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C Primer Plus 1st Edition Klaus Michelsen Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Klaus Michelsen
ISBN(s): 9780672321528, 0672321521
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.16 MB
Year: 2001
Language: english
 C#
Primer Plus

Klaus Michelsen

201 West 103rd St., Indianapolis, Indiana, 46290 USA

C# Primer Plus ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
Jeff Koch
Copyright © 2002 by Sams Publishing ACQUISITIONS EDITOR
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, Neil Rowe
or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
DEVELOPMENT EDITOR
without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect
Kevin Howard
to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken
in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors MANAGING EDITOR
or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the infor- Matt Purcell
mation contained herein.
PROJECT EDITOR
International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32152-1 George E. Nedeff
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001089509
COPY EDITOR
Printed in the United States of America Pat Kinyon
First Printing: November 2001
INDEXER
04 03 02 01 4 3 2 1 Rebecca Salerno
PROOFREADER

Trademarks Plan-It Publishing

TECHNICAL EDITOR
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have Brad Shannon
been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this infor-
mation. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any TEAM COORDINATOR
trademark or service mark. Denni Bannister
MEDIA DEVELOPER
Dan Scherf
Warning and Disclaimer INTERIOR DESIGNER
Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but Gary Designer
no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis.
COVER DESIGNER
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PAGE LAYOUT
Plan-It Publishing
Brad Lenser
 CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
CHAPTER 1 Computers and Computer Programming: Basic Concepts . . . . . . . .7
CHAPTER 2 Your First C# Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
CHAPTER 3 A Guided Tour through C#: Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
CHAPTER 4 A Guided Tour through C#: Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
CHAPTER 5 Your First Object-Oriented C# Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
CHAPTER 6 Types Part I: The Simple Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
CHAPTER 7 Types Part II: Operators, Enumerators and Strings . . . . . . . . . . .201
CHAPTER 8 Flow of Control Part I: Branching Statements and
Related Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
CHAPTER 9 Flow of Control Part II: Iteration Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
CHAPTER 10 Arrays Part I: Array Essentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
CHAPTER 11 Arrays Part II: Multidimensional Arrays—
Searching and Sorting Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
CHAPTER 12 Class Anatomy Part I: static Class Members
and Method Adventures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
CHAPTER 13 Class Anatomy Part II: Object Creation and
Garbage Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
CHAPTER 14 Class Anatomy Part III: Writing Intuitive Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583
CHAPTER 15 Namespaces, Compilation Units and Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . .635
CHAPTER 16 Inheritance Part I: Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663
CHAPTER 17 Inheritance Part II: abstract Functions, Polymorphism,
and Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707
CHAPTER 18 Structs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761
CHAPTER 19 Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771
CHAPTER 20 Delegates and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
CHAPTER 21 Preprocessing, XML Documentation, and Attributes . . . . . . . . . .815
CHAPTER 22 File I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833
CHAPTER 23 Recursion Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .851
APPENDIX A Answers to Quizzes and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .867
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .955
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

C H A P T E R 1 : Computers and Computer Programming: Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . .7

C# Is an Object-Oriented Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Computer Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
The Nature of Main Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
The Number Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Overall Process of Executing a C# Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
The Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Programming Languages and Compilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Introducing .NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Compiling C# Source Code in .NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
C H A P T E R 2 : Your First C# Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
The Software Development Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Algorithms and Pseudocode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
The Three Different Types of Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Object-Oriented Programming: A First Encounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Process-Oriented Programming and Its Innate Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Object-Oriented Programming and Its Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Software Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
The Assembly, the Basic Unit of Code Reuse in .NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
The Assembly Developer’s Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
The Assembly User’s Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
The .NET Framework Class Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
C#: History and Design Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
C#’s Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
C#’s Design Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
What Kind of Programs Can I Write with C#? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
The Mechanics of Creating a C# Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
 Before Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Choosing a Text Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
The Seven Steps to Writing a Simple C# Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Opening and Using the Command Console (Step 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Typing and Saving the C# Source Code (Step 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Turn the Source Code into a PE (.exe) File (Step 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
If the Compiler Detects Syntax Errors (Step 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Run the Program (Step 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Verify the Output (Step 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Time to Celebrate (Step 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
A Brief Source Code Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Note on Syntax Errors and Compilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
C H A P T E R 3 : A Guided Tour through C#: Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Abstraction and Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
A Note on Learning Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
An Interactive Hello World! Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Presenting Hello.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Basic Elements of Hello.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
A Few Fundamental Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
C H A P T E R 4 : A Guided Tour through C#: Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Essential Elements of SimpleCalculator.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Presenting SimpleCalculator.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
A Closer Look at SimpleCalculator.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Simplifying Your Code with Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Methods as Building Blocks: Encapsulating Your Helper Methods
with the private keyword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
vi C# PRIMER PLUS

