective density of a substance decreases Sol. Given : Weight of body in air, W1 = 30 N
on heating due to the expansion of the
Weight of body in water, W2 = 26 N
substance.
W1
 Water has anomalous expansion. When water  Relative density =
W1  W2
is cooled at 4ºC, its volume decreases but on
30
further cooling its volume starts increasing. = = 7.5
30  26
  the density of water is maximum at 4ºC.

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Ex.20 Relative density of copper is 8.8. What is its Weight of solid in water = 52 gmf
density in SI system ?  Loss of weight in water = 60 – 52 = 8 gmf
density of copper (i)  Upthrust = loss of weight in water = 8 gmf
Sol. R.D. =
density of water (ii) Since density of water is 1 gm/cm3, and
 Density of copper = R.D. × density of water weight of equal volume of water = 8 gmf
 Volume of solid = 8 cm3
= 8.8 × 103 kg/m3
W1
(iii) Relative density of solid =
Ex.21 A solid weighs 60 gmf in air and 52 gmf W1  W2
when completely immersed in water. 60
= = 7.5
Calculate the following : 60  52
(i) upthrust,
(ii) volume of the solid,
(iii) relative density of the solid
Sol. Given:
Weight of solid in air = 60 gmf

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 EXERCISE-1
Q.17 A feather and a stone of same mass fall with
A.  Very Short Answer Type Questions different rates in the air. Why ?
Q.1 State Newton's third law. Q.18 State Archimedes' Principle.
Q.2 What is the unit of momentum ?
B.  Short Answer Type Questions
Q.3 Name and state the action and reaction in the Q.19 Enunciate the Newton's first law of motion.
following cases :
Q.20 State and explain the law of inertia.
(i) Firing a bullet from a gun.
(ii) Hammering a nail. Q.21 Why it is advised to tie the luggage with a
rope on the roof of the buses ?
(iii) A book lying on a table.
(iv) A moving rocket. Q.22 Why it is difficult for a fireman to hold a
(v) A person walking on the floor. hose, which ejects water at a high velocity ?
(vi) A moving train colliding with a stationary Q.23 State Newton's third law of motion. Give two
train. examples.

Q.4 Why a gun recoils when a bullet is fired ? Q.24 When a shot is fired from a gun, the gun
Q.5 Define the term force. recoils. Explain.

Q.6 What do you mean by inertia ? Q.25 Discuss the law of conservation of
momentum.
Q.7 Why are tyres made rough ?
Q.26 A bullet of mass 20 gm moving with a
Q.8 Why does a glass filled with water feel lighter velocity of 100 m/s strikes a wooden block of
inside a water containing tank ? mass 800 gm and gets embedded into it.
Calculate velocity of the combined system.
Q.9 Explain the term friction.
Q.27 Explain why it is easier to stop a tennis ball in
Q.10 Define thrust. Give the S.I. unit of thrust. comparison to a cricket ball moving with the
same speed ?
Q.11 Define pressure. Give the S.I. unit of
pressure. Q.28 A force of 20 N acts on a body of mass 4 kg
for 5 s initially at rest. Calculate the velocity
Q.12 Calculate the pressure when a force of 50 N is acquired by the body and change in
applied on an area of 0.5 m2. momentum of the body.
Q.13 Do the liquids exert pressure ? Q.29 A cricket ball of mass 100 gm moving with a
speed of 40 ms–1 is brought to rest by a player
Q.14 Why does a sharp knife cuts objects more
in 0.02s. Find the average force applied by
easily than a blunt knife ?
the player.
Q.15 In what direction the buoyant force of a liquid
acts ? Q.30 Describe the laws of liquid pressure.

Q.16 What is the relation between the buoyant force Q.31 Explain the term fluid.
on a body and the liquid displaced by it ? Q.32 Explain the term buoyancy.

C SQUARE COACHING INSTITUTE PH : 1800 103 0015 FORCE & LAWS OF MOTION 26
Q.33 While drawing water with the help of a C.  Long Answer Type Questions
bucket from a well, the bucket appears to be
heavy when comes out of water. Why ? Q.38 A piece of wood or cork immersed into water
Q.34 A body weighs 8.6 N in air and 6.8 N when and left, comes back to the surface. Explain
fully immersed in water. Calculate the why ?
buoyant force. Q.39 A piece of metal weighs 48.5 gmf in air, 42.0
Q.35 A metal object when fully immersed in water, gmf in water and 44.5 gmf in a liquid.
displaces 2 litres of water. What is the loss in Determine relative densities of metal and
its weight in water ? Also, calculate the liquid.
buoyant force. Q.40 Why the accidents occurred due to high
Q.36 Define the term density. Give its units in SI speeds have worst result than the accidents
and in CGS systems. occurred at low speeds ?

Q.37 Define the term relative density. Calculate the

relative density of a substance if its density is
8.2 gm/cm3.

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 EXERCISE-2
 Single Correct Answer Type Questions Q.8 Inertia of rest is the property by virtue of which
the body is unable to change by itself:
Q.1 If A and B are two objects with masses 10 kg (A) the state of rest only
and 30 kg respectively then : (B) the state of uniform linear motion
(A) A has more inertia than B (C) the direction of motion only
(B) B has more inertia than A (D) the steady state of rest
(C) A and B have the same inertia
(D) none of the two have inertia
Q.9 An iron ball and aluminium ball has same mass:
Q.2 First law of motion defines- (A) inertia of iron is greater than aluminium
(A) inertia (B) both the ball have same inertia
(B) force (C) inertia of iron is less than that of Aluminium
(C) both inertia and force (D) none of these
(D) neither inertia nor force
Q.10 Mass measures amount of ..............in a body-
Q.3 Newton's first law of motion is - (A) inertia (B) motion
(A) qualitative (C) velocity (D) acceleration
(B) quantitative
(C) both qualitative and quantitative Q.11 Newton's second law of motion-
(D) neither qualitative nor quantitative (A) defines force
(B) defines inertia
Q.4 Inertia depends upon - (C) gives measure of force
(A) acceleration of the body (D) none of these
(B) velocity of the body
(C) shape of the body Q.12 Newton's second law of motion is -
(D) mass of the body (A) qualitative
(B) quantitative
Q.5 Which of the following has largest inertia? (C) both qualitative and quantitative
(A) A pin (D) neither qualitative nor quantitative
(B) An ink pot
(C) Your physics book Q.13 Momentum measures amount of ............ in a
(D) Your body body-
(A) inertia (B) motion
Q.6 When a bus starts suddenly the passengers (C) velocity (D) acceleration
standing on it, lean backwards in the bus. This
is an example of - Q.14 Force measures rate of change of ........... a body
(A) Newton's first law (A) mass (B) inertia
(B) Newton's second law (C) velocity (D) momentum
(C) Newton's third law
Q.15 C.G.S. unit of force is -
(D) none of Newton's law
(A) m/s (B) s/m
(C) dyne (D) Newton
Q.7 The law which defines force is -
(A) Newton's third law
Q.16 Momentum has same unit as -
(B) Newton's first law
(C) Newton's second law (A) impulse (B) torque
(D) none of these (C) moment of force (D) couple

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Q.17. When force of 1 N acts on mass of 1 kg, which Q.25 How many dynes are equal to 1 N ?
is able to move freely, the object moves (A) 106 (B) 104
with a/an - (C) 105 (D) 103
(A) speed of 1 ms–1
(B) speed of 1 kms–1 Q.26 Choose correct relation :
(C) acceleration of 10 ms–2 (A) a = F/m (B)aF = m
–2
(D) acceleration of 1 ms (C) m = F × a (D) none of these

Q.18 The net force acting on a body of mass of 1 kg Q.27 If a moving ball A collides with another moving
moving with a uniform velocity of 5 ms–1 is - ball B, then
(A) 5 N (B) 0.2 N (A) momentum of A = momentum of B
(C) 0 N (D) None of these (B) (momentum A + momentum of B) before
collision = (momentum A + momentum of
Q.19 A body of mass 20 kg moves with an B) after collision
acceleration of 2ms–2. The rate of change of (C) neither A nor B
momentum in S.I. unit is - (D) A or B both are possible
(A) 40 (B) 10
(C) 4 (D) 1 Q.28. When a bullet is fired from a gun. The gun
recoils to -
Q.20 A body of mass M strikes against wall with a (A) conserve mass
velocity v and rebounds with the same velocity. (B) conserve momentum
Its change in momentum is - (C) conserve K.E
(A) zero (B) Mv (D) none of these
(C) –Mv (D) –2 Mv
Q.29 A bullet in motion hits and gets embedded in a
Q.21 Gram weight is a unit of- solid resting on a frictionless table. What is
(A) mass (B) weight conserved ?
(C) A and B both (D) neither A nor B (A) Momentum and K.E.
(B) Momentum alone
Q.22 9.8 N is equal to- (C) K.E. alone
(A) 1 kgf (B) 1 kgwt (D) None of these
(C) A and B both (D) Neither A nor B
Q.30 A bullet of mass 0.01 kg is fired from a gun
Q.23 A body of mass 5 kg undergoes a change in weighing 5.0 kg. If the initial speed of the bullet
speed from 20 m/s to 0.20 m/s. The momentum- is 250 m/s, calculate the speed with which the
(A) increases by 99 kgm/s gun recoils-
(B) decreases by 99 kgm/s (A) – 0.50 m/s (B) – 0.25 m/s
(C) increases by 101 kgm/s (C) + 0.05 m/s (D) + 0.25 m/s
(D) decreases by 101 kgm/s
Q.31 Forces of action and reaction are:
Q.24 The combined effect of mass and velocity is (A) equal and in same direction
taken into account by a physical quantity called (B) equal and in opposite direction
(A) torque (B) moment of force (C) unequal and in same direction
(C) momentum (D) all of them
(D) unequal and opposite.

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Q.32 Forces of action and reaction - Q.37 A cannon after firing recoils due to -
(A) one after the other on same body (A) conservation of energy
(B) simultaneously on same body (B) backward thrust of gases produced
(C) one after the other on different bodies (C) Newton's first law of motion
(D) simultaneously on different bodies (D) Newton's third law of motion

Q.33 A man is standing on a boat in still water. If he Q.38 A Diwali rocket is ejecting 0.05 kg of gases per
walks towards the shore the boat will - second at a velocity of 400 ms–1. The
(A) move away from the shore accelerating force on the rocket is:
(B) remain stationary (A) 20 dyne
(C) move towards the shore
(D) sink (B) 20 Newton
(C) 20 kg wt.
Q.34 If the action and reaction were to act on the (D) sufficient data not given
same body-
(A) the resultant would be zero Q.39 The forces of action and reaction have
(B) the body would not move at all ................. magnitude but ................ direction-
(C) both A and B are correct (A) same, same (B) same, opposite
(D) neither A nor B is correct (C) opposite, same (D) opposite, opposite

Q.35 Consider two spring balances hooked as shown Q.40 Choose correct statement-
in the figure. We pull them in opposite (A) Action and reaction forces act on same
directions. If the reading shown by A is 1.5 N, object.
the reading shown by B will be - (B) Action and reaction forces act on different
objects.
(C) A and B both are possible.
A B (D) Neither A nor B is correct.
(A) 1.5 N (B) 2.5 N
(C) 3.0 N (D) zero

Q.36 Newton used, 'quantity of motion' for-

(A) momentum
(B) force
(C) acceleration due to gravity
(D) none of these

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 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1
12. 100 N/m2 13. Yes 26. 2.43 m/sec 28.25m/s, 100kg
m/sec
29. 200 N 34. 1.B N

EXERCISE - 2

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans B C A D D A B D B A C B B D C
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans A D C A D B C B C C A B B B A
Ques 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans B D A C A A D B B B

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 WORK AND ENERGY 3
CHAPTER

(i) Magnitude of the force, and

CONTENTS (ii) Distance through which the body moves (in
 Work the direction of force)

 Work Done Analysis  Unit of Work
  Power When a force of 1 newton moves a body through
 Energy a distance of 1 metre in its own direction, then
 Mechanical Energy the work done is known as 1 joule.
 Law of conservation of Energy Initial position
of the body
Final position
of the body

 Interconversion of potential and F

kinetic energy A B
 Transformation of Energy
S
Work = Force × Displacement
1 joule = 1 N × 1 m
or 1J = 1 Nm (In SI unit)

Ex.1 How much work is done by a force of 10N in

 WORK moving an object through a distance of 1 m in
 Definition : In our daily life "work" implies an the direction of the force ?
activity resulting in muscular or mental Sol. The work done is calculated by using the
exertion. However, in physics the term 'work' formula:
is used in a specific sense involves the W=F×S
displacement of a particle or body under the Here, Force, F = 10 N
action of a force. "work is said to be done And, Distance, S = 1 m
when the point of application of a force So, Work done, W = 10 × 1 J
moves. = 10 J
Work done in moving a body is equal to the Thus, the work done is 10 joules
product of force exerted on the body and the Ex.2 Find the work done by a force of 10 N in
distance moved by the body in the direction moving an object through a distance of 2 m.
of force. Sol. Work done = Force × Distance moved
Work = Force × Distance moved in the Here, Force = 10 N
direction of force. Distance moved = 2 m
 The work done by a force on a body depends Work done, W = 10 N × 2 m
on two factors : = 20 Joule = 20 J

