TRAFFIC ROUTE PREDICTION

A Mini Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

by

A. ABHAY REDDY (21S41A0501)

B. DEEPIKA (21S41A0512)
K. CHANDANA (21S41A0563)
J. PRANIKA (21S41A0551)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. E. KIRAN KUMAR
Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

VAAGESWARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade
(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad & Approved by AICTE New Delhi)
Ramakrishna colony, Karimnagar-505527
JANUARY 2025

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 Department of Computer Science & Engineering
VAAGESWARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade
(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad & Approved by AICTE New Delhi)
Ramakrishna colony, Karimnagar-505527

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project report titled “TRAFFIC ROUTE PREDICTION” Submitted
by the following students in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor
of Technology in CSE. And is a bonafide record of the work performed by

A. ABHAY REDDY (21S41A0501)

B. DEEPIKA (21S41A0512)
K. CHANDANA (21S41A0563)
J. PRANIKA (21S41A0551)

Internal Guide Head of The Department

Mr. E. KIRAN KUMAR Dr. N. CHANDRAMOULI
Assistant Professor Professor

Principal External Examiner

` Dr. CH. SRINIVAS

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project titled “TRAFFIC ROUTE PREDICTION” submitted to
Vaageswari College of Engineering, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technologies University Hyderabad
(JNTUH) for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in CSE is a result of original research
carried-out in this work. It is further declared that the report or any part there has not been previously
submitted to any University or Institute for the award of degree or diploma.

1. Name of the Student: A. ABHAYREDDY

Hall ticket Number: 21S41A0501

2. Name of the Student: B. DEEPIKA

Hall ticket Number: 21S41A0512

3. Name of the Student: K. CHANDANA

Hall ticket Number: 21S41A0563

4. Name of the Student: J. PRANIKA

Hall ticket Number: 21S41A0551

Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to pay our sincere thanks to Dr. CH. SRINIVAS, Principal, Vaageswari College of
Engineering, Karimnagar, for providing all required facilities and his support during the Project work.

We would like to thank Dr. N. CHANDRAMOULI, Professor and HOD of the Computer Science and
Engineering Department for his valuable suggestions during the Project Work.

We sincerely extend our special thanks to the Minor project guide Mr. E. KIRAN KUMAR, Assistant
professor of the Computer Science and Engineering Department, for sparing his valuable time in guiding
the Mini project work and giving feedback with many useful suggestions during the mini project work.
We are also conveying our heartfelt thanks to the Institute authority, Department, Library, and Laboratory
staff of Vaageswari College of Engineering for their co-operation during our Project Work. We thank our
beloved friends for their help and encouragement regarding the concepts and presentation.

A. ABHAY REDDY (21S41A0501)

B. DEEPIKA (21S41A0512)
K. CHANDANA (21S41A0563)
J. PRANIKA (21S41A0551)

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 ABSTRACT
In this project centered on predicting alternate routes in response to traffic congestion, we utilize
machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Tree, and Random Forest.
The performance of each algorithm is meticulously assessed using metrics like accuracy, precision, recall,
F1 score, and visualized through confusion matrix graphs. Prior to applying machine learning, a thorough
data analysis is conducted through graph visualization to comprehend the traffic flow and congestion across
various routes.
Despite the comprehensive analysis, SVM exhibits suboptimal performance, while Decision Tree
stands out as a robust performer in accurately predicting routes. The Random Forest algorithm is also
leveraged to enhance prediction robustness. The evaluation metrics offer a comprehensive understanding
of the algorithms' strengths and weaknesses. The dataset utilized for training encompasses detailed
information on traffic congestion, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the route predictions. This project
not only contributes to optimizing passenger travel experiences but also holds potential for effective traffic
management strategies.

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 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION 1-2

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY 3-5

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS 6-7
3.1 Existing System 6

3.2 Proposed System 6

3.3 System Requirements 6

3.3.1 Functional Requirement 6

3.3.2 Non-Functional Requirement 6

3.4 System Study 7

3.4.1 Feasibility Study 7

3.4.2 Feasibility Analysis 7

CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN 8-14
4.1 System Architecture 8
4.2 Uml Diagrams 8-13
4.3 Data Sets 14
CHAPTER 5

IMPLEMENTATION 15-37

5.1 Modules 15

5.2 Software Environment 15-31

5.3 Source Code 32-34

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 5.4 System Testing 34-37

CHAPTER 6

RESULTS/DISCUSSIONS 38-52

6.1 Output Screenshots

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 53
7.1 Conclusion 53

7.2 Future Scope 53

REFERENCES 54-55

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 LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