C H A P T E R 5 : Your First Object-Oriented C# Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Lexical Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Identifiers and CaPitaLIzaTioN Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Comments and Source Code Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Some Thoughts on Elevator Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Concepts, Goals and Solutions in an Elevator Simulation
Program: Collecting Valuable Statistics for Evaluating an Elevator System .116
Object-Oriented Programming: A Practical Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Presenting SimpleElevatorSimulation.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Overall Structure of the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
A Deeper Analysis of SimpleElevatorSimulation.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Class Relationships and UML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
C H A P T E R 6 : Types Part I: The Simple Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Types in C#: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
What Is a Type? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
C#: A Strongly Typed Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
The Advantages of Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
The Types of C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Simple Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Overview of the Simple Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Integer Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
The Blipos Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Floating-Point Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
The decimal Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Floating-Point, decimal, and Integer Value Compatibilities . . . . . . . . . . .190
Explicit Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Constants: Symbolic Names for Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
Formatting Numeric Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
The bool Type: A Brief Encounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
 CONTENTS vii

C H A P T E R 7 : Types Part II: Operators, Enumerators, and Strings . . . . . . . . . . . .203

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Arithmetic Operators and Numerical Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
Associativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Parentheses and Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
The Modulus Operator (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Unary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Unary Plus and Unary Minus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Increment and Decrement Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
Determining the Type of an Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Conversions and the Unary Plus/Minus Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
Combining Different Types in One Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Accessing the Metadata of a Component: A Brief Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .228
Enumerated Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Enumerator Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
The Methods of System.Enum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
Characters and Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
The char Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
The Double Life of char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
The string type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
string Literals and string Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Verbatim Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Working with Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
Embedding Formatted Numbers in a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
Working with strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
C H A P T E R 8 : Flow of Control Part I: Branching Statements and
Related Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Introduction to Flow of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
Branching with the if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
The Simple if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
Compound Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
The Optional else Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
Comparison Operators and Boolean Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
Nested if Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
viii C# PRIMER PLUS

Multibranch if-else Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287

Only Use the default_statement for Genuine Defaults in
Multibranch if-else Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290
Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292
The Logical AND Operator: && . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
The Logical OR Operator: || . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
Short Circuit Evaluation and the Bitwise Operators & and | . . . . . . . . . . .300
The Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator: ^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
The Logical NOT Operator: ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
The Scope of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
Scope and Lifetime of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
The goto Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309
The switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
switch Statement Rule 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
switch Statement Rule 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
switch Statement Rule 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
switch Statement Rule 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
Working with switch Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
The Conditional Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
C H A P T E R 9 : Flow of Control Part II: Iteration Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
Traversing, Analyzing, and Generating Sequences of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330
The while Loop Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
The do-while Loop Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336
The for Loop Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339
The Jump Statements break and continue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
The break Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
The continue Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Structured Programming and Structured Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Combination Assignment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
Nested Iteration Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366
 CONTENTS ix

C H A P T E R 1 0 : Arrays Part I: Array Essentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367

Declaring and Defining an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368
Accessing Individual Array Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
Array Indexes Out of Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
Adjusting for the Zero-Based Array Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Initializing Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383
Traversing an Entire Array with the foreach Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385
System.Array Is a Reference Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
Arrays and Equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Arrays and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
Array Elements As Method Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
Array References As Method Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
Cloning an Array Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396
A Method to Perform Array Value Equality Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Command Line Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402
Using Arrays As Return Values from Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
Arrays and Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
Array Elements Referencing Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
Arrays As Instance Variables in Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
Case Study: Bank Simulation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
C H A P T E R 1 1 : Arrays Part II: Multidimensional Arrays—
Searching and Sorting Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
Multidimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428
Two-Dimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429
Jagged Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447
Arrays of More Than Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays with the foreach Statement . . . . . . .454
The Built-In Methods of System.Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
Special Array Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458
Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458
Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466
Sequential Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
Binary Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
Searching with System.Array’s IndexOf Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
x C# PRIMER PLUS