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 Ex.5 Calculate the work done in raising a bucket
full of water and weighing 200 kg through a
 WORK DONE ANALYSIS height of 5 m. (Take g = 9.8 ms–2).
 Work done when force and displacement are Sol. Force of gravity
along same line. mg = 200 × 9.8 = 1960.0 N
h=5m
 Work done by a force : Work is said to be
Work done, W = mgh
done by a force if the direction of
or W= 1960 × 5 = 9800 J
displacement is the same as the direction of
the applied force.  Work done when force and displacement are
inclined (Oblique case)
 Work done against the force : Work is said
Consider a force 'F' acting at angle to the
to be done against a force if the direction of direction of displacement 's' as shown in fig.
the displacement is opposite to that of the F sin 
force. F

 Work done against Gravity : To lift an F cos 
object, an applied force has to be equal and A B w = f × s ×cos
opposite to the force of gravity acting on the S
object. If 'm' is the mass of the object and 'h'
 Work done when force is perpendicular to
is the height through which it is raised, then
Displacement
the upward force = 90º
(F) = force of gravity = mg W = F.S × cos 90º = F.S × 0 = 0
Thus no work is done when a force acts at
If 'W' stands for work done, then right angle to the displacement.
W = F . h = mg . h
Special Examples :
Thus W = mgh
 When a bob attached to a string is whirled
Therefore we can say that, "The amount of along a circular horizontal path, the force
work done is equal to the product of weight acting on the bob acts towards the centre of
of the body and the vertical distance through the circle and is called as the centripetal
which the body is lifted. force. Since the bob is always displaced
perpendicular to this force, thus no work is
Ex.3 Calculate the work done in pushing a cart, done in this case.
through a distance of 100 m against the force  Earth revolves around the sun. A satellite
of friction equal to 120 N. moves around the earth. In all these cases, the
Sol. Force, F = 120 N; Distance, s = 100 m direction of displacement is always
perpendicular to the direction of force
Using the formula, we have
(centripetal force) and hence no work is done.
W = Fs = 120 N × 100 m = 12,000 J
 A person walking on a road with a load on his
Ex.4 A body of mass 5 kg is displaced through a head actually does no work because the
distance of 4m under an acceleration of 3 weight of the load (force of gravity) acts
m/s2. Calculate the work done. vertically downwards, while the motion is
Sol. Given :mass, m = 5 kg horizontal that is perpendicular to the
direction of force resulting in no work done.
acceleration, a = 3 m/s2
Here, one can ask that if no work is done,
Force acting on the body is given by then why the person gets tired. It is because
F = ma = 5 × 3 = 15 N the person has to do work in moving his
Now, work done is given by muscles or to work against friction and air
W= Fs = 15 N × 4 m = 60 J resistance.

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Ex.6 A boy pulls a toy cart with a force of 100 N W
P=
by a string which makes an angle of 60º with t
the horizontal so as to move the toy cart by a Here, W = 11250 J; t = 5 s
distance horizontally. Calculate the work 11250 J
 Power P = = 2250 W = 2.250 kW
done. 5s
Sol. Given F = 100 N, s = 3 m, = 60º.
Ex.9 A weight lifter lifted a load of 100 kg to a
Work done is given by
height of 3 m in 10 s. Calculate the following:
W = Fs cos = 100 × 2 × cos 60º
(i) amount of work done
1 1 (ii) power developed by him
= 100 × 3 × = 150 J (cos 60º = )
2 2
Sol. (i) Work done is given by
Ex.7 An engine does 64,000 J of work by exerting W=F.s
a force of 8,000 N. Calculate the Here, F = mg = 100 × 10 = 1000 N
displacement in the direction of force. W = 1000 N × 3 m = 3000 joule
Sol. Given W = 64,000 J; F = 8,000 N W
(ii) Now, P = , where W = 3000 J and t = 10 s 
Work done is given by W = Fs t
or 64000 = 8000 × s 3000 J
   P = = 300 W
or s=8m 10 s

 POWER Ex.10 A water pump raises 60 liters of water

through a height of 20 m in 5 s. Calculate the
 Definition : Power is defined as the rate of doing power of the pump. (Given: g = 10 m/s2,
work
density of water = 1000 kg/m3)
Work done W
Power =  P= Sol. Work done, W = F.s ...(1)
Time taken t
In other words, power is the work done per unit Here, F = mg ...(2)
time, power is a scalar quantity. But,Mass = volume × density
Since W = F.S therefore Volume = 60 liters = 60 × 10–3 m3
W FS Density = 1000 kg/m3
P= = = F × V = force × velocity
t t
 Mass , m = (60 × 10–3 m3) × (1000 kg/m3)
 Unit of power : The S.I. unit of power is watt
and it is the rate of doing work at 1 joule per = 60 kg
second.  Equation (2) becomes
1 joule F = 60 kg × 10 m/s2 = 600 N
1 watt =
1seconds Now, W = F . s = 600 N × 20 m = 12000 J 
1 kilowatt = 1 kW = 1000 W W 12000 J
Power = = = 2400 W
1 Horse power = 1 H.P. = 746 W t 5s
Ex.8 A machine raises a load of 750 N through a Ex.11 A woman pulls a bucket of water of total
height of 15 m in 5s. Calculate : mass 5 kg from a well which is 10 m deep in
(i) the work done by the machine. 10 s. Calculate the power used by her.
(ii) the power at which the machine works. Sol. Given that m = 5 kg; h = 10 m; t = 10 s
Sol. (i) Work done is given by W = F.s g = 10 m/s2
Here F = 750 N; s = 15 m W mgh 5  10  10
Now,P = = = = 50W
 W = 750 × 15 = 11250 J t t 10
= 11.250 kJ
(ii) Now, power of the machine is given by
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 m
 ENERGY
v
 Definition : Energy is the ability to do work. The
amount of energy possessed by a body is equal to S
A B
the amount of work it can do when its energy is Suppose a body of mass m is moving with a
released. Thus, energy is defined as the capacity velocity v and is brought to rest by an
of doing work. Energy is a scalar quantity and it opposing force F.
exists in various forms. Now retarding force is given by
F = ma ...(1)
 Units of energy : The units of energy are the
Now using the equation of motion,
same as that of work. In SI system, the unit of
energy is joule (J). In CGS system, the unit of v2 – u2 = 2as, we get
energy is erg. 02 = v2 – 2as
v2
1 Joule = 107 ergs  s= ...(2)
2a
Other units of energy in common use are watt- Kinetic energy of the body = work done by
hour and kilowatt hour. the retarding force
or Kinetic energy = force × displacement
1 watt-hour = 1 watt × 1 hour = F . s ...(3)
= 1 watt × 60 × 60 sec Substituting the value of F from equation (1)
and the value of s from equation (2) in
= 3600 J equation (3), we get
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.6 × 106 Joule v2 1
K.E. = ma × = mv2
2a 2
Heat energy is usually measured in calorie or Thus, a body of mass m and moving with a
kilocalorie such that velocity v has the capacity of doing work
1 calorie = 4.18 J 1
equal to mv2 before it stops.
2
A very small unit of energy is electron volt(eV).
Ex.12 A bullet of mass 100 gm is fired with a
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J velocity 50 m/s from a gun. Calculate the
kinetic energy of the bullet.
 MECHANICAL ENERGY Sol. Kinetic energy is given by
The energy possessed by a body due to its state 1
K.E. = mv2
of rest or state of motion is called mechanical 2
energy. Here m = 100 gm = 0.1 kg; v = 500 m/s
Mechanical energy is of two types– 1
K.E. = × 0.1 × (50)2
(A) Kinetic Energy (B) Potential Energy. 2
Kinetic Energy : The energy of a body due to its =
1
× 0.1 × 50 × 50 = 125 J
motion is called kinetic energy. In other words. 2
The ability of a body to do work by virtue of its Ex.13 A 4 kg body is dropped from the top of a
motion is called its kinetic energy. building of height 2.5 m. With what velocity


Expression for Kinetic Energy : The kinetic will it strike the ground ? What is its kinetic
energy of a body is measured in terms of the energy when it strikes the ground ?
amount of work done by an opposing force that
(Takes g = 9.8 m/s2)
brings the body to rest from its present state of
motion.
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Sol. Velocity of the body with which it strikes the  Expression for Potential Energy :
ground can be calculated by using the Suppose a body of mass m be lifted from the
equation, v2 = u2 + 2gh ground to a vertical height h, then the
Here u = 0; g = 9.8 m/s2 ; h = 2.5 m minimum force required to lift the body is
Substituting these values, we get equal to the force of gravity, i.e.
v2 = 02 + 2 × 9.8 × 2.5 = 49
F = mg
or v = 7 m/s
Thus, the speed of the body with which it This force of gravity acts on the body
strikes the ground = 7 m/s. vertically downwards.
Ex.14 Calculate the velocity of 4 kg mass with Now, work done in lifting the body to a
kinetic energy of 128 J. height h will be
Sol. The formula for kinetic energy is given by Work = force × distance = mgh
1 This work done is stored as potential energy
K.E. = mv2
2 in the body such that
Here K.E. = 128 J; m = 4 kg
Potential energy, U = mgh, i.e. gain in
1
 128 = × 4 × v2 potential energy of the body and the earth.
2
or v2 = 64; or v = 8 m/s
Ex.16 What will be the potential energy of a body of
Ex.15 Which would have a greater effect on the mass 2 kg kept at a height of 10 m ?
kinetic energy of an object, doubling the mass Sol. The potential energy is given by
or doubling the velocity ? U = mgh
Sol. (i) The kinetic energy of a body is directly Here,m = 2 kg; g = 10 m/s2; h = 10 m
proportional to its "mass" (m). So, if we
 U = 2 × 10 × 10 = 200 J
double the mass (so that it becomes 2m), then
the kinetic energy will also get doubled.
Ex.17 In lifting a mass of 25 kg to a certain height
(ii) On the other hand, kinetic energy of a body is 1250 J energy is utilized. Calculate to what
directly proportional to the "square of its height it has been lifted ? (Take g = 10 m/s2)
velocity" (v2). So, if we double the velocity Sol. In lifting a mass through a height h the work
(so that it becomes 2v), then the kinetic done is given by
energy will become four times. This is
U = mgh
because : (2v)2 = 4v2.
Here, U = 1250 J; g = 10 m/s2; m = 25 kg
It is clear from the above discussion that
doubling the velocity has a greater effect on  1250 = 25 × 10 × h
the kinetic energy of an object. or h=5m

 Potential Energy
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Thus the energy possessed by a body by
Energy can neither be created nor be
virtue of its position or change in shape is destroyed, it can only be changed from one
known as potential energy. It is obvious that a form to another. Appearing amount of energy
body may possess energy even when it is not in one form is always equal to the
in motion. disappearing amount of energy in some other
form. The total energy thus remains constant.

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 INTER CONVERSION OF POTENTIAL  TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

AND KINETIC ENERGY
Energy  Definition : The change of one form of energy
into another form of energy is known as
Mechanical Energy of a Freely Falling Body :
transformation of energy.
Assume, a body of mass m is at rest at a height
 Different Forms of Energy
h from the earth's surface, as it starts falling, its
velocity after travelling a distance x (point B)  Heat energy : Burning of fuels like diesel or
becomes v and its velocity on the earth's surface petrol in vehicles provides heat energy to do
is v'. work.
Mechanical energy of the body at point A :  Electrical energy : Electric motors are used
EA = Kinetic energy + Potential energy in home, industry and even for driving
electric trains.
EA = m(0)2 + mgh
EA = mgh ……… (i)  Light energy : When light energy falls on
light-meter used in photography, it causes its
Mechanical energy of the body at point B : pointer to move across a scale.

1  Sound energy : Sound energy causes a thin

EB = mv2 + mg (h – x) ……. ..(ii)
2 plate of microphone diaphragm to vibrate.
A
 Chemical energy : Chemical energy is the
x source of energy in our food and it provides
h
us energy to move the various objects.
B
C (h–x)  Nuclear Energy : The energy in the nucleus
GROUND of an atom is used to produce heat energy
Mechanical energy of the body at point C : which in turn is used to generate electrical
power.
1
EC = m (v')2 + mg × 0
2 Energy tranformation
Device used
Form to
1
EC = m (v')2 ……..(iv) Steam engine Heat Mechanical
2 Electric fan Electrical Mechanical
Use : EA = E B = E c Electric lamp Electrical Light and Heat
Electric heater Electrical Heat
Hence, when a body falls freely, its mechanical Microphone Sound Electrical
energy will be constant. That means, the total Solar cell Solar heat Electrical
energy of the body during free fall, remains Photo-cell Light Electrical
constant at all positions. However, the form of Car engine Chemical Heat, Mechanical
energy keeps on changing at all points during the Electric cell/batteries Chemical Electrical

motion.  A swinging simple pendulum is an example of
T.E. conservation of energy :
Energy

This is because a swinging simple pendulum is a

P.E. K.E. body whose energy can either be potential or
kinetic, or a mixture of potential and kinetic, but
A C its total energy at any instant of time remains the
position
same.