Fig:4.1 System Architecture 8

Fig:4.2.1 Use Case Diagram 10
Fig:4.2.2 Class Diagram 11
Fig:4.2.3 Sequence Diagram 11
Fig:4.2.4 Collaboration Diagram 12
Fig:4.2.5 Activity Diagram 12
Fig:4.2.6 Component Diagram 13
Fig:4.2.7 Deployment Diagram 13
Fig:4.2.8 ER Diagram 14
Fig:4.3 Data Sets 14
Fig:5.2.1 Download and install python 27
Fig:5.2.2 Click on the download tab 28
Fig:5.2.3 Download python 3.7.4 28
Fig:5.2.4 Open python 28
Fig:5.2.5 Install python 29
Fig:5.2.6 Install set successful 29
Fig:5.2.7 Run Command 30
Fig:5.2.8 Type Python-v 30
Fig:5.2.9 Run python idle 31
Fig:5.2.10 Click on idle 31
Fig 5.2.11 Click on IDLE and launch the python 31
Fig:6.1 Test Data 38
Fig:6.2 Importing classes and packages 39
Fig:6.3 Display Dataset Values 40
Fig:6.4 Display Different data 41
Fig:6.5 Percentage of Different Direction 42
Fig:6.6 Sum of Traffic Exists 43
Fig:6.7 Dataset of missing values 44
Fig:6.8 Representing Traffic congestion 45
Fig:6.9 Converting into numeric format 46
Fig:6.10 Processing Datasets 47
Fig 6.11:Representing as SVM Confusion matrix 48
Fig 6.12:Decision tree confusion matrix 49

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Fig 6.13: Random forest confusion matrix 50
Fig 6.14:All algorithm performance graph 51
Fig 6.15:Test data and predictions 52

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. ANIS : Association Nord Internet Solidaire

2. BSD : Berkely Software Distribution
3. CNN : Cable News Network
4. CWI : Contrum Wiskunde and Informatica
5. GNN : Graph Neural Network’s
6. ICT : Information and Communication Technology
7. IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
8. IOT : Internet Of Things
9. ITS : Intelligent Transportation System
10. JDBC : Java Database Connectivity
11. LSTM : Long Short Term Memory
12. MATLAB: Matrix Laboratory
13. OD : Origin to Destination
14. ODBC : Open Database Connectivity
15. RMSE : Root Mean Squared Error
16. SOM : Self Organizing Mapping
17. SOM : Soil Organic Matter
18. STFS : Spatio Temporal Features
19. SVM : Support Vector Machine
20. SVR : Support Vector Regression
21. TPVR : Traffic Predictive Vehicle Routing
22. UML : Unified Modeling Language

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the face of mounting challenges posed by urban traffic congestion, our project endeavors to
revolutionize transportation with a focus on Traffic Route Prediction. The goal is to empower commuters
by offering real-time alternative routes informed by cutting-edge machine learning algorithms, including
Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Tree, and Random Forest.
This initiative aligns with the broader mission of developing smart transportation systems to enhance
urban mobility, reduce congestion, and improve the overall efficiency of traffic management. By embracing
advanced technologies, we aim to usher in a new era of responsive and adaptive route planning for a
seamless and stress-free commuting experience.
Traffic route prediction is a critical area of research in transportation systems, focusing on forecasting
the flow of vehicles on road networks. It aims to optimize traffic management, reduce congestion, and
enhance the overall travel experience. This discipline combines knowledge from fields such as data
analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and urban planning to analyze patterns and predict future traffic
conditions. The primary objective is to provide accurate real-time predictions, enabling drivers and
transportation systems to make informed decisions.
The foundation of traffic route prediction lies in data collection. Sensors, cameras, GPS devices, and
traffic monitoring systems generate vast amounts of real-time data. This information, including vehicle
counts, speeds, and road occupancy, is analyzed to identify patterns and trends. Historical data is also
crucial, as it helps establish baseline traffic behaviors for different times of the day, days of the week, or
seasons. Integrating such data ensures comprehensive insights into traffic dynamics.
Modern traffic route prediction employs advanced algorithms and machine learning models.
Techniques like time-series analysis, neural networks, and graph-based models are used to predict traffic
conditions. These approaches leverage historical and real-time data to detect patterns, predict bottlenecks,
and recommend alternative routes. The integration of AI ensures continuous learning, allowing models to
adapt to changing traffic behaviors, road conditions, and urban development.
Applications of traffic route prediction extend beyond personal navigation systems. City planners use
it for infrastructure development, identifying areas needing expansion or maintenance. Logistics companies
optimize delivery routes to save fuel and time, while public transport systems use predictions to enhance
scheduling and reduce delays. Additionally, it plays a vital role in emergency response planning, enabling
faster and safer routes for ambulances and rescue teams.
Despite its advantages, traffic route prediction faces challenges. Data quality and coverage can
significantly impact accuracy, especially in regions with limited infrastructure. Dynamic events such as
accidents or weather changes are difficult to predict in real-time. Ethical concerns, including data privacy
and equitable access to technology, also require attention. However, with ongoing advancements in

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technology and increased urbanization, traffic route prediction remains a pivotal tool in creating smarter
and more sustainable cities.
Traffic route prediction is increasingly evolving with the advent of technologies like edge computing,
5G networks, and the Internet of Things (IoT). These innovations enable faster data processing and
seamless communication between vehicles, sensors, and central systems, making real-time predictions
more precise and actionable. Coupled with advancements in autonomous vehicle technology, traffic route
prediction has the potential to revolutionize urban mobility by reducing human error, improving safety, and
promoting efficient traffic flow. As cities grow and mobility demands increase, the integration of such
technologies will be essential for building smarter.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