C H A P T E R 1 2 : Class Anatomy Part I: static Class Members and

Method Adventures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
The Anatomy of a Class: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482
Data Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
Instance Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
static Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486
Constant Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493
readonly Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494
Declaring Data Members: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494
Function Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .495
static Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533
C H A P T E R 1 3 : Class Anatomy Part II: Object Creation and
Garbage Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
Instance Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536
Why Do We Need Instance Constructors? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536
Working with Instance Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
Overloading Instance Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544
The Constructor Initializer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550
private Instance Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553
static Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553
The readonly Member . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554
Garbage Collection: Automatic Dynamic Memory Management . . . . . . . . . .556
How Do Objects Get Out of Reach? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556
The Tasks of the Garbage Collector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Freeing Scarce Resources Other Than Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580
C H A P T E R 1 4 : Class Anatomy Part III: Writing Intuitive Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584
Properties Versus Accessor and Mutator Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585
Properties Are Speedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591
Implementing Delayed Initialization and Lazy Updates with Properties . .593
 CONTENTS xi

Indexers: Using Objects Like Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597

Calling an Indexer from within the Object It Inhabits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600
Indexer Overloading: Multiple Indexers in the Same Class . . . . . . . . . . .601
Avoid Overusing Indexers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .606
Operator Overloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .607
User-Defined Operator Overloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .608
User-Defined Implicit and Explicit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617
Two Cases in Need of User-Defined Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618
Using Non-User-Defined Conversion Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .619
The Syntax of User-Defined Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620
Combining User-Defined and Implicit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .626
Nested Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .628
The Advantages of Nested Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .629
A Simple Nested Class Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .629
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .630
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .631
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
C H A P T E R 1 5 : Namespaces, Compilation Units, and Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . .635
Defining Your Own Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .635
The Global Nameless Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637
Namespaces and Compilation Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637
Nested Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639
Namespace Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .642
More About the using Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .643
Class and Namespace Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
Compile Units, Namespaces, and Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .645
Compiling Several Compile Units into One Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
Reusing the Namespaces Contained in an Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
Separating Namespaces into Several Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652
Exploring Assemblies with the Ildasm Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .659
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .661
C H A P T E R 1 6 : Inheritance Part I:Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663
The Need for Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664
Life Without Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665
Inheritance Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .672
Overriding Function Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675
Access Modifiers and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680
The protected Access Modifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680
Accessing private Base Class Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681
xii C# PRIMER PLUS

The internal protected Access Modifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .682

C#’s Access Modifiers: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683
Derived Class Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683
Indexers Are Also Inherited and Can Be Overridden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688
Calling an Overridden Function in the Base Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .691
Reusing the .NET Framework Class Library with Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . .694
Multiple Levels of Derived Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696
Method Overriding and Overloading Are Different Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . .699
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .703
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
C H A P T E R 1 7 : Inheritance Part II: abstract Functions, Polymorphism,
and Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707
abstract Methods, Properties, Indexers, and Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .708
Polymorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .712
An Object of a Descendant Class Has More Than One Type . . . . . . . . . . .712
Dynamic Binding of Virtual Methods and (get, set) Accessors . . . . . . . .713
Case Study: Using Polymorphism to Create a Simple Drawing Program . .715
Losing and Regaining Type Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722
The is Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .723
Casting Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .724
The as Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .727
System.Object: The Ultimate Base Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .727
Method hiding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .733
Versioning with the new and override keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735
Multiple inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .738
Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739
Defining an interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .742
Implementing an Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .743
Generic Programming with Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .747
Building Interface Hierarchies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .751
Interface Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
Overriding Virtual Interface Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
Implementing Interface Functions Explicitly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .753
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .756
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .757
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .759
C H A P T E R 1 8 : Structs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761
Defining a Struct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
Boxing and Unboxing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764
Creating Structs with and without new . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766
 CONTENTS xiii

Value Types and Reference Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769
C H A P T E R 1 9 : Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771
Exception Handling: A Brief Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771
Life without try-catch-finally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .773
The try and catch blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775
Catching the Exception Object Farther up the Function Call Chain . . . . . . .778
Multiple catch Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779
The finally Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780
Nested try Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .783
throw: Explicitly Throwing Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .784
Writing Custom Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .790
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .790
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .791
C H A P T E R 2 0 : Delegates and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
Delegates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794
Arrays of Delegates and Delegates As Arguments to Method Calls . . . . . .797
Multicast Delegates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .804
Writing Event-Driven Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .812
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .812
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .813
C H A P T E R 2 1 : Preprocessing, XML Documentation, and Attributes . . . . . . . . . .815
Preprocessor Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .816
Exclude and Include Code with #define, #if, and #endif . . . . . . . . . . .816
#undef: Undefining Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818
#elif and #else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818
#error and #warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819
#region and #endregion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819
#line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819
XML Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820
A Simple Documentation Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820
Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822
A Simple Attribute Annotation Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .825
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .828
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .828
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .830
xiv C# PRIMER PLUS