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 Rigid or a = –5 m/s2
support
Thread Force exerted by the brakes is given by
F = ma
Bob Herem = 1200 kg; a = – 5 m/s2
C B
Extreme A Extreme  F = 1200 × (–5) = – 6000 N
position (PE + KE) (PE + KE) position
(only P.E.) Centre The negative sign shows that it is a retarding
(only P.E.)
position
(only K.E.)
force. Now, the work done by the brakes is
given by
 When the pendulum bob is at position B, it W = Fs
has only potential energy (but no kinetic
Here F = 6000 N; s = 40 m
energy).
 W = 6000 × 40 J = 240000 J
 As the bob starts moving down from position
= 2.4 × 105 J
B to position A, its potential energy goes on
decreasing but its kinetic energy goes on  Work done by the brakes = 2.4 × 105 J
increasing.
Ex.19 A horse applying a force of 800 N in pulling a
 When the bob reaches the centre position A, cart with a constant speed of 20 m/s.
it has only kinetic energy (but no potential Calculate the power at which horse is
energy). working.
 As the bob goes from position A towards Sol. Power, P is given by force × velocity, i.e.
position C, its kinetic energy goes on P=F.v
decreasing but its potential energy goes on
Here F = 800 N; v = 20 m/s
increasing.
 P = 800 × 20 = 16000 watt
 On reaching the extreme position C, the bob
= 16 kW
stops for a very small instant of time. So at
position C, the bob has only potential energy
Ex.20 A boy keeps on his palm a mass of 0.5 kg. He
(but no kinetic energy).
lifts the palm vertically by a distance of 0.5
Miscellaneous Examples : m. Calculate the amount of work done.
Ex.18 A car weighing 1200 kg and travelling at a Use g = 9.8 m/s2.
speed of 20 m/s stops at a distance of 40 m Sol. Work done, W = F . s
retarding uniformly. Calculate the force
Here, force F of gravity applied to lift the
exerted by the brakes. Also calculate the work
mass, is given by
done by the brakes.
F = mg
Sol. In order to calculate the force applied by the
brakes, we first calculate the retardation. = (0.5 kg) × (9.8 m/s2)
Initial speed, u = 20 m/s; final speed, = 4.9 N
v = 0, distance covered, s = 90 m and s = 0.5 m
Using the equation, v2 = u2 + 2as, we get Therefore, W = (4.9) . (0.5m) = 2.45 J.
02 = (20)2 + 2 × a × 40
or 80a = –400

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Ex.21 A truck of mass 2500 kg is stopped by a force Now, to find out the ratio of kinetic energies
of 1000 N. It stops at a distance of 320 m. of the two bodies, we should divide equation
What is the amount of work done ? Is the (1) by equation (2), so that :
work done by the force or against the force? 1
mv 2
K.E. of first body 2
Sol. Here the force, F = 1000 N =
K.E. of second body 9 mv 2
Displacement, s = 320 m 2
Work done, W = F . s K.E. of first body 1
or = …. (3)
= (1000N) . (320 m) K.E. of second body 9
= 320000 J Thus, the ratio of the kinetic energies is 1 : 9.
In this case, the force acts opposite to the We can also write down the equation (3) as
direction of displacement. So the work is follows:
done against the force. K.E. of second body = 9 × K.E. of first body
That is, the kinetic energy of second body is 9
times the kinetic energy of the first body. It is
Ex.22 Two bodies of equal masses move with clear from this example that when the
uniform velocity v and 3v respectively. Find velocity (or speed) of a body is "tripled"
the ratio of their kinetic energies. (from v to 3v), then its kinetic energy
Sol. In this problem, the masses of the bodies are becomes "nine times".
equal, so let the mass of each body be m. We
will now write down the expression for the
kinetic energies of both the bodies separately.
(i) Mass of first body = m
Velocity of first body = v
1
So, K.E. of first body = mv2 ...(1)
2
(ii) Mass of second body = m
Velocity of second body = 3v
1
So, K.E. of second body = m(3v)2
2
1
= m × 9v2
2
9
= mv2 ...(2)
2

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 EXERCISE - 1
Q.16 A satellite revolves around the earth in a
AVery Short Answer Type Questions circular orbit. Calculate the work done by the
force of gravity ?
Q.1 Is work a scalar or a vector quantity ?
Q.17 In which of the following case the work done
Q.2 What name is given to the product of force by a force will be maximum : when the angle
and distance ? between the direction of force and direction
Q.3 Give the units of work in SI system and in of motion is 0º or 90º ?
CGS system. Q.18 State two situations in which a body moves
Q.4 What is the work done, when the with uniform speed and force acts on the
displacement of a body is perpendicular to the body but work done on the body by the force
direction of force acting on it ? acting is zero.
Q.5 Give the SI unit of power. Q.19 What do you understand by the kinetic energy
Q.6 What is the relationship between watt and of a body ? Deduce the formula for kinetic
horse power ? energy.

Q.7 What are the units of work and energy ? Q.20 On what factors does the kinetic energy of a
body depend ?
Q.8 A cell converts one form of energy into /

another. Name the two forms. Q.21 What is the difference between potential
energy and kinetic energy ?
Q.9 Name the device which converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. Q.22 When a ball is thrown vertically upwards, its
velocity goes on decreasing. What happens to
Q.10 Is energy a scalar quantity or a vector
its potential energy as its velocity becomes
quantity ?
zero ?
Q.11 What are the two different forms of
Q.23 State whether the following objects possess
mechanical energy ?
potential energy, kinetic energy or both ?
Q.12 How much work is done when a body of (i) A flying aeroplane
mass m is raised to a height h above the (ii) A stretched spring
ground ? (iii) A rotating ceiling fan
(iv) A man climbing upstairs
Q.13 How much work is done when a force of 1 N
(v) A stone placed on the roof
moves a body through a distance of 1 m in its
(vi) A running car
own direction ?
(vii)Water stored in a dam
Q.14 What is the power of a body which is doing
work at the rate of one joule per second ? Q.24 What do you understand by the term
"transformation of energy" ? Explain with an
example.
BShort Answer Type Questions
Q.25 A car of mass 1000 kg moving with a speed
Q.15 Write the formula for the work done on a of 10 m/s stops after moving a distance of 8
body when the force is applied at an angle m after applying the brakes. Calculate the
with the direction of motion of the body. force applied by the brakes and work done by
the brakes.

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Q.26 A car is being driven by a force of 2.5 ×
CLong Answer Type Questions
1010N. Travelling at a constant speed of 5
m/s, it takes 2 minutes to reach a certain Q.35 Define the term work. What are the quantities
place. Calculate the work done. on which the amount of work done depends ?
Q.27 How much is the mass of a man if he has to How are they related to work ? What is the
do 2500 joules of work in climbing a tree 5 m condition for a force to do work on a body?
tall ? Q.36 Write the formula for work done on a body
Q.28 A man weighing 500 N carried a load of 100 when the body moves at an angle to the
N up a flight of stairs 4 m high in 5 seconds. direction of force. Give the meaning of each
What is the power ? symbol used. What will happen to the work
done if angle between the direction of force
Q.29 An athlete weighing 60 kg makes a high jump and motion of the body is increased
of 1.8 m. Determine the following : gradually? Will it increase, decrease or
(i) kinetic energy at the highest point. remain constant ?
(ii) potential energy at the highest point.
Q.37 Write an expression for the kinetic energy of
Q.30 If an electric bulb of 100 W is light up for 2 a body of mass m moving with a velocity v.
hrs, how much electrical energy will be Explain by an example what is meant by
consumed ? potential energy. Write down the expression
Q.31 A person weighing 800 N carries a packet for gravitational potential energy of a body of
from the base camp B to point A of a hill at a mass m placed at a height h above the surface
height of 1200 m. The weight of the packet is of the earth.
200 N. Calculate the following : Q.38 How can you explain the oscillation of a
(i) How much work he does against simple pendulum on the basis of conservation
gravity ? of energy ?
(ii) What is the potential energy of the packet
at A if it assumed to be zero at B ?
Q.32 A man weighing 600 N carries a load of 100
N up a flight of stairs 4 m high in 5 s.
Calculate the power.
Q.33 Water is falling on the blades of a turbine at
the rate of 6 × 103 kg/min. The height of the
fall is 10 m. Calculate the power of the motor
to be used.
Q.34 An electric motor drives a machine which
lifts a mass of 2 kg through a height of 6 m,
in 4 s at a constant speed. Assume g = 9.8 N
kg–1 and calculate (i) the amount of work
done and (ii) the power of the machine to lift
the mass of 2 kg.

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 EXERCISE - 2
(C) force acts on the body in a direction
 Single Correct Answer Type Questions
perpendicular to the direction of the
Q.1 Work done upon a body is- displacement of the body
(D) force acts on the body and the body is either
(A) a vector quantity
displaced in the direction of force or
(B) a scalar quantity
opposite to the direction of force
(C) (A) and (B) both are correct
(D) none of these
Q.8 Force F acts on a body such that force F makes
Q.2 Work done - an angle  with the horizontal direction and the
(A) is always positive body is also displaced through a distance S in
(B) is always nagative the horizontal direction, then the work done by
(C) can be positive, negative or zero the force is -
(D) none of these (A) FS (B) FS cos 
(C) FS sin  (D) zero
Q.3 No work is done when -
(A) a nail is plugged in a wooden board Q.9 In tug of war work done by winning team is :
(B) a box is pushed along a horizontal floor (A) zero (B) positive
(C) there is no component of force parallel to (C) negative (D) none of these
the direction of motion
(D) there is no component of force Q.10 In tug of war work done by loosing team is :
perpendicular to the direction of motion (A) zero (B) positive
(C) negative (D) none of these
Q.4 A body at rest can have :
(A) speed (B) velocity Q.11 Work done by the force of gravity, when a body
(C) momentum (D) energy is lifted to height h above the ground is :
(A) zero (B) positive
Q.5 Types of mechanical energy are: (C) negative (D) none of these
(A) kinetic energy only
(B) potential energy only Q.12 When work is done on a body:
(C) kinetic energy and potential energy both (A) it gains energy
(D) neither kinetic energy nor potential energy (B) it looses energy
(C) its energy remains constant
Q.6 Work means: (D) none of these
(A) effort (B) interview
(C) achievement (D) get-together Q.13 Choose correct relation :
(A) 1 J = 105 erg
(B) 1 J = 107 erg
Q.7 Work is done on a body when :
(A) force acts on the body but the body is not (C) 1 J = 103 erg

displaced (D) none of these

(B) force does not act on the body but it is
displaced

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Q.14 The kinetic energy of an object is K. If its Q.22 A spring is stretched. The potential energy in
velocity is doubled than its kinetic energy will stretching the spring-
be – (A) remains the same (B) increases
(A) K (B) 2K (C) decreases (D) becomes zero
K
(C) (D) 4K Q.23 The potential energy of a boy is maximum when
2
he is-
Q.15 Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 4 kg possess equal (A) standing
(B) sleeping on the ground
momentum. The ratio of their K.E.
(C) sitting on the ground
(A) 4 : 1 (B) 1 : 4
(D) sitting on chair
(C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2

Q.24 The potential energy of a freely falling object

Q.16 Which one is not the unit of energy?
decreases continuously. What happens to the
(A) kilocalorie (B) kWh
loss of potential energy ?
(C) erg (D) watt
(A) It is continuously converted into sound
energy
(B) it is continuously converted into kinetic
Q.17 1 kg mass has K.E. of 1 J when its speed is-
energy
(A) 0.45 ms–1 (B) 1 ms–1
(C) it is continuously destroyed
(C) 1.4 ms–1 (D) 4.4 ms–1
(D) None of these

Q.18 When you compress a spring you do work on it.