TITLE : Traffic pattern analysis and traffic state prediction of urban traffic road network based on
correlated routes
AUTHOR : Zhuowei Zhang; Weibin Zhang
ABSTRACT: In this project, a method for traffic pattern analysis and state prediction for correlated routes
in the road network is proposed. First, the concepts of correlated route, correlated route chains, and
correlated route sets are defined, and a route correlation degree calculation model that considers route
traffic heterogeneity and its judgment criteria are proposed to determine the correlated route sets in the
region. Second, we incorporate the selforganizing mapping (SOM) algorithm with Dunn index (DI), named
as SOM_DI, to classify the traffic states on the correlated route chain and determine the optimal number
of traffic state. The traffic pattern on the correlated path chain is analyzed to obtain the temporal state
chains and the spatial state chains. Finally, an algorithm is proposed to select the input spatio-temporal
features of the support vector regression (SVR) model and predict the traffic state on the correlated route
chain, which is named as STFS_SVR. The simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper
can accurately classify the correlated routes of regional traffic and its optimal traffic state.
TITLE : Development of Reinforcement Learning-Based Traffic Predictive Route Guidance
Algorithm Under Uncertain Traffic Environment
AUTHOR : Donghoun Lee, Sehyun Tak, Sari Kim
ABSTRACT: There have been enormous efforts to develop a novel vehicle routing algorithm to reduce
origin-to-destination (OD) travel time. Most of the previous studies have mainly focused on providing the
shortest travel time route based on estimated traffic information. Few researches have considered the use
of predictive information on traffic dynamics to improve the quality of route guidance algorithms.
However, there is still uncertainty associated with future traffic conditions, particularly in non-recurrent
traffic congestion caused by the abnormal event. For a reliable navigation service under uncertain traffic
conditions, this research develops a reinforcement learning-based traffic predictive vehicle routing (RL-
TPVR) algorithm. The proposed algorithm is designed to mitigate the variability of OD travel time by
incorporating predictive state representation and prediction reward modeling in the reinforcement learning
scheme. The RL-TPVR is evaluated in terms of OD travel time based on various traffic scenarios with
different demand patterns.
Several numerical studies including a performance gap analysis, case study, and comparative study
are conducted using microscopic simulation experiments.

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 The performance gap analysis demonstrates the superiority of the RL-TPVR with respect to traffic
uncertainty, particularly in nonrecurrent traffic congestion cases. In addition, the case study shows that the
RL-TPVR exhibits a flexible and dynamic OD travel route depending on the given traffic situations.
Furthermore, the comparative study verifies that the proposed algorithm outperforms other existing
algorithms in both recurrent and non-recurrent traffic congestion cases. These findings suggest the
RLTPVR has great potential for providing the shortest travel time route under uncertain traffic conditions.
TITLE : Function of Traffic Prediction in Alleviating Traffic Congestion
AUTHOR : Zheng Zhao, Zhenxing Han, Changchen Zhao, Yixin Zhang
ABSTRACT: Traffic prediction technique can be used to guide people's travel, and there are many
researches have been conducted to achieve a higher prediction accuracy. If the traffic prediction result can
be timely conveyed to all travelers, personal travel plan may also change accordingly, thus to influence the
traffic state of the road network. This paper considers decision-making model, cyclic causal model, and
game process, and analyzes the function of traffic prediction in alleviating traffic congestion. Simulation
results prove that the sharing mechanism of traffic forecast results is very important, meanwhile, a limited
effect can be also found when using traffic prediction to alleviate traffic congestion.
TITLE : Traffic Prediction Using Graph Neural Network
AUTHOR : Lakshman S V Sri, A Karthick; S Akash, R. Anuradha
ABSTRACT: Traffic prediction is an important and challenging task in transportation management.
Accurately predicting traffic patterns is crucial for reducing congestion, improving safety, and optimizing
travel time.
In recent years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have shown great potential in predicting traffic by
taking into account the graph structure of road networks. In this project, we propose to develop a traffic
prediction system using GNNs. The proposed system consists of three main components: data
preprocessing, model development, and model evaluation. We first collect traffic data from various
sources and pre-process it to remove noise and inconsistencies, and convert it into a suitable format for
GNNs. We then develop a GNN model designed to capture the graph structure of the traffic network and
use it to predict traffic patterns for a given time interval.
The proposed model is trained and optimized using a loss function and evaluated using standard
metrics such as root mean squared error (RMSE). The proposed traffic prediction system has the potential
to significantly improve traffic management and reduce congestion by providing accurate traffic
predictions. The GNN model can capture complex traffic patterns and dependencies between different
parts of the road network, leading to more accurate predictions. Overall, this project aims to provide a
better understanding of the potential of GNNs in traffic prediction and contribute to the development of
more efficient and effective transportation management systems
TITLE : A Survey on Traffic Flow Prediction Methods
AUTHOR : Kevin Irawan, Rahadian Yusuf, Ary Setijadi Prihatmanto
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ABSTRACT: In order to grow efficiency in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), a number of dynamic
route guidance scheme has been designed to assist driver in determining the optimal route for their
journeys. To determine an optimal route, utilizing real-time traffic information is a key factor in improving
traffic efficiency. Not only being able to utilize the real-time traffic information, but prediction of the traffic
proves as one of the important aspects in improving traffic efficiency. In this paper, we will discuss various
methods related to traffic flow prediction in ITS that will eventually lead to a proposed method. We will
review some papers related to traffic flow prediction methods. Traffic flow prediction method is divided
into two general types: Short-Term Prediction method and LongTerm Prediction method. Short-Term
Prediction method relies on real-time information; however, this method can be redundant for a daily
recurring traffic condition. On the other end, Long-Term Prediction relies on time series collective data
from traffic condition routine, but this method is vulnerable to atypical traffic conditions like accident or
road work. In the end, the author will propose a method to create a new sufficient method. This proposed
method is a traffic prediction method that combines dynamic real-time information prediction (short-term
prediction) and time series analysis prediction (long- term prediction).

