A PRELIMENERY REPORT ON

TRAFFIC FLOW PREDICTION AND REAL TIME AIR

QUALITY MONITORING IN SMART CITIES

SUBMITTED TO THE SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (COMPUTER

ENGINEERING)

SUBMITTED BY

SHUBHAM MANE Exam No :71617646H

MAHESH MANAL Exam No :71715875G
VEDANT CHINDHE Exam No :71417877C

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

STES’S SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KUSGAON (BK), LONAVALA, PUNE- 410401

SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSIT

2020-2021

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitles

“TRAFFIC FLOW PREDICTION AND REAL TIME AIR QUALITY

MONITORING IN SMART CITIES”

Submitted by

SHUBHAM MANE Exam No :71617646H

MAHESH MANAL Exam No :71715875G
VEDANT CHINDHE Exam No :71417877C

is a bonafide student of this institute and the work has been carried out by him/her under the
supervision of Prof. Shailaja N. Lohar and it is approved for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement of Savitribai Phule Pune University, for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering (Computer Engineering).

(Prof. Shailaja N. Lohar) (Dr. S. D. Babar)

Guide Head,
Department of Computer Engineering Department of Computer Engineering

(Dr. M.S. Gaikwad)

Principal, Sinhgad Institute of Technology, Lonavala, Pune – 410401

Place: Lonavala
Date:

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us great pleasure in presenting the preliminary project report on ‘Traffic Flow
Prediction and Real Time Air Quality Monitoring in Smart City’.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my internal guide Prof. Shailaja N. Lohar for
giving me all the help and guidance I needed. I am really grateful to them for their kind
support. Their valuable suggestions were very helpful.

I am also grateful to Dr. Sachin D. Babar, Head of Computer Engineering Department,

College of Engineering for his indispensable support, suggestions.

Shubham Mane

Mahesh Manal

Vedant Chindhe

(B.E. Computer Engineering.)

iii
 ABSTRACT
The traffic flow in the smart city is the most popular issue in current days. Importance
of finding such solution derives from the current problems faced by urban road traffic, such as
congestions, pollution, security issues. In existing system predict the traffic on the basis of a
large special event only. To solve the existing problem, we developed a new proposed system,
in that can collect the raw data of the traffic flow of different areas in the smart city. After
collecting, analysing predict the current traffic in a different area, predict how much traffic
increase in the next few days or year and how to control them. Based on defining and
classifying the large special events, this system analyses the passenger flow distribution
characteristics of large special events. We also provide ambivalent Air Quality Index is
monitored and thus suggesting path having the least pollution to travel from current place to
that particular place on the map. It concurrently decreases the harmful effect of air pollution
on vulnerable people. K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithm is used to defend the shortest
path from source to destination and simultaneously evaluating the air quality index and guiding
optimal path as a result. The system designs common process of traffic organization and
management for different large special events as well as for daily use and steps forward
towards a healthy lifestyle.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES i
LIST OF TABLES ii

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Synopsis 1
1.1. Project Title 2
1.2. Project Option 2
1.3. Internal Guide 2
1.4. Sponsorship and External Guide 2
1.5. Technical Keywords 2
1.6. Problem Statement 2
1.7. Abstract 2
1.8. Goals and Objectives 3
1.9. Names of Conferences / Journals where papers can be published 3
1.10. Review of Conference/Journal Papers supporting Project idea 3

2. Technical Keywords 7
2.1. Area of Project 8
2.2. Technical Keywords 8

3. Introduction 9
3.1. Idea of the project 10
3.2. Motivation of the project: 10
3.3. Literature Survey: 10

4. Problem Definition and scope 13

4.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT 14
4.2. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 14
4.3. STATEMENT OF SCOPE 14
4.4. SOFTWARE CONTEXT 14
4.5. MAJOR CONSTRAINTS 14
4.6. METHODOLOGIES OF PROBLEM SOLVING AND EFFICIENCY ISSUE
15
4.7. OUTCOME 15
4.8. APPLICATIONS 15
4.9. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 16
4.9.1. Hardware resource required 16
4.9.2. Software resource required 16

5. Project Plan 17
5.1. PROJECT ESTIMATES 17
5.1.1. Reconciled Estimates 17
5.1.2. Project Resources 18
5.2. Risk Management w.r.t. NP Hard analysis 18
5.2.1. Risk Identification 19

v
 5.2.2. Risk Analysis 19
5.2.3. Overview of Risk Mitigation, Monitoring, Management 20
5.3. Project Schedule 22
5.3.1. Project task set 22
5.3.2. Task network 22
5.3.3. Timeline Chart 22
5.4. Team Organization 23
5.4.1. Team structure 23
5.4.2. Management reporting and communication 23

6. Software requirement specification (SRS is to be prepared using relevant

mathematics derived and software engg. In-dicators in Annex A and B) 25
6.1. Introduction 26
6.1.1. Purpose and Scope of Document 26
6.1.2. Overview of responsibilities of Developer 26
6.2. Usage Scenario 26
6.2.1. User profiles 26
6.2.2. Use-cases 27
6.3. Data Model and Description 29
6.3.1. Data Description 29
6.3.2. Data objects and Relationships 29
6.3.3. Class Diagram 30
6.3.4. Functional Requirements 32
6.3.5. Non Functional Requirements 32
6.3.6. Design Constraints 33

7. Detailed Design Document using Appendix A and B 37

7.1. INTRODUCTION 38
7.2. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 38
7.3. DATA DESIGN(using Appendices A and B) 39
7.3.1. Internal software data structure 39
7.3.2. Global data structure 40
7.3.3. Temporary data structure 40
7.3.4. Database description 40
7.4. Component Design 40