Q.25 A device which converts mechanical energy
The elastic potential energy of the spring-
into electrical energy is known as-
(A) increases (B) decreases
(A) electric motor (B) lever
(C) disappears (D) remains constant (C) generator (D) microphone

Q.19 When a ball is thrown upward, its total energy- Q.26 The value of g on moon is 1/6th of the value of g
(A) increases (B) decreases on the earth. A man can jump 1.5 m high on the
(C) remains same (D) none of these earth. On moon he can jump up to a height of-
(A) 9 m (B) 7.5 m
Q.20 If a stone of mass 'm' falls a vertical distance 'd' (C) 6 m (D) 4.5 m
the decrease in gravitational potential energy is-
Mg Mg 2 Q.27 A raised hammer possess-
(A) (B) (A) kinetic energy only
d 2
(B) gravitational potential energy
Mg
(C) mgd (D) 2 (C) electrical energy
d
(D) sound energy
Q.21 An object of mass 10 kg falls from height 10
Q.28 An object of mass 1 kg has a P.E. of 1 J relative to
m.. Kinetic energy gained by the body will be
the ground when it is at a height of : (g = 9.8 m/s2).
approximately equal to-
(A) 0.10 m (B) 10 m
(A) 1000 J (B) 500 J
(C) 9.8 m (D) 32 m
(C) 100 J (D) None of these

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Q.29 To lift a 5 kg mass to a certain height, amount Q.34 One horse power is
of energy spent is 245 J. The mass was raised to (A) 746 W (B) 550 W
a height of- (C) 980 W (D) 32 W
(A) 15 m (B) 10 m
(C) 7.5 m (D) 5 m Q.35 Power of a moving body is stored in the form
of-
Q.30 Chlorophyll in the plants convert the light
(A) Work and distance
energy into-
(B) force and distance
(A) heat energy (B) chemical energy
(C) force and velocity
(C) mechanical energy(D) electrical energy
(D) force and time

Q.31 Kilowatt is the unit of-

Q.36 A weight lifter lifts 240 kg from the ground to a
(A) energy (B) power
height of 2.5 m in 3 second his power is-
(C) force (D) momentum
(A) 1960 W (B) 19.6 W
Q.32 Work is product of time and- (C) 1.96 W (D) 196 W
(A) energy (B) power
(C) force (D) distance Q.37 Which of the following is not the unit of power ?
(A) J/s (B) Watt
Q.33 A young son work quickly for two hours and (C) kJ/h (D) kWh
prepares 16 items in a day. His old father works
slowly for eight hours and prepare 24 items a
day.
(A) son has more power
(B) son has more energy
(C) both have equal power
(D) both have equal energy

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 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1

6. 1 watt = 746 H.P 12. mgh 13.1 Joule 14. 1 watt

25. 6250 N, 5 × 106 J 26. 15 × 1014 J 27. 50 kg 28. 480 W

29. (i) zero, (ii) 1080 J 30. 0.2 kWh 31.(i) 12 × 105 J, (ii) 2.4 × 105 J 32. 560 W

33. 10 kW 34. (i) 117.6 J (ii) 29.4 W

EXERCISE - 2
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans B C C D C C D B B C C A B D A
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans D C A C C A B A B C A B A D B
Ques 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Ans B B A A C A D

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 GRAVITATION 4
CHAPTER

A F F B
m1 m2
CONTENTS
r
 Force of gravitation
F  m1m2
 Newton's law of gravitation (for a given pair of particles)
1
 Earth's gravitational force F
r2
(for a given separation between

 Variation in the value of the particles)

m1 m 2
gravitational acceleration (g) So F
r2
 Mass & weight
m1m 2
or FG
 Equation of motion for freely r2
falling object Here G is a constant known as the universal
constant of gravitation. G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2
 G is independent of the masses of the bodies
and the distance between them.
 FORCE OF GRAVITATION  Newton's law of gravitation is applicable for
everybody in the universe.
Any two particles in the universe attract each
other. This force is called the force of Note : The force between any two bodies in
gravitation. the universe is called the force of gravitation
 This concept was given by Newton. while the force with which earth attracts a
body is called the force of gravity.
NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITATION
 Some Scientific Phenomenon Based on
According to newton, "Any two bodies in Gravitational Force :
 The gravitational force between the sun and
universe attract each other with a force
the earth keeps the earth moving around the
directly proportional to the product of their
sun.
masses and inversely proportional to the
 The gravitational force b/w the earth and the
square of the distance between them."
moon keeps the moon moving around the
 Mathematical expression
earth.
Lat A and B be two particle of mass m1 and
 Existence of our solar system is due to
m2 respectively. Let the distance AB = r.
gravitational force.
By the law of gravitational, the particle A
attracts the particle B with a force F such that.

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 Gravitation force of the sun and the moon on Distance between them is to be taken equal to
the earth's water surface is responsible for the the radius of earth.
tides in sea.  r = 6.4 × 106 m
 Atmosphere above the earth is held due to Substituting these values, we get
gravitational force of the earth. 6.67  10 11  6 10 24  50
F= = 488.5 N
 Gravitational force between the sun and (6.4 10 6 ) 2
planet keeps the planet moving around the Ex. 3 Compare the gravitational forces exerted by
sun. the sun and the moon on earth. Which exerts
 Gravitational force is responsible for a greater force on earth ?
providing the centripetal force required by the (Given : mass of sun, Ms = 4 × 1031 kg; mass of
planets. moon, Mm = 6.3 × 1022 kg; distance between
The attractive force of the earth is responsible 12
sun and earth, rse=1.3 × 10 m and the distance
for providing the centripetal force required by
between moon and earth, rme= 4.5 × 108m)
moon.
Sol. If mass of sun is Ms and mass of earth is Me
 Newton's Third Law of Motion and Law of
and distance between the sun and earth is rse,
Gravitation :
then force exerted by the sun on earth is
 Newton's third law of motion is applicable to
GM s M e
gravitation also. Fs = ...(1)
(rse ) 2
Ex. if the earth exerts a force of attraction on
a body, the body also exerts an equal and Similarly, if mass of moon is Mm, mass of
earth is Me, the distance between moon and
opposite force of attraction on the earth.
earth is rme, then force exerted by moon on
 As a = F/m
the earth is
mass of the body is larger, acceleration
GM m M e
produced will be smaller and vice versa. Fm = ...(2)
(rme ) 2
Ex. 1 Calculate the force between two masses of
100 kg and 1000 kg separated by a distance Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get
2
of 10 m (G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2). Fs
=
GM s M e
×
rme
Sol. According to Newton's law of gravitation, Fm (rse ) 2 GM m M e
force of attraction between two bodies is Ms (r ) 2
= × me 2
Gm1m 2 Mm (rse )
F=
r2 2
4  10 31  4.5 108 
Here, m1 = 100 kg; m2 = 1000 kg ; = ×   = 76.07
12 
6.3  10 22  1.3 10 
r = 10 m ; G = 6.67 × 10–11Nm2/kg2
The force exerted by the sun on earth is
6.67 10 11 100 1000
 F= about 76 times the force exerted by the moon
(10) 2
on earth.
= 6.67 × 10–8 N Ex. 4 If mass and radius of earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg
Ex. 2 Given mass of earth = 6 × 1024 kg, radius of
and 6.4 × 106 m respectively, calculate the
earth = 6.4 × 106 m. Calculate the force of
force exerted by earth on a body of mass
attraction experienced by a man of mass 50 kg.
1 kg. Also, calculate :
Sol. Force of gravitation is given by the
(i) acceleration produced in the body of mass
Gm1m 2
expression, F= 1 kg, and
r2
(ii) acceleration produced in the earth
Here, mass of earth, m1 = 6 × 1024 kg;
mass of man, m2 = 50 kg
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Sol. From Newton's law of gravitation, we know 
Due to this force, a body released from some
that the force of attraction between two height on the earth's surface falls towards the
bodies is given by earth with its velocity increasing at a constant
Gm1m 2 rate.
F=
r2  Acceleration due to Gravity :
Here, m1 = mass of earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg;  The acceleration produced in a body due to

m2 = mass of body = 1 kg attraction of earth is called the acceleration

r = distance between the two bodies due to gravity and is denoted by 'g'.
GM
= radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m g  9.8 m/s2
R2
G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2
near the earth surface
6.67  10 11  6.0 10 24  1
 F = = 9.8 N g e 9.8
(6.4  10 6 ) 2 g on moon   m/s2
6 6
This shows that earth exerts a force of 9.8 N  A body moving upwards with some initial
on a body of mass of 1 kg. The body will velocity, experiences a retardation of
exert an equal force of attraction of 9.8 N on 9.8 m/s2 & its velocity decreases continuously
earth. unless it becomes zero.
(i) Acceleration produced in the body of mass  After this, it again starts falling towards the
1kg earth with the same acceleration of 9.8 m/s2.
Force = mass × acceleration  The value of g is minimum at equator and
F 9.8 maximum at poles.
 Acceleration, a = = = 9.8 m/s2
m 1 The value of g does not depend upon the
Thus, the acceleration produced in a body of mass of the body falling towards the earth.
mass 1 kg due to attraction of earth is
9.8 m/s2, which is quite large. Thus, when a VARIATION IN THE VALUE OF
body is released, it falls towards the earth  GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g)
with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2, which can be
(A) Variation with altitude or height :
easily observed.
 When a body moves above the earth's surface
(ii) Acceleration produced in the earth
the distance of the body from the centre of
Similarly, acceleration of earth is given by
earth increases there by decreasing the force
Force 9 .8
= = of attraction.
Mass of earth 6.0  10 24
GM
= 1.63 × 10–24 m/s2  g= ; at the earth's surface.
R2
This shows that the acceleration produced in
GM
the earth by a body of mass 1 kg is  g= ; at a height h above the earth's
(R  h ) 2
1.63 × 10–24 m/s2 which is very small and
surface.
cannot be observed.
 As we go above the earth's surface the value

EARTH'S GRAVITATIONAL FORCE of g goes on decreasing.

 The force which earth exerts on a body is h

GMm
called 'force of gravity'. i.e. F = MR
R2 Earth
Where M = mass of the earth, R = radius of
the earth.
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(B) Variation with depth d : value of acceleration due to gravity (g) on the
 As we go deeper inside the earth, the body surface of the earth.
gets attracted by the core of the earth which is Sol. The formula for the acceleration due to
smaller in mass. gravity is given by
d GM
R
g= 2
R
R-d Here, G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2;
M = mass of earth = 6 × 1024 kg;
R = radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m
 As we go inside the earth, the value of g
6.67 10 11  6 10 24
decreases. g= = 9.8 m/s2
(6.4 106 ) 2
 Force of attraction decreases and thus
decreasing the value of g and becoming zero Ex. 6 Calculate the value of acceleration due to
at the centre. gravity on a planet whose mass is 4 times as
that of the earth and radius is 3 times as that
(C) Variation due to rotation of the earth : of the earth.
Due to the rotation of the earth, the weight of Sol. If M is the mass of the earth and R is the
a body is maximum at the poles and radius of earth, the value of acceleration due
minimum at the equator. to gravity on the earth (ge) is given by
GM
ge= ...(1)
R2
 MASS & WEIGHT
Let us consider a planet such that mass of the
Mass Weight
planet is equal to 4 times the mass of earth.
Mp = 4M
1. Mass of a body Weight of a body is the
Radius of the planet is equal to 3 times the
is defined as force with which it is
radius of earth.
the quantity of attracted towards the
Re = 3R
matter centre of the earth.
Then, acceleration due to gravity on this
contained in it. W = mg
planet(gp) is
2. Mass of a body Weight of a body
G  ( 4M ) 4 GM
remains changes from place to gp = 2
= . ...(2)
(3R ) 9 R2
constant and place. It depends upon
does not the value of g. Weight Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get
change from of a body on another 4 GM
gp  2 gp
place to place. planet will be different. 4
= 9 R or =
3. Mass is Weight is measured by ge GM ge 9
measured by a a spring balance. R2
pan balance. 4
or gp = (ge)
4. Unit of mass is Unit of weight is 9
kg. newton or kg-wt. Since ge = 9.8 m/s2
5. Mass of a body Weight of a body can be 4
 gp = × 9.8 = 4.35 m/s2
cannot be zero. zero. 5
Ex. astronauts experience Thus, acceleration due to gravity on the given
weightlessness in planet is 4.35 m/s2.
spaceships. Ex. 7 Given the mass of the moon = 7.35 × 1022 kg
6. Mass is a Weight is a vector and the radius of the moon = 1740 km.
scalar quantity. quantity. Calculate the acceleration experienced by a
particle on the surface of the moon due to the
Ex. 5 Given mass of earth is 6 × 1024 kg and mean gravitational force of the moon. Find the ratio
of this acceleration to that experienced by the
radius of earth is 6.4 × 106 m. Calculate the
same particle on the surface of the earth.