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 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
The current state of traffic management often relies on reactive approaches, leading to delays and
suboptimal travel experiences. Existing navigation systems, predominantly based on historical data or
rulebased algorithms, struggle to adapt to real-time changes in traffic dynamics. Our proposed Traffic Route
Prediction system seeks to bridge these gaps, introducing advanced machine learning techniques to offer
proactive and adaptive route predictions based on the most current and relevant traffic information.
3.1.1 Disadvantages
Existing traffic route prediction systems often suffer from limited accuracy due to outdated or
insufficient data, struggle with real-time adaptability to sudden traffic changes, and frequently rely on basic
algorithms that do not fully leverage advanced machine learning techniques.
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
In envisioning our Traffic Route Prediction system, we embark on a transformative journey to
enhance the accuracy and responsiveness of route recommendations. The proposed system integrates
Support Vector Machines, Decision Tree, and Random Forest algorithms, each meticulously evaluated
using key metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. By leveraging the power of advanced
analytics, our proposed system aspires to set new benchmarks in efficiency, reliability, and sustainability
for urban transportation networks, paving the way for a smarter and more interconnected future.
3.2.1 Advantage
Existing traffic route prediction systems leverage historical traffic data, real-time updates, and
advanced algorithms to provide accurate and timely route suggestions. These systems improve travel
efficiency by minimizing delays and optimizing route selection. Additionally, they enhance user experience
with features like congestion alerts and alternative route options.
3.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
3.2.1 Hardware Requirements
Processor : i5 or Above
RAM : 8GB
Hard Disk : 512GB
3.2.2 Software Requirements
Operating system : Windows 11 or Above
Coding Language : Python
3.4 SYSTEM STUDY
3.4.1 Feasibility Study
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very
general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the

6
proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the
company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.
3.4.2 Feasibility Analysis
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

• ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

• TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

• SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

Economical Feasibility
This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the organization.
The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the system is limited.
The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was
achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized products had to
be purchased.
Technical Feasibility
This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the
system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will
lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on
the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes are
required for implementing this system.
Social Feasibility
The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the
process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system,
instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods
that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His level of
confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed,
as he is the final user of the system.

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 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

4.2 UML DIAGRAMS

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose modeling
language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is managed, and was created
by, the Object Management Group.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven successful in the
modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing object oriented software and the software development
process.
GOALS:

The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:

1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they can develop and
exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.
3. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
4. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks, patterns and
components.
5. Integrate best practices.

Traffic route prediction is a crucial component in modern transportation systems, utilizing real-time data
and historical trends to forecast the most efficient routes. The goals of traffic route prediction can be framed
around optimizing travel times, reducing congestion, and enhancing the overall transportation experience.
From a system design perspective, a UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagram helps illustrate how

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various components of such a system interact to meet these objectives. The focus of traffic route prediction
is to offer dynamic routing solutions, which can adapt to changing traffic conditions, road closures, and
other real-time factors.
A primary goal of traffic route prediction is to minimize travel time for drivers by suggesting the quickest
routes based on current traffic conditions. The system leverages realtime data feeds from traffic sensors,
GPS devices, and user inputs to update predictions and provide optimal route suggestions. In a UML
diagram, this goal would be represented by components that gather traffic data, process it through
algorithms (such as shortest path or predictive analytics models), and deliver updated route options to users.
The interactions between data sources, algorithms, and user interfaces (e.g., mobile apps or in-car systems)
would be captured to ensure a seamless and responsive system.
Another key goal is to alleviate traffic congestion, especially in urban areas where high traffic volumes
can significantly increase delays. The system uses predictions not only to guide individual drivers but also
to influence broader traffic patterns by redirecting vehicles away from congested areas. The UML diagram
would show how the system collects traffic flow data, analyzes congestion hotspots, and integrates these
findings into route prediction algorithms. It might also involve traffic management components, where
congestion-prone routes are dynamically avoided by recommending alternative paths, effectively balancing
traffic load across the network.
Traffic route prediction systems must continuously update their suggestions based on real-time data, and
a UML diagram would demonstrate the dynamic nature of these updates.
For instance, as road closures or accidents are reported, the system would quickly analyze alternative
routes, update traffic predictions, and re-route drivers in near real-time. This flexibility ensures that
travelers are always guided along the most efficient path based on the latest available data, which is a central
element in modern transportation systems.
4.2.1 Use Case Diagram
A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral diagram
defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the
functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any
dependencies between those use cases.
A Use Case Diagram for traffic route prediction is designed to capture the functional requirements
of the system by identifying the key actors and their interactions with the system. The diagram illustrates
the system’s behavior from the perspective of users and other external entities. Below is an outline of the
main actors, use cases, and their relationships for traffic route prediction:

