CLASS IX

CHAPTER 15

IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD
RESOURCES Part -2

Ankush Kumar
Tgt Sc.
 IMPROVEMENT IN
FOOD RESOURCES

Animal
Crops husbandry

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 Animal Husbandry
Animal husbandry is the scientific management of
animal livestock.
It includes various aspects such as feeding,
breeding and disease control.

Animal Husbandry

Cattle Poultry Fish Bee

Farming Farming Production Keeping

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 CATTLE FARMING
Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes—
• Milk(Milk-producing females are called Milch
Animals or dairy animals

• Draught labour for agricultural work such as tilling,

irrigation and carting. (by draught animals.)
Indian cattle belong to two different species-
Bos indicus, cows, & Bos bubalis,
buffaloes.

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Milch animals (dairy animals),

Milk production depends, to some extent, on the
duration of the lactation period, meaning the
period of milk production after the birth of a calf.
Milk production can be increased by increasing the
lactation period.

Exotic or foreign Cross Local breeds (

breeds (Jersey, breeding Red
Brown Swiss) Sindhi, Sahiwal)
Show long show excellent
lactation periods Resistance to
Desired Qualities diseases.
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 Hybridization
Exotic or foreign breeds (Jersey, Brown Swiss )
Local breeds (Red Sindhi, Sahiwal).
Cross-breeding will give qualities of both.

Sindhi Jersey
Excellent resistance to Long lactation
diseases. periods

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 Food requirements
The food requirements of dairy animals are of two
types:
 Maintenance requirement- to live a healthy life
 Milk producing requirement- requirement during
lactation period.
Animal feed includes:
 Roughage which is largely fibre
 Concentrates- low in fibre and contain high
levels of proteins and other nutrients.
 Additives containing micronutrients promote the
health and milk output of dairy animals
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 Animal shelter
Proper cleaning and shelter facilities for cattles are
required for humane farming, for the health of the
animals and for production of clean milk as well.

Animals require
 regular brushing to remove dirt and loose hair.
 well-ventilated roofed sheds that protect them
from rain, heat and cold.
 sloping floor of cattle shed to stay dry and to
facilitate cleaning.

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 Cattle diseases

Cause Effect
s Internal & s Reduced
external milk
parasites production

Death in
Virus &
severe
bacteria
cases
Worms affect stomach and intestine while Flukes damage
liver.
Vaccinations is essential against major viral and bacterial 10
Poultry Farming

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 Poultry Farming
Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic
fowl for egg production(layers) and chicken
Meat(broilers).
Cross Poultry
breeding disease
s

Egg & broiler production

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 Cross breeding
Indian- indegenous X Foreign- exotic
Eg Aseel Crossed Eg-Leghorn) breeds
Variety improvement for desirable traits—
I. number and quality of chicks.
II. dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production.
III. summer adaptation capacity/ tolerance to high
temperature.
IV. low maintenance requirements.
V. reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with ability to
utilize more fibrous cheaper diets formulated using
agricultural by-products.

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 Egg & Broiler production
 Broiler chickens are fed with
vitamin-rich supplementary feed
for good growth rate & better feed
efficiency.
 Care is taken to avoid mortality
and to maintain feathering and
carcass quality.
 Daily food requirement -protein
rich with adequate fat & level of
vitamins A and K is kept high in
the poultry feeds.
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Good production of Poultry birds

• Maintenance of temperature and hygienic

conditions in housing
• Poultry feed, as well as prevention and control
of diseases and pests.

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 Poultry diseases
Causes of diseases Prevention techniques to
• Virus reduce loss of poultry
• Bacteria
• Fungi  Cleaning
• Parasites  Sanitation
• Nutritional  Appropriate
deficiencies..  Vaccination
 spraying of
disinfectants at regular
intervals

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 Indian varieties

At ICAR Directorate of poultry research

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Fish production

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 Fish production
There are two ways of obtaining fish.
One is from natural resources, which is
called
Capture fishing.
Commercially raising fishes in tanks is
called
Sources to obtain
Culture fishery.
fish
MARINE FISHERIES (ii) INLAND FISHERIES

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MARINE FISHERIES


Marine fish are caught using many kinds of
fishing nets from fishing boats.
Popular marine fish varieties
Pomphret
Mackerel
Tuna
Sardines,
Bombay duck

Yields are increased by locating large schools of

fish in the open sea using satellites and echo-
sounders. 20
 High economic value fishes
Fish of high
economic value &
sea food
Finned fishes
Peneaus monodon like mullets
(marine)
Bhetki
Pearl spots
Shellfish
Prawns
Mussels
Oysters
Seaweed
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 Mariculture
Culturing raising marine fishes in enclosed portion
of ocean or culture fisheries, a practice called
mariculture.

Mrs. Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 22

 INLAND FISHERIES- Aquaculture
Fresh water Brackish water resources
resources - seawater and fresh
• Canals water mix
• Ponds • Estuaries
• Reservoirs • lagoons
• Rivers.
Fish culture is sometimes
done in combination with
a rice crop, so that fish
are
grown in the water in the
paddy field. 23
 Composite fish culture
A combination of five or six
fish species -in a single
pond.
 These species -do not
compete for food
among them
 have different types of
food habits
 As a result, the food
available in all the parts
of the pond is used.
 Increase fish yield
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Problems of Composite fish culture
Most of the fish breed only during monsoon.
Even if fish seed is collected from the wild, it
can be mixed with other species. So, a major
problem in fish farming is the lack of
availability of good quality seed.

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Solution for Composite fish culture
Breed these fish in ponds using hormonal
stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure
fish seed in desired quantities.

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Bee keeping

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Bee Keeping -Honey Production
Benefits
• Bee-keeping needs low investments
• Farmers use it as an additional income
generating activity.
• In addition to honey, the beehives are a
source of wax which is used in various
medicinal preparations

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 Bee varieties
Varieties of bees
Local
1.Apis cerana indica, -Indian bee
2 Apis Dorsata- Rock bee
3.Apis florae- Little bee

An Italian bee variety

1.Apis mellifera- High yield variety and is used for
commercial honey production.
For commercial honey production, bee farms or
apiaries are established.
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 Honey Quality
The value or quality & taste of honey depends upon
1. Pasturage, or the flowers available to the bees
for nectar and pollen collection.
2. Adequate quantity of pasturage
3.Kind of flowers available will determine the taste
of the honey.

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 Summary on finger tips – Animal
Husbandry

Animal
husbandry

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 Thank you

Want to get more information

?
Please visit the site of National Bee Board --https:
//nbb.gov.in/ to know more about the recent
developments in Bee keeping.

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