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Sol. If Mm is the mass of the moon and Rm is its Now acceleration due to gravity on Mars,
radius, then the acceleration experienced by a GM m
body on its surface is given by gm =
R 2m
GM m
a= Here, Mm = 6 × 1023 kg; Rm = 4.3 × 106m
R 2m
6.67 10 11  6 10 23
Here, Mm = 7.3 × 1022 kg;  gm = = 2.17 m/s2
Rm = 1740 km = 1.74 × 106 m (4.3 10 )
6 2

11 Now, weight of the man on Mars will be

6.67 10  7.3 10 22
 a = = 1.57 m/s2 Wm = m × gm = 60 × 2.17 = 130.2 N
(1.74 10 6 ) 2
While the acceleration due to gravity on the
surface of the earth, is given by
EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR
GM e 6.67 10 11  6 10 24  FREELY FALLING OBJECT
ge = = = 9.8 m/s2 
R e2 (6.4 10 6 ) 2
Comparing acceleration due to gravity on Since the freely falling bodies fall with
moon to that on the earth is uniformly accelerated motion, the three
a 1.57 equations of motion derived earlier for bodies
= = 0.16
g 9 .8 under uniform acceleration can be applied to
Ex. 8 At what height above the earth's surface the the motion of freely falling bodies. For freely
value of g will be half of that on the earth's falling bodies, the acceleration due to gravity
surface ? is 'g', so we replace the acceleration 'a' of the
Sol. We know that the value of g at earth's surface equations by 'g' and since the vertical distance
is of the freely falling bodies is known as height
GM 'h', we replace the distance 's' in our equations
g= ...(1) by the height 'h'. This gives us the following
R2 modified equations for the motion of freely
While the value of g at a height h above the falling bodies.
earth's surface is given by
GM Equations of
g´ = ...(2)
(R  h ) 2 motion for
General equation of motion
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get freely falling
2 2 bodies
g'  R   R 
=  or g´ = g   (i) v = u + at changes to v = u + gt
g Rh Rh 1 1 2
g
(ii) s  ut  at 2 changes to h  ut  gt
Here, g´ = 2 2
2
2 v2 = u2 + 2gh
g  R  (iii) v2 = u2 + 2 as changes to
 =g  
2 Rh
We shall use these modified equations to
Rh solve numerical problems. Before we do that,
or = 2
R we should remember the following important
or R + h = 2 R points for the motion of freely falling bodies.
or h = ( 2 – 1)R (i) When a body is dropped freely from a height,
or h = (1.41 – 1) × 6400 = 0.41 × 6400 its initial velocity 'u' becomes zero
= 2624 km (ii) When a body is thrown vertically upwards, its
Ex. 9 Given mass of the planet Mars is 6 × 1023 kg final velocity 'v' becomes zero
and radius is 4.3 × 106 m. Calculate the (iii) The time taken by body to rise to the highest
weight of a man whose weight on earth is 600 point is equal to the time it takes to fall from
N. (Given g on earth = 10 m/s2) the same height.
Sol. Weight of the man on earth, W = mg (iv) The distance travelled by a freely falling body
or 600 = m × 10 or m = 60 kg is directly proportional to the square of time
So the mass of the man is 60 kg which will of fall.
remain the same everywhere.
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 EXERCISE # 1

A. Very Short Answer Type Questions B.  Short Answer Type Questions

Q.1 Give the formula to calculate the gravitational Q.16 How does the gravitational force change
force of attraction. between two objects when the distance
between them is doubled ?
Q.2 What is the value of gravitational constant ?
Q.17 Why two stones do not come closer, even if
Q.3 What is the unit of gravitational constant ? there is gravitational force of attraction
between them ?
Q.4 Does the gravitational force between two
bodies change, if some other material body is Q.18 Under what conditions our weight becomes
placed between them ? zero? Give examples.
Q.19 An astronaut inside a spaceship orbiting
Q.5 What is the approximate value of acceleration round the earth feels weightlessness. Explain.
due to gravity on the surface of earth ?
Q.20 The weight of a body is less inside the earth
Q.6 What is the unit of acceleration due to than on the surface. Why?
gravity?
Q.21 For two bodies of different masses,
Q.7 State the relation between g and G on earth. acceleration due to gravity is same or
different? Explain.
Q.8 What is the effect of altitude on the value of g ?
Q.22 Newton's law of gravitation states that there is
Q.9 What is the weight of a body at a height equal to a force of attraction between two bodies. Why
the radius of earth above the earth's surface ? do we not observe the motion of two stones
lying on the floor moving towards each other ?
Q.10 Is the weight of body more at the equator or /

at poles ? Q.23 Calculate the force of attraction between two

bodies of masses 100 kg and 60 kg
Q.11 Which force is responsible for the earth respectively separated by a distance of 5 m
revolving round the sun ? from each other.
Q.12 A stone is released from some height, it Q.24 If the distance between two bodies is
moves towards the earth. Does the earth also decreased by a factor of 4, by what factor the
move towards the stone ? force of attraction will change ?
Q.13 A light and a heavy body, both are dropped Q.25 Calculate force of attraction on a body of
simultaneously from the same height. Which mass 50 kg lying on the surface of earth.
will strike the ground earlier ? Given that the mass of earth = 6 × 1024 kg
Q.14 As we go inside the earth, what is the effect radius of the earth = 6.4 × 106 m and
on the value of g ? G = 6.67 × 10–11Nm2/kg2.

Q.15 What is the value of g at the centre of earth? Q.26 What happens to the weight of a body when it
is falling freely under gravity ?

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51 51
Q.27 Although, the value of G is very small, but all
the objects near the surface of earth fall
towards the earth. Why ?

Q.28 Calculate the force of gravitation between

two bodies each of mass 80 kg and placed
16 cm apart. (Take G = 6.67 × 10–11
Nm2/kg2)

1
Q.29 The mass of Mars is th and its radius is
10
half of that of the earth. Calculate value of g
on the surface of Mars.

Q.30 What is the weight of a body whose mass is

25 kg ?

C.  Long Answer Type Questions

Q.31 Discuss the terms gravitation and gravity with
suitable examples.

Q.32 State Newton's law of gravitation. State the

unit and value of gravitational constant.

Q.33 Discuss the various factors on which the

value of g depends.

Q.34 Compare the gravitational attraction on the

earth due to the attraction of sun due to
attraction of moon. Given mass of sun = 2 ×
1030 kg, mass of moon = 7.35 × 1022 kg,
distance of sun from earth = 1.5 × 1011 m,
distance of moon from earth = 3.84 × 108m.

Q.35 A body weighs 160 N on the surface of the

earth. Calculate his weight at a height of
3.6 × 106 m from the surface of the earth.
Radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m.

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 EXERCISE # 2

Single correct answer type questions Q.8. The value of G in year 1900 was
6.673 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2, The value of G in the
Q.1 When an apple falls from a tree: year 2007 will be :
(A) only earth attracts the apple (A) 6.673 × 10–9 Nm2 kg–2
(B) only apple attracts the earth (B) 6.673 × 10–10 Nm2 kg–2
(C) both the earth and the apple attract each (C) 6.673 × 10–2 Nm2 kg–2
other (D) 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2
(D) none attracts each other
Q.9 Value of G on surface of earth is
Q.2 Force of attraction between two bodies does
6.673 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2, then value of G on
not depend upon :
surface of Jupiter is :
(A) the shape of bodies
(B) the distance between their centres (A) 12 × 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2
(C) the magnitude of their masses 6.673
(B) × 1 0–11 Nm2 kg–2
(D) the gravitational constant 12
(C) 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2
Q.3 When the medium between two bodies 6.673
(D) × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2
changes, force of gravitation between them : 6
(A) will increase
(B) will decrease Q.10 The earth attracts the moon with a
(C) will change according to the environment gravitational force of 1020 N. Then the moon
(D) remains same
attracts the earth with a gravitational force of:
(A) 10–20 N (B) 102 N
Q.4 S.I. unit of G is :
(C) 1020 N (D) 1010 N
(A) Nm2 kg–2 (B) Nm kg–2
(C) N kg2M–2 (D) Nkg m–2
Q.11 The orbits of planets around the sun are:
Q.5 The value of universal gravitational constant: (A) circular (B) parabolic
(A) changes with change of place (C) elliptical (C) straight
(B) does not change from place to place
(C) becomes more at night Q.12 Law of gravitation is applicable for:
(D) becomes more during the day (A) heavy bodies only
(B) medium sized bodies only
Q.6 The value of G in S.I. unit is : (C) small sized bodies only
(A) 6.67 × 10–9 (B) 6.67 × 10–10
(D) bodies of any size
(C) 6.67 × 10–11 (D) 6.67 x 10–12

Q.13 The universal law of gravitation was

Q.7 The gravitational force between two bodies
varies with distance r as : proposed by :
(A) 1/r (B) 1/r2 (A) Copernicus (B) Newton
(C) r (D) r2 (C) Galileo (D) Archimedes

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Q.14 Choose the correct statement : (B) is in the same direction as the direction of
(A) All bodies repel each other in the its motion
universe. (C) increases as it comes down
(B) Our earth does not behave like a magnet. (D) become zero at the highest point.
(C) Acceleration due to gravity is 8.9 ms–2
(D) All bodies fall at the same rate in Q.21 The acceleration due to gravity on the moon's
vacuum. surface is:
(A) approximately equal to that near the
Q.15 The value of acceleration due to gravity (g) earth's surface
on earth's surface is : (B) approximately six times that near the
(A) 6.67 x 10–11 Nm2 kg2 earth's surface
(B) 8.9 m/sec2 (C) approximately one-sixth of that near the
(C) 9.8 m/sec2 earth's surface
(D) none of these (D) slightly greater than that near the earth's
surface
Q.16 The acceleration due to gravity:
(A) has the same value everywhere in space Q.22 The force acting on a ball due to earth has a
(B) has the same value everywhere on the magnitude Fb and that acting on the earth due
earth to the ball has a magnitude Fe Then :
(C) varies with the latitude on the earth (A) Fb = Fe (B) Fb > Fe
(D) is greater on moon because it has smaller (C) Fb < Fe (D) Fe = 0
diameter

Q.23 Force of gravitation between two bodies of

Q.17 When a space ship is at a distance of two
mass 1 kg each kept at a distance of 1 m is :
earths radius from the centre of the earth, the
gravitational acceleration is : (A) 6.67 N (B) 6.67 × 10–9 N
(A) 19.6 ms–2 (B) 9.8 m/s–2 (C) 6.67 × 10–11 N (D) 6.67 × 10–7 N
(C) 4.9 m/s 2 (D) 2.45 ms–2
Q.24 The force of gravitation between two bodies
Q.18 If planet existed whose mass and radius were does not depend on:
both half of the earth, the acceleration due to (A) their separation
gravity at the surface would be : (B) the product of their masses
(A) 19.6 m/sec2 (B) 9.8 m/s2 (C) the sum of their masses
(C) 4.9 ms–2 (D) 2.45 m/s2 (D) the gravitational constant

Q.19 A stone is dropped from the top of a tower.

Q.25 The ratio of the value of g on the surface of
Its velocity after it has fallen 20 m is
moon to that on the earth's surface is :
[Take g = 10 ms–2] :
(A) 5 ms–1 (B) 10 m s–1 (A) 6 (B) 6
(C) 15 m s–1 (D) 20 m s–1 1 1
(C) (D)
6 6
Q.20 A ball is thrown vertically upwards. The
acceleration due to gravity: Q.26 Order of magnitude of G in S.I. unit is :
(A) is in the direction opposite to the (A) 10–11 (B) 1011
direction of its motion (C) 10 –7 (D) 107

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Q.27 The S.I. unit of g is : Q.34 The weight of an object is :
(A) m2/s (B) m/s2 (A) the quantity of matter it contains
(C) s/m2 (D) m/s (B) refers to its inertia
Q.28 If the distance between two masses be (C) same as its mass but is expressed in
doubled then the force between them will different units
become : (D) the force with which it is attracted
towards the earth
1
(A) times (B) 4 times
4
1 Q.35 Weight of an object depends on :
(C) times (D) 2 times
2 (A) temperature of the place
(B) atmosphere of the place
Q.29 The type of force which exists between (C) mass of an object
charged bodies is (D) none of these
(A) only gravitational
(B) neither gravitational nor electrical Q.36 The mass of body is measured to be 12 kg on
(C) only electrical the earth. Its mass on moon will be :
(D) both electrical and gravitational (A) 12 kg (B) 6 kg
(C) 2 kg (D) 72 kg
Q.30 The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2
(A) Much above the earth's surface Q.37 A heavy stone falls:
(B) Near the earth's surface (A) faster than a light stone
(C) Deep inside the earth (B) slower than a light stone
(D) At the centre of the earth (C) with same acceleration as light stone
(D) none of these
Q.31 A particle is taken to a height R above the
earth's surface, where R is the radius of the Q.38 A stone is dropped from the roof of a building
earth. The acceleration due to gravity there is - takes 4s to reach the ground. The height of
(A) 2.45 m/s2 (B) 4.9 m/s2 the building is :
(C) 9.8 m/s2 (D) 19.6 m/s2 (A) 19.6m (B) 39.2 m
(C) 156.8 m (D) 78.4 m
Q.32 When a body is thrown up, the force of
gravity is : Q.39 A ball is thrown up and attains a maximum
(A) in upward direction height of 19.6 m. Its initial speed was:
(B) in downward direction (A) 9.8 ms–1 (B) 44.3 ms–1
(C) zero (C) 19.6 ms–1 (D) 98 ms–1
(D) in horizontal direction
Q.40 The value of g at pole is :
Q. 33 Mass of an object is : (A) greater than the value at the equator
(A) amount of matter present in the object (B) less than the value at the equator
(B) same as weight of an object (C) equal to the value at the equator
(C) measure of gravitational pull (D) none of these
(D) none of these

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Q.41 Two bodies A and B of mass 500 g and 200 g Q.43 The weight of a body is 120 N on the earth. If
respectively are dropped near the earth's it is taken to the moon, its weight will be
surface. Let the acceleration of A and B be aA about:
and aB respectively, then: (A) 120 N (B) 60 N
(A) aA = aB (B) aA > aB (C) 20 N (D) 720 N