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 Fig:4.2.1 Use Case Diagram

Fig 4.2.1 use case diagram

4.2.2 Class Diagram

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of
static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their
attributes, operations. It explains which class contains information.
Route Prediction: The user inputs their starting location and destination, and the system provides
the best route based on current traffic conditions.
Route in Real-Time: The system continuously monitors traffic conditions, adjusts the suggested
route, and provides updated recommendations if the user’s current route becomes congested or a better
alternative is found.
Personalize Route Recommendations: The system offers personalized routes based on the driver’s
preferences, historical travel data, or frequent destinations. This could involve integrating data from past
trips.
Notify of Incidents/Traffic Events: The system alerts the driver about incidents such as accidents,
roadblocks, or construction zones on the predicted route, and suggests alternate routes.
Check Traffic Status: The system checks real-time traffic information from external data providers
to keep the predictions updated.
Provide Traffic Forecast: The system forecasts future traffic patterns based on historical data and
predictive analytics to help the user plan their journey in advance (e.g., estimating travel time at a particular
time of day).
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 Adjust Traffic Signals: Traffic management systems interact with the prediction system to modify
traffic flow or update signal timings to reduce congestion based on the route prediction.

Fig 4.2.2 class diagram

4.2.3 Sequence Diagram

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction diagram that
shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence
Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event scenarios, and timing diagrams.

Fig:4.2.3 Sequence Diagram

4.2.4 Collaboration Diagram

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions with
support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be

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used to describe the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An
activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.

Fig:4.2.4 Collaboration Diagram

4.2.5 Activity Diagram

Fig:4.2.5 Activity Diagram

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4.2.6 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

Fig:4.2.6 Component Diagram

Fig 4.2.6 Component Diagram

4.2.7 Deployment Diagram

Fig:4.2.7 Deployment Diagram

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4.2.8 ER Diagram

Fig:4.2.8 ER Diagram

4.3 DATA SETS

Fig 4.3 datasets

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 CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 MODULES
• User

5.1.1 MODULE DESCRIPTION

User
The User Profile Management module is designed to handle all aspects related to user accounts and
profiles within the Crime Data Analysis System. This module ensures that user information is securely
stored, managed, and utilized to provide a personalized and efficient experience for each user. It
encompasses features for user registration, authentication, rolebased access control, profile customization,
and activity tracking.
5.2 SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
5.2.1 Python
What is Python :
Below are some facts about Python.
Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.
Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python programs generally are
smaller than other programming languages like Java.
Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language, makes them readable
all the time.
Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.
The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used for the following –
• Machine Learning
• GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
• Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
• Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
• Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
Advantages of Python:-
Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.
1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like regular
expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading, databases, CGI, email,
image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the complete code for that manually.
2. Extensible
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 As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some of your
code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python code in
your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting capabilities to our code in
the other language.
4. Improved Productivity
The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than
languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more things done.
5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright for the
Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.
When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in Python, just
a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code. This is why when people
pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more verbose languages like Java.
6. Readable
Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English.
It also does not need curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the
readability of the code.
7. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms. While
functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world.
8. Free and Open-Source
Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for free,
but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It downloads with an
extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.
9. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes to it if
you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need to code only once,
and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to
be careful enough not to include any system-dependent features.
10. Interpreted
Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by,
debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.
16
Advantages of Python Over Other Languages :
1. Less Coding
Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in other
languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to search for any third-
party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people suggest learning Python to
beginners.
2. Affordable
Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the free
available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives you better
community support.
The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the most popular
programming language category.
3. Python is for Everyone
Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers need to
learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally build web apps, perform
data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web scraping and also build games and powerful
visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming language.
Disadvantages of Python
So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you should be aware
of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python over another language.
1. Speed Limitations
We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it often
results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point for the project. In
other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by Python are enough to distract us
from its speed limitations.
2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers
While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on the clientside.
Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based applications. One such application is
called Carbonnelle. The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.
3. Design Restrictions
As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the type of
variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it just means that if it
looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the programmers during coding, it can raise run-
time errors.

17
4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers
Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase Connectivity) and ODBC
(Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently,
it is less often applied in huge enterprises.

5.Simple
No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I don’t do
Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity of Java code seems
unnecessary. This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.
History of Python : -
What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both start
with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the programming language
ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and programming environment, which
had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The
greatest achievement of ABC was to influence the design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late
1980s. Guido van Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating
system. In an interview with Bill Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an
implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI).
I don't know how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because
I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it."Later on in the
same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of my frustration
with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed some of ABC's better
properties, but without its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser,
and a simple runtime.
I made my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used
indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and developed a small
number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."
What is Machine Learning : -
Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by looking at
what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized as a subfield of artificial
intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at first brush.
The study of machine learning certainly arose from research in this context, but in the data science
application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of machine learning as a means of
building models of data.

