Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

A LAB REPORT
Computer Networking

Submitted to
Department of Bachelor of Computer Application
Bhaktapur Multiple Campus

Submitted to
Madan Nath

Submitted by
Nimesh Nayabha (6-2-20-15-2020)
 INDEX
Lab No : Title

1 Study of different types of Network cables and practically implements the cross-wired
cable and straight through cable using clamping tool.

2 Study of following Network Devices in Detail.

• Repeater
• Hub
• Switch
• Bridge
• Router
• Gate Way

3 Study of network IP
 Classification of IP address
 Sub netting
 Super netting


4 Connect the computers in Local Area Network.

5 Study of basic network command and Network configuration commands.

6 Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software.

7 Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software.

8 Configure a Network using Distance Vector Routing protocol.

• RIP

9 Configure Network using Link State Vector Routing protocol.

• OSPF
 LAB-1

Aim: Study of different types of Network cables and practically implements the cross-wired cable and
straight through cable using clamping tool.

Apparatus (Components): RJ-45 connector, Climping Tool, Twisted pair cable

Procedure: To do these practical following steps should be done:

1. Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable. Be very careful at
this point, as to not nick or cut into the wires, which are inside. Doing so could alter the characteristics
of your cable, or even worse render is useless. Check the wires, one more time for nicks or cuts. If
there are any, just whack the whole end off, and start over.

2. Spread the wires apart, but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with your other hand. You do
not want the wires to become untwisted down inside the jacket. Category 5 cable must only have 1/2 of
an inch of 'untwisted' wire at the end; otherwise it will be 'out of spec'. At this point, you obviously
have ALOT more than 1/2 of an inch of un-twisted wire.

3. You have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable. If you are using a pre-made cable, with
one of the ends whacked off, you only have one end to install - the crossed over end. Below are two
diagrams, which show how you need to arrange the cables for each type of cable end. Decide at this
point which end you are making and examine the associated picture below.

Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection:

Diagram shows you how to prepare straight through wired connection:
 LAB-2

Aim: Study of following Network Devices in Detail.

• Repeater

• Hub

• Switch

• Bridge

• Router

• Gate Way

Apparatus (Software): No software or hardware needed.

Procedure: Following should be done to understand this practical.

1. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal
and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction,
so that the signal can cover longer distances. Repeater has two ports, so cannot be used to
connect for more than two devices.

2. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator is a device
for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and making them
act as a single network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The
device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection,
forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.

3. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects
network segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes
data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at
the network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer
switches.

4. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer 2)
of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that behaves
according to the IEEE 802.1 D standards. A bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch
being a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with
bridge. Bridges can analyze incoming data packets to determine if the bridge is able to send the
given packet to another segment of the network.
5. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and
selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address
information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same
network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where multiple
routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange
information about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the
preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks.

6. Gate Way: In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with
another network that uses different protocols.
 A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching
devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to
provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually
acceptable administrative procedures between both networks.
 A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network
protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.
 LAB-3

Aim: Study of network IP

 Classification of IP address
 Sub netting
 Super netting

Apparatus (Software): NA

Procedure: Following is required to be study under this practical.

 Classification of IP address

As show in figure we teach how the ip addresses are classified and when they are used.

Class Address Range Supports

Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each of
127 networks.
Class B 128.1.0.1 to Supports 65,000 hosts on each of
191.255.255.254 16,000 networks
Class C 192.0.1.1 to Supports 254 hosts on each of 2
223.255.254.254 million networks.
Class D 224.0.0.0 to Reserved for multicast groups.
239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 to Reserved.
254.255.255.254

 Sub netting :
Why we Develop sub netting and How to calculate subnet mask and how to identify subnet
address.
 Super netting :
Why we develop super netting and How to calculate super net mask and how to identify
super net address.
 LAB-4

Aim: Connect the computers in Local Area Network.

Procedure:

On the host computer

On the host computer, follow these steps to share the Internet connection:

1. Log on to the host computer as Administrator or as Owner.

2. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.