(C) aA< aB (D) aA aB

Q.44 Two iron and wooden balls identical in size
are released from the same height in vacuum.
Q.42 A body is thrown up with a velocity of
The time taken by them to reach the ground
20 m/s. The maximum height attained by it is
are-
approximately:
(A) not equal (B) exactly equal
(A) 80 m (B) 60 m
(C) regularly equal (D) zero
(C) 40 m (D) 20 m

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1

1. F = G m1 m2 /r2 2. 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2 3. Nm2/kg2

GM
4. No 5. 9.8 m/s2 6. m/s2 7. g =
R2
8. Decreases 9. mg/4 10. poles
11. Gravitational force 13. Both 14. decreases 15. zero
23. 1.6 × 10–8 N 24. 16 times 25. 490 N 28. 1. 6675 × 10–5N
29. 3.92 m/s2 30. 245 N 34. 1800 : 1 35. 81.9 N

EXERCISE-2

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans C A D A B C B D C C C D B D C
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans C D A D A C A C C C A B A D B
Ques 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Ans A B A D C A C D C A A D C B

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 SOUND 5
CHAPTER

 OSCILLATORY MOTION
CONTENTS
 Periodic motion (i) If a body in periodic motion moves along the
same path to and fro about a definite point
 Oscillatory motion (equilibrium position), then the motion of the
body is a vibratory motion or oscillatory
 Introduction to wave motion motion
 Characteristic of wave motion Note: Resultant force acting on the particle is
zero in equilibrium condition.
 Classification of wave motion (ii) It is to be noted here that every oscillatory
motion is periodic but every periodic motion
 Terms used for defining wave is not oscillatory
motion
 Introduction to sound  INTRODUCTION TO WAVE MOTION

 Production & propagation of sound Most of us have seen the formation of ripples
 Characteristic of sound when a small stone (pebble) is dropped into a
pond. The disturbances created by the stone in
 Reflection of sound the water produces ripples which move outwards
 Audible, ultrasonic and infrasonic towards the shore of the pond.
If you examine the motion of a leaf floating near
waves the disturbance for a short while on a steady day,
 Ultrasound you would see that the leaf moves up and down
 Application of ultrasound about its original position, but does not move
away or towards the source of disturbance. This
 Sonic boom indicates that the disturbance (such as a water
 Human ear wave) moves from one place to another, but the
water is not carried with it. The water particles
simply move up and down their mean positions.
The formation of ripples on the surface of water
PERIODIC MOTION is an example of wave motion.
 Wave Motion : The movement of a
(i) When a body repeats its motion continuously disturbance produced in one part of a medium
on a definite path in a definite interval of time to another involving the transfer of energy but
then its motion is called periodic motion. not the transfer of matter is called wave
(ii) The constant interval of time after which the motion.
motion is repeated is called the 'Time period Examples :
of motion.' (T) (i) Formation of ripples on the water surface.
Example : Time period of hour hand is 12 (ii) Propagation of sound waves through air or
hours. any other material medium.

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  CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION medium through which speed of light (3 × 108
they travel. m/s) in vaccum. The
The main characteristics of wave motion speed of an
are described below : electromagnetic wave

In wave motion, the particles of the medium in any material
vibrate about their mean positions. The medium is less than
particles of the medium do not move from that in vaccum.
one place to another.
3. Mechanical waves are due (EMW) a

A wave motion travels at the same speed in
to the vibrations of the electromagnetic
all directions in the given medium. The speed particles of the medium. waves are not due to
of a wave depends upon the nature of the
vibration of medium
medium through which it travels.
particles

During a wave motion, energy is transferred
4. Mechanical waves may be Electromagnetic are
from one point of the medium to another.
longitudinal or transverse transverse waves.
There is no transfer of matter through the
waves.
medium.
5. Example : Sound waves, Examples : Light
water waves, string waves waves, radio and TV
 CLASSIFICATION OF WAVE MOTION are mechanical waves. waves, and X-rays are
(A) On the Bases of Necessity of Medium electromagnetic
Required
 MECHANICAL WAVES : (B) On the Basis of mode of Vibration of the
The wave which propagates only in a material Particle
medium are called elastic or mechanical waves.  TRANSVERSE WAVES
Example : Sound waves, Water waves (ripples), A wave in which the particles of the medium
Waves on stretched strings, Earthquake waves oscillate about their mean position in a
and the Shock waves produced by a supersonic direction perpendicular to the direction of
aircraft are mechanical (or elastic) waves. propagation of the wave is called a transverse
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES : wave.
Wave which do not require any material medium Transverse waves can travel through solids
for their propagation are called. electromagnetic and over the surface of liquids, but not
waves. through gases.
Example : Light waves, Radio waves, Television
Examples : Following are the examples of
waves, and X-rays are electromagnetic waves.
Thus, Light waves, Radio and Television waves, transverse waves :
and X-rays can also travel through vaccum. (i) The water waves (ripples) produced on the
surface of water is transverse waves. In water
Difference between Mechanical waves &
electromagnetic waves waves, the molecules of water move up and
down from their mean positions.
Mechanical waves Electromagnetic (ii) A pulse on a slinky when it is given a jerk is a
waves transverse wave.
1. Mechanical waves need a Electromagnetic (iii) All electromagnetic waves, e.g., light waves,
material medium for their waves do not need
radio waves etc., are transverse waves.
propagation. These waves any material medium
cannot travel through for their propagation. (iv) The waves produced in a stretched string
vacuum. These waves can when plucked are transverse waves. When a
travel through string of sitar (a musical instrument) or guitar
vacuum. is plucked, transverse waves are produced in
2. Speed of mechanical (EMW) a
the string.
waves are low and depends electromagnetic
upon the source and the waves travel with the
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 
Graphical Representation :  Difference between Transverse &
y-axis Longitudinal Wave

Displacement + Crest Crest Crest Longitudinal Transverse waves

0 1 In a longitudinal In a transverse
– Trough Trough wave the particles wave, the particles
Distance of the medium of the medium
Displacement-distance graph for a transverse waves oscillate along the oscillate in a
direction of direction
(a) Crest : The highest point on the hump in a
propagation of the perpendicular to the
transverse wave is called a crest. Thus, the wave. direction of
point of maximum positive displacement on a propagation of the
transverse wave is called a crest. wave
(b) Trough : The lowest point on the depression 2 Longitudinal Transverse waves
in a transverse wave is called a trough. Thus, waves can can propagate
the point of maximum negative displacement propagate through through solids, and
solids, liquids, as over the surface of
on a transverse wave is called a trough.
well as gases. liquids, but not
 LONGITUDINAL WAVES : through gases.
A wave in which the particle of the medium
3 Longitudinal Transverse waves
oscillate (vibrate) to and fro about their mean
waves consist of consist of crests
position in the direction of propagation of the compression and and troughs.
wave is called a longitudinal wave. rarefactions.
Longitudinal waves can be produced in any
medium, viz., in solids, liquids and in gases. TERMS USED FOR DEFINING WAVE
Example : MOTION
(i) Sound waves are longitudinal waves.  Wave Length : The distance between two
(ii) The waves produced in a spring (slinky) by nearest points in a wave which are in the
compressing a small portion of it and same phase of vibration is called the wave
releasing are longitudinal waves. length. In simple words it is the length of one

Graphical Representation : complete wave. It is denoted by lambda, .
Y  Crest
A

C R C R C
C R
Distance
(a) Compression` : The `part of a longitudinal
wave in which the density of the particles of  Amplitude : The amplitude of a wave is the
the medium is higher than the normal density magnitude of maximum displacement of the
is called a compression. vibrating particles on the either side of their
(b) Rarefaction : The part of a longitudinal wave mean position. It is denoted by the letter A
in which the density of the particles of the and its SI unit is metre (m).
medium is lesser than the normal density is  Time-Period : The time required to produce
called a rarefaction. one complete wave (or cycle) is called time-
period of the wave.


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  Frequency : The frequency of an oscillating Ex. 2 A source produce 50 crests and 50 troughs in
particle is the number of oscillations completed 0.5 second. Find the frequency.
in one second. The unit of frequency is hertz (or Sol. 1 crest and 1 trough = 1 wave
Hz). The frequency of the wave is 1\T. It is  50 crests and 50 troughs = 50 waves
generally represented by  (nu) Number of wave
 Wave Velocity : The distance travelled by Now, Frequency,  =
Time
the wave in one second is called the wave 50
velocity. It is represented by 'v' and its unit is = = 100 Hz
0 .5
ms–1.
Phase : All the points on a wave which are in
the same state of vibration are said to be in Ex. 3 Sound waves travel with a speed of 330 m/s.
the same phase. Thus, in the wave shown in What is the wavelength of sound waves
fig. whose frequency is 550 Hz ?
B F J Sol. Given velocity, v = 330 m/s,
A
C K Frequency,  = 550 Hz
v
v 330
E G I  wavelength, = = = 0.6 m
D H  550
Direction of Propagation
(a) Points B, F and J are in the same phase – all Ex. 4 The wave length of sound emitted by a source
lie on the crests. is 1.7 × 10–2 m. Calculate frequency of the
(b) Points D and H are in the same phase – both sound, if its velocity is 343.4 ms–1.
lie on the troughs. Sol. The relation ship between velocity, frequency
(c) Points A, E and I are in the same phase. All and wave length of a wave is given by the
these points are just about to start their formula v =  × 
vibration in the upward direction from their Here, velocity, v = 343.4 ms–1
mean positions. frequency  = ?
(d) Points C, G and K are in the same phase. All and wavelength, = 1.7 × 10–2 m
these points are just about to start their So, putting these values in the above formula,
vibration in the downward direction from we get :
–2
their mean positions. 343.4 =  × 1.7 × 10
 343.4
 RELATION BETWEEN WAVE VELOCITY, =
1.7  10  2
FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH FOR A
PERIODIC WAVE. 343.4 10 2
= = 2.02 × 104 Hz
1.7
dis tance covered
 wave velocity = Thus, the frequency of sound is 2.02 × 104
Time taken hertz.
wave length
=
Time taken Ex. 5 A wave pulse on a string moves a distance of
8m in 0.05 s.

or v= ...(1) (i) Calculate the velocity of the pulse.
T (ii) What would be the wavelength of the wave on
1
since  = , equation (1) can also be written as the same string, if its frequency is 200 Hz ?
T Sol. (i) Velocity of the wave,
v =  ...(2) Dis tance covered 8m
wave velocity = Frequency × wave length v= = = 160 m/s
Time taken 0.05s
Ex. 1 If 50 waves are produced in 2 seconds, what (ii) Periodic wave has the same velocity as that of
is its frequency ? the wave pulse on the same string.
Number of wave produced
Sol. Frequency,  = v 160 m / s
Time taken  Wavelength,  = = = 0.8 m
 200 Hz
50
= = 25 Hz Thus, the wavelength of the wave is 0.8 m.
2

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Ex. 6 A person has a hearing range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Ex. 9 A stone is dropped into a well 44.1 m deep.
What are the typical wavelengths of sound The sound of splash is heard 3.13 seconds
waves in air corresponding to these two after the stone is dropped. Calculate the
frequencies ? Take the speed of sound in air velocity of sound in air.
as 340 m/s. Sol. First we calculate the time taken by the stone
Sol. Given : v1 = 20 Hz, V = 340 m/s to reach the water level by using the relation:
v 340 1 2
 1 = = = 17 m s = ut + gt
1 20 2
v2 = 20 kHz = 20,000 Hz, v = 340 m/s Here s = 44.1 m, u = 0, g = 9.8 m/s2
1
  =
v
=
340
= 1.7 × 10–2 m = 1.7cm   44.1 = 0 × t + × 9.8 × t2
2
2 20,000
44.1 2
 The typical wavelengths are 17 m and 1.7 cm. or t2 = =9
9.8
or t=3s
Ex. 7 A longitudinal wave is produced on a toy Time taken by the sound to reach the top of
string. The wave travels at a speed of 30 cm/s the well
and the frequency of the wave is 20 Hz. What t2 = 3.13 – 3 = 0.13 s
is the minimum separation between the Now, speed of sound
consecutive compressions of the string ? Dis tance 44.1 m
= = = 339.2 m/s
Sol. Given, Velocity, v = 30 cm/s Time 0.13 s
Frequency, v = 20 Hz
Minimum separation between the two
 INTRODUCTION TO SOUND
consecutive compressions is equal to one
wavelength and   Sound is a form of energy that produces the
v 30 cm / s sensation of hearing in our ears.
= = = 1.5 cm Frequency range of audible sound for human
 20 Hz
is between 20Hz to 20 KHz
Ex.8 Wave of frequency 200 Hz produced in a
 Sound need Material to Travel : You have
string is represented in figure. Find out the
following : learnt in previous section that vibrations
40 cm produce sound. To produce vibrations, we
B
need a material body. Therefore, we can say
10 cm that a medium is needed for sound to travel.
A C E G
Sound can travel through air (or gases),
D liquids and solids, but not through vacuum.
H
 Speed of Sound : The speed of sound is the
(i) amplitude rate at which sound travels from the sound
(ii) wavelength producing body of our ears. The speed of
(iii) wave velocity sound depends on the
Sol.(i) Amplitude = Maximum displacement = 10 (i) Nature of Material (or medium) through
cm which it travels. Speed of sound in air is 344
(ii) Wavelength  = Distance between two m/s.
successive crests = 40 cm (ii) Temperature : As the temperature increases
(iii) Now, frequency, n = 2 Hz
the speed of sound in air increases.
Wavelength,   = 40cm = 0.4 m (iii)Humidity of Air : Sound travel first in
 Wave velocity, v = v= 200 × 0.4 m/s humid air.
= 80m/s