18
 Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help understand data.
"Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable parameters that can be adapted to observed
data; in this way the program can be considered to be "learning" from the data. Once these models have
been fit to previously seen data, they can be used to predict and understand aspects of newly observed data.
I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this type of
mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human brain.
Understanding the problem setting in machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so
we will start with some broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.
Categories Of Machine Leaning :-
At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured features
of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it can be used to apply
labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks and regression tasks:
in classification, the labels are discrete categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous
quantities. We will see examples of both types of supervised learning in the following section.
Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to any
label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include tasks such
as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms identify distinct groups of data,
while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct representations of the data. We
will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning in the following section.
Need for Machine Learning
Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth because
they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems.
On the other side, AI is still in its initial stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in
many aspects. Then the question is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable
reason for doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.
Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to perform several real-
world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by machines, particularly
to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be used, instead of using programing logic,
in the problems that cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human
intelligence, but other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge
scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

19
Challenges in Machines Learning :-
While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity and
autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go. The reason behind is that ML has
not been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that ML is facing
currently are −
Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest challenges. Use of
low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and feature extraction.
Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of time especially
for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.
Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of expert resources
is a tough job.
No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and welldefined goal
for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this technology is not that mature yet.
Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be
represented well for the problem.
Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data points.
This can be a real hindrance.
Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be deployed in
real life.
Applications of Machines Learning :-
Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we are in the
golden year of AI and ML
It is used to solve many real-world complex problems which cannot be solved with traditional approach.
Following are some real-world applications of ML −
• Emotion analysis
• Sentiment analysis
• Error detection and prevention
• Weather forecasting and prediction
• Stock market analysis and forecasting
• Speech synthesis
• Speech recognition
• Customer segmentation
• Object recognition
• Fraud detection
• Fraud prevention
• Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping
20
How to Start Learning Machine Learning?
Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of study that
gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed”. And that was the beginning
of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is one of the most popular (if not the most!)
career choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344%
growth and an average base salary of $146,085 per year. But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly
is Machine Learning and how to start learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning
and also the path you can follow to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now
let’s get started!!!
How to start learning ML?
This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented Machine Learning
Engineer.
Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites
In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some prerequisites that you
need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus, Statistics, and
Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D. degree in these topics to get
started but you do need a basic understanding.
(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus
Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning.
However, the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you
are more focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily
focused on maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on
R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is
very important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.
(b) Learn Statistics
Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML
expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the
collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance,
Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is
also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional
Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.
(c) Learn Python
Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn
them as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip

21
 is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala,
etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML.
In fact, there are many Python libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence
and Machine Learning such as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc. So if you want to
learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various online resources and
courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML (Which is
the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more complicated stuff. Some
of the basic concepts in ML are:
(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning
• Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine learning
algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
• Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric features can
be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to the model. For
example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell, taste, etc.
• Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the fruit
example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the name of the fruit
like apple, orange, banana, etc.
• Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so after
training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the categories trained
on.
• Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a predicted
output(label).
(b) Types of Machine Learning
• Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data using
classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the required level of
performance is achieved.
• Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the underlying
structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using factor and cluster analysis
models.
• Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised Learning with
a small amount of labeled data.

22
 Using labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy and is also more cost-effective than Supervised
Learning.
• Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error. So the
next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and that will maximize
the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-
1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -
Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns that
would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it serves to
understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to the right products,
deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant advertisements to them.
2. No human intervention needed (automation)
With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on their own.
A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats as they are recognized.
ML is also good at recognizing spam.
3. Continuous Improvement
As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency.This lets them
make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of data you have
keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.
4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data
Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and
multivariety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.
5. Wide Applications
You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does apply,
it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers while also targeting
the right customers.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-
1. Data Acquisition
Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should inclusive/unbiased, and
of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new data to be generated.
2. Time and Resources
ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose with
a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to function. This can
mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

23
 3. Interpretation of Results
Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the algorithms.
You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.
4. High error-susceptibility
Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an algorithm
with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions coming from a biased
training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to customers. In the case of ML,
such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected for long periods of time. And when
they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize the source of the issue, and even longer to
correct it.
Python Development Steps : -
Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt. sources in
February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data types of list,
dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system. Python version 1.0 was released
in January 1994. The major new features included in this release were the functional programming tools
lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido Van Rossum never liked. Six and a half years later in October
2000, Python 2.0 was introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it
was supporting unicode. Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next major
release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python 3 is not backwards
compatible with Python 2.x.
The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules,
thus fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and
preferably only one -- obvious way to do it. "Some changes in Python 7.3:
• Print is now a function
• Views and iterators instead of lists
• The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot
be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
• There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
• The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have the
"old" behaviour.
• Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit
Purpose :-
We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers- even with
low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity ranges throughout- with
the assistance of the ANIS feature.