C H A P T E R 2 2 : File I/O Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833

The Need for Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833
Stream Basics and File I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834
Text Files and Binary Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834
File I/O Classes: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .835
The FileInfo Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .836
Text File Input and Output with StreamReader and StreamWriter . . . . . . .839
Binary Input and Output with the FileStream Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .844
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .847
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .847
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848
C H A P T E R 2 3 : Recursion Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .851
Pending Method Instances of Different Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .852
Pending Method Instances of the Same Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .853
Putting Recursion to Work: Calculating n Factorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857
Recursion and Iteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .860
Binary Search Using Recursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .861
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .864
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .866
A P P E N D I X A : Answers to Quizzes and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .867
Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .867
Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .867
Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868
Answers to Chapter 2 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .868
Answers to Chapter 2 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
Answers to Chapter 3 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .870
Answers to Chapter 3 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .872
Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .872
Answers to Chapter 4 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .872
Answers to Chapter 4 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .873
Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876
Answers to Chapter 5 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876
Answers to Programming Exercises in Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877
Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878
Answers to Chapter 6 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878
Answers to Chapter 6 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .879
Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885
Answers to Chapter 7 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .885
Answers to Chapter 7 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .886
 CONTENTS xv

Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
Answers to Chapter 8 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889
Answers to Chapter 8 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Answers to Chapter 9 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Answers to Chapter 9 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .894
Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .895
Answers to Chapter 10 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .895
Answers to Chapter 10 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .897
Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .899
Answers to Chapter 11 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .899
Answers to Chapter 11 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900
Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .905
Answers to Chapter 12 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .905
Answers to Chapter 12 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .907
Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .910
Answers to Chapter 13 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .910
Answers to Chapter 13 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912
Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913
Answers to Chapter 14 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913
Answers to Chapter 14 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .915
Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .919
Answers to Chapter 15 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .919
Answers to Chapter 15 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .921
Chapter 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .923
Answers to Chapter 16 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .923
Answers to Chapter 16 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .924
Chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927
Answers to Chapter 17 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927
Answers to Chapter 17 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .929
Chapter 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .933
Answers to Chapter 18 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .933
Answers to Chapter 18 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934
Chapter 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935
Answers to Chapter 19 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935
Answers to Chapter 19 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .936
Chapter 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .938
Answers to Chapter 20 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .938
Answers to Chapter 20 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .939
Chapter 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .944
Answers to Chapter 21 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .944
Answers to Chapter 21 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946
xvi C# PRIMER PLUS

Chapter 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .948
Answers to Chapter 22 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .948
Answers to Chapter 22 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .949
Chapter 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .952
Answers to Chapter 23 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .952
Answers to Chapter 23 Programming Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .953
I N D E X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .955
 CONTENTS xvii

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Klaus Michelsen has a Masters degree in Economics from Aarhus University in Denmark. His
studies included artificial intelligence and courses in advanced computer science at Sydney
University in Australia. Since his first programming assignment for a shoe shop when he was
18, he has, during his 15 years of programming experience, been exposed to many different
technologies and programming languages, including Java™, Visual J++, C++, MS Access, VB,
Eiffel, and Pascal. Klaus has been working with C# and .NET since their introduction in the
year 2000.
xviii C# PRIMER PLUS

DEDICATION

To Deborah,

My friend, my love, my wife.

 xix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank my wife Deborah who, despite my obstinate tendency to turn into a her-
mit during this project and my countless late nights of writing frenzies, is still putting up with
me. Without you and your boundless support, this book project would have been impossible.
Without you and our young boy Julian, any project in my life would seem meaningless. I love
you!
I would like to thank the team of editors, coordinators, and technicians at Sams Publishing for
putting their hard work and invaluable expertise into this project. I’m especially grateful to
Neil Rowe, Acquisitions Editor, for initially contacting me, encouraging me to engage in this
project, and for his solid support during the whole process. Thanks for taking a chance with a
new writer; it has changed my life forever.
I would like to thank my mother Vita Lund Michelsen, for her strong support and incessant
encouragement throughout my life and in particular during the months I was writing. Thanks
to my sister Kirsten for keeping the spirits up on the other side of the world, even during diffi-
cult times; this gave me peace of mind to focus on the book.
Lastly, thanks to my two dogs, Charlie and Honey, and the great composers Mozart and
Beethoven who all kept me company on many a late night.
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