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 
The Time Gap between 'Seeing' and propagation of the sound wave. Therefore, Sound
'Hearing' is due to the difference between the waves are called longitudinal waves.
time taken by the light and the sound to travel The sound waves propagate in any material
from the source to the observer. medium as a series of compressions or
The speed of light high 3 × 108 meters per rarefactions.
second (30 crore metres per second) and the
speed of sound in the air under normal  SOUND WAVE CAN BE STUDIED IN
conditions is 344 metres per second. So, the TERMS OF PRESSURE AND DENSITY
light travels almost instantaneously, whereas WITH DISTANCE AND TIME.
sound takes some time. Pressure & density is high for the particle whose
 Sound Wave are Longitudinal Waves : amplitude is less, i.e. at compression state.
Sound travels through air in the form of
longitudinal waves.  CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUND

(A) LOUDNESS
PRODUCTION & PROPAGATION OF SOUND
Loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude of
the vibration producing that sound. Greater is the
 Production of sound amplitude of vibration, louder is the sound
Sound is produced when an object vibrates produced by it.
(moves back and forth rapidly). In other word,
sound is produced by vibrations of objects. The loudness of a sound also depends on the
 Propagation of sound quantity of air that is made to vibrate. Loudness
When an object vibrates (and makes sound), then of sound is measured in decibel (dB) unit.
the air layers around it also start vibrating in Sound dB Loudness
exactly in the same way and carry sound waves
Rocket at take Dangerously
from the sound producing object to our ears. 200
off loud
Transmission of sound requires a material
medium so it cannot travel through vacuum. Aircraft engine 100–200 Painfully loud


In laboratory a vibrating tuning fork is used for Pneumatic drill 100 Very loud
producing sound. During vibration, the prong of Heavy traffic 90 Very loud
the tuning fork moves from one extreme position
Loud music 90 Very loud
to another about its mean position (the position
when it is at rest). Ordinary
40-60 Moderate
coversation
Let us now see what happens in the air near a
vibrating prong of a tuning fork. Whisper 20 Faint
Rustling of
10 Very faint
leaves

C R C R (B) PITCH
The shrillness of a sound is called its pitch. The
pitch of a sound depends upon its frequency.
A vibrating object creating a series of
compression (C) and rarefactions (R) in the Higher the frequency of a sound, higher is its
medium pitch.
 The voice of a child or a woman has higher
 SOUND AS A LONGITUDINAL WAVE frequency than the voice of a man.
When a sound wave travels through the air, the  The faster is the vibration of the source
molecules in the air oscillate to and fro about object, higher is the frequency and therefore
their mean positions in the direction of higher is the pitch.

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 
Higher pitch of any sound corresponds to Hard board
larger number of compressions and
rarefactions passing a point per unit time.
A B
Wave Low pitch
Distance High pitch
Watch
Ear
Reflection of sound from a hard surface
Wave shape  Sound waves have much longer wavelength
than the light waves. Therefore unlike light
The stretched membrane of a tabla or mridangam
waves, sound waves do not need smooth
produces sound of a higher frequency (or of
surfaces for suffering reflection. That is why,
higher pitch).
a brick wall, a wooden board, a row of trees,
(C) QUALITY
a hill etc. serve as the reflectors of sound
Quality of a sound is also called timbre. The
waves.
quality of sound is the characteristic which
To have an appreciable reflection of sound
enable us to distinguish between the sounds
waves from any surface, it should have
produced by different sources.
dimensions equal or larger than the
The more pleasant sound is said to be of rich
wavelength of the sound waves falling on it.
quality.
That is, a smaller object will not reflect the
A sound of single frequency (called pure sound) is
sound waves of larger wavelength.
called a tone.

A tuning fork produces the sound of a single
ECHO
frequency. The sound which is a mixture of The sound returning back towards the source
several frequencies is called an impure sound (or after suffering reflection from a distance obstacle
note) is pleasant to listen. (a wall, a row of building etc.) is called an echo.
Different instruments, depending on their shape When the sound is reflected repeatedly from a
and size, produce different number of harmonics number of obstacles, more than one echoes,
of different relative loudness. As a result, the called multiple echoes are heard. Multiple echoes
sound produced by an instrument can be may be heard one after the other when sound gets
distinguished from that produced by other repeatedly reflected from distant high rise
instruments. buildings or hills. The rolling of thunder is an
example of multiple echo formation.
 REFLECTION OF SOUND
Sound waves like light waves also get The two sounds–one direct and the other echo,
can be heard distinctly provided the distance
reflected from plane and spherical surfaces.
between the observer and the reflecting surface is
During reflection, sound waves obey the laws
large enough to allow the reflected sound to
of reflections. The reflection of sound from a reach him without interfering with the direct
hard surface can be observed by performing a sound. Since the sensation of sound persists for
simple experiment on the equipment as 1/10 second after it is produced, the echo can be
shown in fig. heard distinctly only if it reaches at least 1/10
second after the original sound is produced.

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 
Minimum distance between the observer 
and the obstacle for echo to be heard :  PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE
Let REFLECTION OF SOUND
Distance between the observer and the Some simple devices based on multiple reflection
obstacle = d of sound are,
Speed of sound (in the medium) = v  Stethoscope
Time after which echo is heard = t   Megaphone, Loudhailer, Horns
2d vt  Trumpet, Shehanais
Then, t = or d =  Curved ceiling of concert hall/conference
v 2
We know hall/cinema hall
 Soundboards
Speed of sound in air at 25ºC = 343 ms–1
For an echo to be heard distinctly,
Stethoscope : Stethoscope is a medical
t 0.1 s
diagnostic instrument based on multiple
343ms 1  0.1s reflection of sound waves. This is used by
Then d 
2 doctors for listening to the sounds produced
or d 17.2 m inside the body, particularly in the heart or lungs.
Thus, the minimum distance (in air at 25ºC)
between the observer and the obstacle for the
echo to be heard clearly should be 17.2 m.
The speed of sound increases with a rise in
temperature. Therefore, the minimum
distance in air between the observer and the   Megaphone : Megaphone is a horn-
obstacle for an echo to be heard clearly at shaped tube. Megaphones are used for
temperatures higher than 25ºC is more than addressing a small group of people.
17.2 m. In rooms having walls less than 17.2 Speaking tube is a hollow tube– one end is
m away from each other, no echo can be the speaker's end, whereas the other one is the
heard. listener's end.
In these devices, the sound waves suffer
 REVERBERATION reflection repeatedly and the energy of the
The repeated reflection that results in the waves remains confined to the tube. The
persistence of sound in a large hall is called sound waves are prevented from spreading
reverberation. out.

Curved ceiling

It is for this very reason that loudspeakers

also have horn-shaped opening.
  Ear Trumpet (or Hearing Aid) : Ear
trumpet or hearing aid is used by the persons
Stage who are hard of hearing. The sound waves
received by the wide end of the trumpet are
Excessive reverberation in any auditorium/hall is reflected into a much narrower area, leading it
not desirable because the sound becomes blurred to the ear. This increases amplitude of the
and distorted. The reverberation can be vibrating air inside the ear and helps in
minimised/reduced by covering the ceiling and improving hearing.
walls with sound absorbing materials, such as,   Sound Boards and Curved Ceiling and
fiber-board, rough plaster, draperies, perforted Walls in Large Halls : The arched ceiling
cardboard sheets etc. and walls of large halls or auditorium often
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 reflect the sound waves. These reflected A longitudinal wave whose frequency is above
sound waves interfere with the words of the the upper limit of audible range i.e. 20 kHz, is
speaker. This problem is solved by hanging called ultrasonic wave. It is generated by very
curtains, putting up screens or by using sound small sources.
boards. A sound board is often a concave Ex. Quartz crystal
rigid surface. The speaker is located at the (c) Infrasonic wave :
focus of the sound board placed behind the A longitudinal elastic wave whose frequency is
speaker. The sound board the reflected sound below the audible range i.e. 20 Hz, is called an
waves parallel. This enable the sound to reach infrasonic wave. It is generally generated by a
large distances. large source.
Source of sound Ex. Earthquake.

 ULTRA SOUND
S  The sound waves having frequency higher than
20,000 Hz is called ultrasonic waves or
ultrasound. Human beings cannot hear
Sounding board ultrasound. Dogs, bats and dolphins can hear
ultrasound. For example bats and dolphins can
The sound board prevents the spreading out
hear sound waves having frequencies of about
of the sound waves in different directions.
150,000 Hz. Bats and dolphins detect the
Ex. 10 A girl hears the echo of his own voice from a
presence of any obstacle by hearing the echo of
distance hill after 3 second. The speed of
the sound produced by them.
sound in air is 340 m/s. What is the distance
Ultrasound finds many technological
of the hill from the girl ?
applications.
Sol. Let d be the distance of the hill from the girl.
Characteristics of Ultra Sound :
Total distance travelled by the sound in going
and coming back = 2d Ultrasound (or ultrasonic waves) are found very
Now, useful due to the following reasons :
Total dis tan ce travelled 2d  Ultrasound (or ultrasonic) waves are high
v= =
Time taken t frequency sound waves. So these waves have
2d short wavelength. These short wavelength
 340 =
3 sound waves can be reflected back from the
 d = 510 m smaller objects. Thus, ultrasound can detect
smaller objects (< 1 cm size). The sound
waves in the audible range cannot detect or
 AUDIBLE, ULTRASONIC AND
INFRASONIC WAVES 'see' objects smaller than having size ranging
from a few tens of centimeters to a few
(a) Audible Wave :
metres.
The human ear is sensitive to sound waves of
 Ultrasound beam is more directional and can
frequency between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This range
be aimed towards any target just like a torch.
is known as audible range and these waves are
These waves remain undeviated over long
known as audible waves.
distances.
Ex. Waves produced by vibrating sitar, guitar,
organ pipes, flutes, shehnai etc.
(b) Ultrasonic waves : 

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  APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND particles get detached and the object is
 thoroughly cleaned.
 Bats fly in the darkness of night without
Some important applications of ultrasound are
colliding with other objects by the method of
described below :
echolocation. Bats emit high frequency
 In ultrasonic spectacles for blind people :
ultrasonic squeaks while flying and listen to
Such a spectacle is fitted with a transmitter
the echoes produced by the reflection of their
and a receiver. The receiver produces a high
squeaks from the objects in their path. From
or low sound in the person's ear depending
the time taken by the echo to be heard, bats
upon whether the object causing the echo is
can judge the distance of the objects in their
near or far.
path and hence avoid it by changing the
 For medical use : Ultrasound is used to
detect any infirmity / deformity in the unborn direction. Bats search their prey at night by
baby (X-rays cannot be used for this purpose the method of echolocation.
because X-rays may harm the unborn baby).
In this method, an ultrasonic transmitter /
receiver is moved across the mother's
stomach. Different tissues (skin, muscles,
bones) reflect the sound waves differently to
produce many echoes. The machine uses
these echoes to construct a picture on the Echo
screen. Any deformity / infirmity in the baby
can be detected and proper treatment could be Bat Ultrasonic
prescribed. squeak Prey
This technology has been misused for (Flying insect)
knowing the sex of the unborn baby. It has
been noticed that many people force the 
would-be mother to have an abortion if the SONAR :
The word 'SONAR' stands for
unborn baby is identified to be a female baby.
This practice is unethical and a social crime. Sound Navigation and Ranging.
Our Government has banned such practices. (A) Principle of Sonar : Sonar is an apparatus
We all should work together to eradicate this which is used to find the depth of a sea or to
social menace. locate the under water things like shoals of fish,
 In echocardiography : In this medical enemy submarines etc. Sonar works by sending
short bursts of ultrasonic sound from a ship down
diagnostic technique, ultrasonic waves are
into sea water and then gets echo produced by
used to construct the image of the heart. the reflection of ultrasonic sound from under-
 For determining the depth of sea : Ships water objects like bottom of sea, shoal of fish, a
use ultrasound to determine the depth of the submarine.
sea by echo-sounding method. A transmitter (B) Working of Sonar :
on the ship sends ultrasound towards the sea-
bed and the receiver receives the echo. From
the time gap between the two signals, the Ship
depth of the sea can be estimated. This is
illustrated below. Water
 For clearing hard to reach places : sonar
Ultrasonic waves are also used for clearing Receiver
hard to reach places, such as spiral tube, odd Transmitter
shaped machine parts / components, Ultra sound Reflected ultra
electronic components etc. The object to be pulse sound pulse
cleaned is kept in the 'cleaning solution' and (Echo)
Bottom of sea
the solution is subjected to the ultrasonic
waves. The high frequency (ultrasonic)
waves stir up the dust / dirt particles. These