24
Python
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.
Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes
code readability, notably using significant whitespace. Python features a dynamic type system and
automatic memory management. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented,
imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
• Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do need to compile
your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
• Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is part
of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code. Maintainability also
ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something about how much code you have to
scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors.
This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python
skills and the huge standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick
to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and updated by people with
no Python background - without breaking.
Modules Used in Project :- Tensorflow
TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable programming
across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used for machine learning applications
such as neural networks. It is used for both research and production at Google.
TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was released under the
Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.
Numpy
Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a highperformance
multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.
It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features including
these important ones:
 A powerful N-dimensional array object
 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities.
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multidimensional container
of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows Numpy to seamlessly and
speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases
25
Pandas
Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and
analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging and preparation.
It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can
accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data load,
prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze.
Matplotlib
Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety of
hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be used in Python scripts,
the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application servers, and four graphical user
interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and hard things possible. You can generate
plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code.
For examples, see the sample plots and thumbnail gallery.
For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly when combined
with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font properties, axes properties, etc,
via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions familiar to MATLAB users.
Scikit – learn
Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a consistent
interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is distributed under many
Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use.
Python
Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.
Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes
code readability, notably using significant whitespace.
Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple
programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large
and comprehensive standard library.
• Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to compile
your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
• Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is part of this,
and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code. Maintainability also ties into
this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something about how much code you have to scan,
read and understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with

26
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key
to another area where Python excels.
Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :
Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer devices.
Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular highlevel programming
language. The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables programmers
to write both clear and logical code for projects.
This software does not come pre-packaged with Windows.
How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :
There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to install
Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python but this tutorial will
solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python
3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.
Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about your System
Requirements. My system type is a Windows 64-bit operating system. So the steps below are to install
python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The
steps on how to install Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.
Download the Correct version into the system
Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other web
browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org

Fig 5.2.1 Download and install python

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.
Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

27
 Fig 5.2.2 Click on the Download tab.
Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color or you can
scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version.

Fig 5.2.3 Download python for Windows 3.7.4 Button

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.
Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

Fig 5.2.4 Use different version of python

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows x86
embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-based installer.

28
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows x86-64
embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86-64 webbased installer. Here
we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding which version of python
is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the second part in installing python i.e.
Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the Release Note
Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation process.

Fig 5.2.5 Go to Download and Open the python version

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.

Fig 5.2.6 Install python 3. 7. 4(64 bit)

Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

29
 Fig 5.2.7 Installation set was successful
With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly installed
Python. Now is the time to verify the installation. Note: The installation process might take a couple of
minutes. Verify the Python Installation
Step 1: Click on Start

Fig 5.2.8 Run Command

Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.
Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.
Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

30
 Fig 5.2.9 Type python-V and Enter
Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4
Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first uninstall the earlier
version and then install the new one Check how the Python IDLE works
Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Fig 5.2.10 Run Command type “python idle”

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File Click on Save

Fig 5.2.11 Click on IDLE and launch the python

31
Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have named the files
as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print 5.2.2
5.3 SOURCE CODE
TRAFFICROUTEPREDICTION.PY
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>TrafficRoutePrediction</title>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/require.min.js"></script> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="cell-id=1f3c95d2" class="jp-Celljp-CodeCell jp NotebookjpmodnoOutputs">
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rJp-Editor jp-Editorjp-InputArea-editor"data-type="inline">
<div class="CodeMirror cm-s-jupyter">
<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3">
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</body>
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<style type="text/css">
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32
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5.4 SYSTEM TESTING
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality of
components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of exercising software
with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements and user expectations and does
not fail in an unacceptable manner.
TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing :
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic is
functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches and internal
code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the application .it is done after
the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge
of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific
business process, application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a
business process performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs
and expected results.

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Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if they actually
run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic outcome of screens or
fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were individually satisfaction.
Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the problems that arise from the combination of
components.
Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as
specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:
Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key functions, or
special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify
Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are
identified and the effective value of current tests is determined.
System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements. It tests a
configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing is the configuration
oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process descriptions and flows, emphasizing
pre-driven process links and integration points.
White Box Testing
White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge of the inner
workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose.
It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.
Black Box Testing
Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner workings, structure
or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests must be written from
a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements document, such as specification or
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requirements document. It is a testing in which the software under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot
“see” into it. The test provides inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the software works
Unit Testing
Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of the software lifecycle,
although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted as two distinct phases.
Test strategy and approach
Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.
Test objectives
• All field entries must work properly.
• Pages must be activated from the identified link.
• The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
Features to be tested
• Verify that the entries are of the correct format
• No duplicate entries should be allowed
• All links should take the user to the correct page.

Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more integrated software
components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defects.
The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g. components in a
software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level – interact without error.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.
Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant participation by
the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.
TEST CASES
Test case for predicting guava disease detection
Test Case 1: Data Collection
Objective: Verify that tourist data is being collected from multiple sources (e.g., GPS, social media,
booking websites).
Expected Result: All relevant tourist data is accurately collected and stored.
Test Case 2: Performance Under Load
Objective: Check how the system performs under heavy data load (e.g., when analysing millions of
tourists' behaviour patterns)

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Expected Result: The system processes the data within acceptable time limits without crashing or showing
significant slowdowns.
Test Case 3: Sentiment Analysis
Objective: Test the system’s ability to perform sentiment analysis on tourists’ reviews. Expected Result:
The system correctly categorizes each review according to its sentiment (positive, negative, or neutral).
Test Case 4: Data Integrity
Objective: Ensure that the system handles missing or incorrect data properly.
Expected Result: The system identifies and flags incomplete or incorrect data, and either requests user
correction or handles it gracefully (e.g., by excluding it from the analysis).
Test Case 5: Security – Data Access Control
Objective: Verify that only authorized users can access sensitive data.
Expected Result: Unauthorized users are denied access, while authorized users can access the necessary
data.