3. Click Network and Internet Connections.

4. Click Network Connections.

5. Right-click the connection that you use to connect to the Internet. For example, if you connect to
the Internet by using a modem, right-click the connection that you want under Dial-up / other network
available.

6. Click Properties.

7. Click the Advanced tab.

8. Under Internet Connection Sharing, select the Allow other network users to connect through
this computer's Internet connection check box.

9. If you are sharing a dial-up Internet connection, select the Establish a dial-up connection whenever a
computer on my network attempts to access the Internet check box if you want to permit your
computer to automatically connect to the Internet.

10. Click OK. You receive the following message:

When Internet Connection Sharing is enabled, your LAN adapter will be set to use IP address
192.168.0.1. Your computer may lose connectivity with other computers on your network. If these other
computers have static IP addresses, it is a good idea to set them to obtain their IP addresses
automatically. Are you sure you want to enable Internet Connection Sharing?

11. Click Yes.

The connection to the Internet is shared to other computers on the local area network (LAN).

The network adapter that is connected to the LAN is configured with a static IP address of 192.168.0.1
and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0
On the client computer

To connect to the Internet by using the shared connection, you must confirm the LAN adapter IP
configuration, and then configure the client computer. To confirm the LAN adapter IP configuration,
follow these steps:

1. Log on to the client computer as Administrator or as Owner.

2. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.

3. Click Network and Internet Connections.

4. Click Network Connections.

5. Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.

6. Click the General tab, click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the connection uses the following items list,
and then click Properties.

7. In the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click Obtain an IP address automatically (if
it is not already selected), and then click OK.

Note: You can also assign a unique static IP address in the range of 192.168.0.2 to 192.168.0.254. For
example, you can assign the following static IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway:

8. IP Address 192.168.31.202

9. Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

10. Default gateway 192.168.31.1

11. In the Local Area Connection Properties dialog box, click OK.

12. Quit Control Panel.

 LAB-5

Aim: Study of basic network command and Network configuration commands.

Apparatus (Software): Command Prompt And Packet Tracer.

Procedure:

To do this LAB- follows these steps:

In this LAB- students have to understand basic networking commands e.g ping, tracert etc.

All commands related to Network configuration which includes how to switch to privilege mode and
normal mode and how to configure router interface and how to save this configuration to flash memory
or permanent memory.

This commands includes

• Configuring the Router commands

• General Commands to configure network
• Privileged Mode commands of a router
• Router Processes & Statistics
• IP Commands
• Other IP Commands e.g. show ip route etc.

ping:
ping(8) sends an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packet to the specified host. If the host responds, you get an
ICMP packet back. Sound strange? Well, you can “ping” an IP address to see if a machine is alive. If
there is no response, you know something is wrong.
tracert:
tracert is a command which can show you the path a packet of information takes from your computer to
one you specify. It will list all the routers it passes through until it reaches its destination, or fails to and
is discarded. In addition to this, it will tell you how long each 'hop' from router to router takes.
 LAB-6

Aim: Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software.

Apparatus (Software): Packet tracer Software

Procedure: To implement this practical following network topology is required to be configured using
the commands learned in previous practical.

After configuring the given network a packet should be ping from any one machine to another.
 LAB-7

Aim: Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software.

Apparatus (Software): Packet tracer Software

Procedure: To implement this practical following network topology is required to be configured using
the commands learned in previous practical.

After configuring the given network a packet should be ping from any one machine to another.
 LAB-8

Aim: Configure a Network using Distance Vector Routing protocol.

• RIP

Apparatus (Software): packet tracer software

Procedure:
1. Develop a Topology shown in figure given below.
2. Configure all Routers
3. Implement RIP protocols in Router to configure Network.

RIP Configuration
 LAB-9

Aim: Configure Network using Link State Vector Routing protocol.

• OSPF
Apparatus (Software): Packet Tracer Software

Procedure:
1. Develop a Topology shown in figure given below.
2. Configure all the workstations
3. Configure all switches
4. Configure all Routers
5. Implement OSPF protocols in Router to configure Network.