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 (i) A transmitter (for emitting ultrasonic waves) Sol. Given : Speed of sonar pulse, V = 1531 ms–1,
and (ii) a receiver (for detecting ultrasonic Time interval of return journey of the pulse,
waves). Now suppose a sonar device is attached t = 1.02s
to the under-side of a ship and we want to Let the distance of the underwater cliff be S.
measure the depth of sea (below the ship). To do For distance S of the cliff, the pulse travels a
this the transmitter of sonar is made to emit a total distance of 2S in return journey.
pulse of ultrasonic sound with a very high From relation, distance = speed × time
frequency of about 50,000 hertz. This pulse of 2S = vt
ultrasonic sound travels down in the sea-water vt
We have, S
towards the bottom of the sea. When the 2
ultrasonic sound pulse strikes the bottom of the 1531ms 1  1.02s
sea, it is reflected back to the ship in the form of S
2
an echo. This echo produces and electrical signal S = 780.8 m
in the receiver part of the sonar device. The sonar
device measures the time taken by the ultrasonic REASON FOR USING ULTRASONIC
sound pulse to travel from the ship to the bottom WAVES IN SONAR
of the sea and back to the ship. Half of this time (i) Ultrasonic waves have a very high frequency
gives the time taken by the ultrasonic to travel due to which they can penetrate deep in sea
from the ship to the bottom of the sea. water without being absorbed.
d = Depth of sea (ii) Ultra sonic waves cannot be confused with
v = Velocity of sound in sea water the noise, such as the voice of engines of
t = time recorded by the recorder
ship. It is because the ultrasonic waves are
2d
v not perceived by human ear.
t
Ex.11 The ultrasonic waves take 4 seconds to travel
 SONIC BOOM
from the ship to the bottom of the sea and 
back to the ship. What is the depth of the sea When a body moves with a speed which is
? (Speed of sound in water = 1500 m/s.) greater than the speed of sound in air, it is said to
Sol. The time taken by the ultrasonic sound waves be travelling at supersonic speed jet fighters,
to travel from the ship to the sea-bed and bullets, etc, often travel at supersonic speed, and
back to the ship is 4 seconds. So, the time when they do so, they produce a sharp, loud
taken by the ultrasonic sound to travel from sound called a sonic boom.
the ship to sea-bed will be half of this time, The source moves at a speed greater than that of
sound, sound waves travelling at the speed of
4
which is  2 seconds. This means that the sound, are left behind. The high-pressure layers
2
due to sound waves originating at different points
sound takes 2 seconds to travel from the ship bunch together as shown in figure. Actually,
to the bottom of the sea these layers fall on the surface of an imaginary
dis tan ce cone of which OA, OB is a part. The total
Now, Speed 
Time pressure on the surface of this cone is very high.
Dis tan ce The source is at the apex of this cone. As the
So, 1500 
2 source moves ahead, it drags the cone together
And, Distance = 1500 × 2m = 3000m with it. when the surface of the cone reaches a
Ex.12 A submarine emits a sonar pulse which person, the ears experience a sudden increase in
returns from the underwater cliff in 1.02 s. If pressure. After the surface crosses him, the
the speed of sound in salt water is 1531 ms–1, pressure is suddenly reduced. This causes the
how far away is the cliff ?
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 person to hear a sharp, loud sound-the sonic Three tiny ear bones
boom. Pinna Hammar Anvil Stirrup
A region consisting of a very-high-pressure layer
followed by a lower-pressure layer travels Auditory
Sound nerve
through the space together with the cone. This is waves (Goes to
Ear Ear
called a shock wave. This shock wave gives rise enter brain)
canal drum
to the sonic boom when it reaches a person. here
Eustachian tube Oval Cochlea
The shock waves produced by supersonic aircraft window
(Goes to threat)
have enough energy to shatter glass and even
damage weak structure.
Outer ear Middle ear inner ear
A

The inner ear has a coiled tube called cochlea.

One side of cochlea is connected to the middle ear
through the elastic membrane over the oval
O window. The cochlea is filled with a liquid. The
liquid present in cochlea contains nerve cells
which are sensitive to sound. The other side of
cochlea is connected to auditory nerve which goes
into the brain.
B man
(b)
Working of human ear :
Sound waves from outside are collected by the
 THE HUMAN EAR outer ear (called pinna) and reach the eardrum
through the auditory canal. When the sound
(a) Structure of human ear : waves strike the eardrum, (tympanic membrane) it
The ear consists of three compartments : outer starts vibrating. These vibrations are passed on to
ear, middle ear and inner ear. the oval window by three bones (called the
The part of ear which we see outside the head is hammer, anvil and stirrup) which act as a lever
called outer ear. The outer ears consists of broad with the pivot at point P. They magnify the force
part called pinna and about 2 to 3 centimeters of the vibrations.
long passage called ear canal. At the end of ear The oval window has a smaller area than the
canal there is a thin, elastic and circular eardrum. So, this increase pressure on the oval
membrane called ear-drum. The ear-drum is also window and on the liquid in the cochlea.
called tympanum. The outer ear contains air. The The vibrations of the liquid in the cochlea affect
middle ear contains three small and delicate bones thousands of auditory nerves which send message
called hammer, anvil and stirrup. These ear bones to the brain.
are linked to one another. One end of the bone Our ears are very delicate and fragile organs.
called hammer is touching the ear-drum and its Proper care must be taken to keep them in healthy
other end is connected to the second bone called state.
anvil. The other end of anvil is connected to the Some suggestions to keep the ears healthy are
third bone called stirrup and the free end of stirrup given below :
is held against the membrane over the oval  Never insert any pointed object into the ear. It
window of inner ear. The middle ear also contains can damage the eardrum and make a person
air. The lower part of middle ear has narrow tube deaf.
called 'eustachian tube' going to the throat.  Never shout loudly into someone's ear.
Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to throats  Never hit anyone hard on his / her ear.
and ensures that the air pressure inside the middle
ear is the same as that on the outside

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 EXERCISE # 1
Q.19 A worker lives at a distance of 1.32 km from
AVery Short Answer Type Questions the factory. If the speed of sound in air be 330
m/s, how much time will the sound of factory
siren take to reach the worker ?
Q.1 At what position the velocity of the bob of an
oscillating simple pendulum is maximum and Q.20 The flash of a gun is seen by man 3 seconds
where is it minimum ? before the sound is heard. Calculate the
distance of the gun from the man (speed of
Q.2 What is transferred by wave motion from one sound in air is 332 m/s).
point to the other– matter or energy ?
Q.21 State the general name of the waves in which
Q.3 What are the SI units of wavelength and the particles of the medium vibrate :
frequency of a wave ? (i) in the same direction as wave.
Q.4 Define velocity of a wave. (ii) at right angles to the direction of wave.
Q.22 Calculate the wavelength of an ultrasonic
Q.5 What is the separation between two
successive crests and troughs ? wave of frequency 105 Hz. The velocity of
sound is 330 m/s.
Q.6 What is the speed of electromagnetic waves?
Q.23 Two sound waves in air have wavelengths
Q.7 A simple pendulum completes 20 oscillations ratio 1 : 3. Find their frequency ratio.
in 10 seconds. Calculate its time period.
Q.24 The wavelength of a sound wave is 66 m.
Q.8 If the distance between the two extreme Calculate the frequency of the wave if the
positions of a simple pendulum is 3 cm, what velocity of sound is 330 m/s, would this
is its amplitude ? sound be audible to the human ear ?
Q.9 When a wire of sitar is plucked, what type of Q.25 If the period of small ripples on water is 0.1 s
waves are produced in (i) the wire and and their wavelength is 5 cm, what is the
(ii) air ? speed of the waves ?
Q.10 What is the relation between time period and Q.26 Longitudinal waves travel in a coiled spring at a
frequency. rate of 4 ms–1. The distance between two
consecutive compressions is 20 cm. Find (i) the
BShort Answer Type Questions wave length and (ii) frequency of the wave.

Q.11 Why does the motion of a simple pendulum

stop? CLong Answer Type Questions
Q.12 Can two persons hear each other on moon ? Q.27 Define transverse waves and longitudinal
Explain with reason. waves. State the main difference between
them.
Q.13 A ship sends a signal and receives it back
from a submarine after 5s. Speed of sound in Q.28 What is sound ? What is the cause of every
water is 1450 m/s. Calculate distance of sound ? Give some examples of sources
submarine from the ship. producing sound.
Q.14 What are ultrasonic waves and infrasonic Q.29 What do you mean by reflection of sound ?
waves? Briefly explain some applications of
reflection of sound.
Q.15 Explain working of a sonar.
Q.16 Explain industrial uses of ultrasonic waves. Q.30 Define the following terms : wavelength, time
period, frequency and velocity of a wave.
Q.17 On what principle does a megaphone works?
.
Q.18 What type of scans are used these days to see
the developing baby in the uterus ?

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 EXERCISE # 2

Single correct answer type questions Q.11 Sound waves can not pass through–
(A) A solid liquid mixture
Q.1 A sound wave travels from east to west, in (B) A liquid gas mixture
which direction do the particles of air move– (C) An ideal gas
(A) East-west (B) North-south (D) A perfect vaccum
(C) Up and down (D) None of these
Q.12 A periodic wave is characterized by–
(A) Phase only (B) Wavelength only
Q.2 In which medium sound travels faster–
(C) Frequency only (D) All the above
(A) solid (B) liquid
(C) gas (D) none of these Q.13 The speed of sound is maximum in–
(A) Air (B) Hydrogen
Q.3 What is the name of short duration wave– (C) Water (D) Iron
(A) Pulse (B) Frequency
Q.14 When sound waves travelling in air enter into
(C) Time period (D) Velocity the medium of water, the quantity which
remains unchanged is–
Q.4 What is the velocity of sound in water at (A) Wavelength (B) Velocity
room temperature– (C) Frequency (D) None
(A) 1500 m/s (B) 330 m/s
(C) 1500 km/s (D) 330 km/s Q.15 For the echo of the last syllable of the speech
to be heard the least distance of the reflector
must be (approximately)–
Q.5 The unit of quantity on which pitch of the (A) 22 metre (B) 32 metre
sound depends is– (C) 110 metre (D) 340 metre
(A) Hertz (B) metre
(C) metre/second (D) second Q.16 During summer, an echo is heard–
(A) Sooner than during winter
Q.6 The unit of quantity on which loudness of (B) Later than during winter
sound depends is– (C) After same time as in winter
(A) metre (B) Hertz (D) Rarely
(C) metre/second (D) second
Q.17 The velocity of sound in air at 30°C is
Q.7 Nature of sound wave is– approximately–
(A) transverse (B) longitudinal (A) 332 ms–1 (B) 350 ms–1
(C) 530 ms–1 (D) 332 kms–1
(C) electromagnetic (D) seismve
Q.18 With the rise of temperature, the velocity of
Q.8 Pitch of high frequency sound is–
sound–
(A) high (B) low
(A) Decreases
(C) zero (D) infinite (B) Increases
(C) Remains the same
Q.9 Voice of a friend is recognised by its– (D) Is independent of temperature
(A) pitch (B) quality
(C) intensity (D) velocity Q.19 Infrasonic frequency range is–
(A) below 20 Hz (B) 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Q.10 Sound waves in air are– (C) Above 20 kHz (D) No limit
(A) longitudinal waves
Q.20 Ultrasonic frequency range is–
(B) Radio waves
(C) Transverse waves (A) below 20 Hz (B) 20 Hz to 20 kHz
(D) Electromagnetic waves (C) Above 20 kHz (D) No limit

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Q.21 The speed of sound in air at constant
temperature–
(A) Decreases with increase of pressure
(B) Increases with increase of pressure
(C) Remains the same with the increase in
pressure
(D) None of these

Q.22 The frequency of sound waves in water is –

(A) Same as that of frequency of source
(B) Less than frequency of source
(C) More than frequency of source
(D) None

Q.23 The equipment (device) used for locating the

position and distance of an object inside sea,
using ultrasound is called–
(A) Pukar (B) Upkar
(C) Radar (D) Sonar

Q.24 Human ear can hear–

(A) audible sound (B) infra sound
(C) ultra sound (D) all the above

Q.25 A sonar echo takes 4.4s to return from a

submarine. If the speed of sound in water is
1500 ms–1, then the distance of submarine
from the sonar is-
(A) 1500 m (B) 3000 m
(C) 3300 m (D) 3600 m

Q.26 The eardrum is a–

(A) bone (B) coiled tube
(C) stretched membrane (D) fluid

Q.27 The part of the ear, that is filled with a liquid

is the –
(A) cochlea (B) ear canal
(C) anril (D) hammer

Q.28 A fishing boat sonar detects a shoal of fish 190 m

below it. How much time elapsed between
sending the ultra sonic signal which detected the
fish and receiving the signals echo ? (speed of
sound in sea water is 1519 ms–1)–
(A) 0.25 s (B) 0.50 s
(C) 0.75 s (D) 1.0 s

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 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE-2
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans A A A A A A B A B A D D D C A
Ques 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans A B B A C C A D A C C A A

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