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 CHAPTER 6
RESULTS/DISCUSSION
OUTPUT SCREENSHOTS

Fig 6.1 Test Data to predict Direction

In above dataset we have Date, X and Y as latitude and longitude and then direction and then last
column contains traffic congestion and by using this module we will train all ML algorithms. After training
we will employ test data to predict alternate direction and below is the TEST data.

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 Fig 6.2 Importing python Classes and Packages
In above screen we are importing require python classes and packages

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 Fig 6.3 Displaying Dataset Values
In above screen loading and displaying dataset values

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 Fig 6.5 Displaying Traffic Congestion on different dates

In above graph displaying traffic congestion on different dates where x-axis represents
Date and y-axis represents traffic congestion

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 Fig 6.6 Percentage of different directions
In above graph we are finding percentage of different directions or route exists in
the dataset.

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 Fig 6.7 Sum of Traffic Exists
In above graph we are finding sum of traffic exists in each direction where x-axis
represents traffic count and y-axis represents direction

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 Fig 6.8 Dataset of No Missing Values
In above screen we are finding weather dataset contains any missing or null values but
this dataset has no missing values

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 Fig 6.10 Representing Traffic Congestion Count

In above graph we are finding traffic day wise and each different color line represents
different days traffic where x-axis is the direction and y-axis is the traffic congestion count

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 Fig 6.11 Converting into Numeric Format
In above screen different directions are in string format so we have converted them into
numeric format as ML will take all labels are numeric format so we have converted them
into numeric labels

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 Fig 6.12 Processing Dataset by splitting into test
In above screen we are processing dataset such as normalization and then splitting into train
and test where application using 80% dataset for training and 20% for testing and in blue
color we can see train and test size

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 Fig 6.13:Representing as SVM Confusion matrix
In above screen training SVM algorithm and after training SVM got 30% accuracy and can see
other metrics also. In confusion matrix graph x-axis represents Predicted Labels and y-axis represents True
Labels and all boxes in diagnol represents correct prediction count and remaining boxes represents incorrect
prediction counts and from above graph we can notice SVM predicted 75 many records incorrectly. In ROC
curve graph x-axis represents False Prediction and y-axis represents True Predictions and if blue line comes
on top of orange line then predictions are correct and if goes below orange line then predictions are incorrect
and in above graph we can see only few predictions are correct

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 Fig 6.14:Decision tree confusion matrix
In above sceen training decision tree and it got 90.9% accuracy and can see other metrics and results graph

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 Fig 6.15: Random forest confusion matrix
In above screen training Random Forest and it got 90.06% accuracy and can see other metrics also
and in above confusion matrix graph in diagnol we can see many records are correctly predicted and in all
blue boxes only few are incorrectly prediction. In ROC graph also we can see only few predictions are
incorrect

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 Fig 6.16:All algorithm performance graph
In above graph x-axis represents algorithm names and y-axis represents accuracy and other metrics in
different color bars and in all algorithms Random Forest and Decision Tree work best

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 Fig 6.17:Test data and predictions
In above predictions in square bracket we can see the TEST data where last value is traffic congestion and
based on that congestion we can see suggested Route as WB or NB or SE etc. Note: the direction of travel
of the roadway. EB indicates "eastbound" travel, for example, while SW indicates a "southwest" direction
of travel

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 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
ENHANCEMENT

7.1 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our Traffic Route Prediction project represents a significant leap forward in addressing
the persistent challenges of urban traffic congestion. Through the integration of advanced machine learning
algorithms such as Support Vector Machines, Decision Tree, and Random Forest, we have endeavored to
provide commuters with realtime alternative routes, enhancing the overall efficiency of traffic management.
The comprehensive evaluation of these algorithms using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score metrics
has revealed the prowess of Decision Tree in predicting routes amid dynamic traffic conditions.
The analysis, coupled with graph visualization techniques, has afforded us deeper insights into traffic
flow dynamics, enriching the predictive capabilities of our system. While the Support Vector Machines
exhibited suboptimal performance, especially leveraging the strengths of the Decision Tree algorithm,
showcase the potential to revolutionize route planning in urban environments.
The reliance on up-to-the-minute traffic information and the proactive nature of our system
distinguish it from conventional approaches, promising a more seamless and stressfree commuting
experience. As we navigate towards a future marked by smart transportation systems, our Traffic Route
Prediction project not only optimizes travel routes but also lays the groundwork for a more sustainable and
interconnected urban mobility landscape. This endeavor holds promise for transforming the way we
approach and manage traffic, efficient, adaptive, and data-driven systems redefine the possibilities of urban
transportation.
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope for traffic route prediction projects is vast and promising, driven by advancements
in technology and increasing urbanization. Integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning can
enhance prediction accuracy by learning from vast datasets and adapting to new traffic patterns in real-
time. The incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, such as smart traffic lights and connected
vehicles, can provide richer, more granular data, enabling more precise and dynamic route adjustments.
The development of autonomous vehicles relies heavily on sophisticated traffic prediction models
to ensure safe and efficient navigation. As cities grow and transportation needs evolve, these systems could
also incorporate multimodal transport options, offering seamless transitions between different modes of
travel, such as buses, trains, and bikesharing programs.
Overall, the continuous improvement and integration of these technologies promise to transform
urban mobility, reducing congestion, improving safety, and enhancing the overall efficiency of
transportation networks.

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