8. Project Implementation 42
8.1. Tools and Technologies Used 43
8.2. Proposed Algorithm 43
8.2.1 Stop Word Removal 43
8.2.2 Naive Bayes Algorithm 44
8.2.3 K-Nearest Neighbours 44
8.3. Verification and Validation for Acceptance 45

9. Software Testing 45
9.1. TYPE OF TESTING 45

10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 50

10.1. CONCLUTION 51

vi
 10.2. FUTURE SCOPE 51

ANNEXURE A 52
REFRENCES

ANNEXURE B 53
LABORATORY ASSIGNMENTS ON PROJECT ANALYSIS
OF ALGORITHMIC DESIGN

ANNEXURE C 56
LABORATORY ASSIGNMENTS ON PROJECT QUALITY AND
RELIABILITY TESTING OF PROJECT DESIGN

ANNEXURE D 61
PROJECT PLANNER

ANNEXURE E 62
REVIEWERS COMMENTS OF PAPER SUB-MITTED

ANNEXURE F 63
PLAGIARISM REPORT

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Illustration Page No.

5.1 Management Report 25

6.1 Usecase Diagram 29

6.2 Class Diagram 31

6.3 DFD 0 Diagram 31

6.4 DFD 1 Diagram 32

6.5 Admin Activity Diagram 34

6.6 User Activity Diagram 35

6.7 User Activity Diagram 36

7.1 System Architecture 39

7.2 Component Diagram 40

7.3 Deployment Diagram 41

1 Plagarism Report. 64

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE ILLUSTRATION PAGE NO.

5.1 Risk Table 21

5.2 Risk Probability definitions 21

5.3 Risk Impact definitions 21

5.4 Timeline Chart 24

9.1 Test case for Checking the functionality of Login 47

Button 1

9.2 Test case for Checking the functionality of Login 47

Button 2

9.3 Test case for Checking the functionality of 48

Registration Button 1

9.4 Test case for Checking the functionality of 48

Registration Button 2

10.1 Idea Matrix 54

10.2 Test case for Checking the functionality of Login 58

Button 1

10.3 Test case for Checking the functionality of Login 58

Button 2

10.4 Test case for Checking the functionality of 58

Registration Button 1

10.5 Test case for Checking the functionality of 59

Registration Button 2

10.6 Timeline Chart 62

ix
CHAPTER 1

SYNOPSIS

1
1.1 Project Title
Traffic Flow Prediction and Real Time Air Quality Monitoring in Smart Cities

1.2 Project Option

Internal Project

1.3 Internal Guide

Prof. Shailaja N. Lohar

1.4 Sponsorship and External Guide

No sponsorship

1.5 Technical Keywords

Air Quality Index , K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN).Smart City, Traffic Prediction

1.6 Problem Statement

In smart city traffic flow is more as compare to other urban city area as well as other
rural area.so,traffic flow most popular issue in current days. Importance of finding
such solution derives from the current problems faced by the urban road traffic,
such as congestions, pollution, security issues. Also there is no management of
control of increasing traffic flow on the basis of pollution and traffic.

1.7 Abstract
The traffic flow in the smart city is the most popular issue in current days.
Importance of finding such solution derives from the current problems faced by
urban road traffic, such as congestions, pollution, security issues. In existing system
predict the traffic on the basis of a large special event only. To solve the existing
problem, we developed a new proposed system, in that can collect the raw data of
the traffic flow of different areas in the smart city. After collecting, analyzing,
predict the current traffic in a different area, predict how much traffic increase in
the next few days or year and how to control them. Based on defining and
classifying the large special events, this system analyzes the passenger flow
distribution characteristics of large special events. We also provide ambivalent Air
Quality Index is monitored and thus suggesting path having the least pollution to
travel from current place to that particular place on the map. It concurrently
decreases the harmful effect of air pollution on vulnerable people.K-Nearest

2
Neighbours (KNN) algorithm is used to defend the shortest path from source to
destination and simultaneously evaluating the air quality index and guiding optimal
path as a result. The system designs common process of traffic organization and
management for different large special events as well as for daily use and steps
forward towards a healthy lifestyle.

1.8 Goals and Objectives

Goals

The main goal of this project is traffic flow prediction and real time air quality
monitoring in the smart city.

Objectives

• Search the area wise traffic

• View Current traffic

• View Future traffic

• View Air Quality of different place

• Recommendation of route

1.9 Names of Conferences / Journals where papers can be published

• International Journal of Advance Research in Engineering, Science &
Technology (IJAREST)

• International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)

• International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)

• International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA)

• International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication

Engineering (IJARCCE)

1.10 Review of Conference/Journal Papers supporting Project idea

1. Shen, L., Liu, R., Yao, Z.,Weitiao Wu, W., amp; Yang, H. (2018).
“Development of Dynamic Platoon Dispersion Models for Predictive Traffic
Signal Control.” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2015
Weitiao Wu et.al states the improvement of traffic location innovation, ongoing
exploration is coordinated to another age of sign control framework bolstered by

3
new traffic information. One of these bearings is dynamic prescient control by
joining momentary expectation ability. This system centers on examining of
dynamic company scattering models which could catch the inconstancy of traffic
stream in a cross-sectional traffic identification condition. The dynamic models are
applied to foresee the development of traffic stream, and further used to deliver sign
planning plans that record not just for the present condition of the framework yet
additionally for the normal transient changes in rush hour gridlock streams. We
explore variables influencing model exactness including time-zone length, position
of upstream traffic identification gear, street segment length, traffic volume, turning
rates, and calculation time. The effect of these elements on the model execution is
represented through a reenactment examination, and the calculation execution of
models is talked about. The outcomes demonstrate that both the dynamic speed-
truncated normal distribution model (DNDM) and dynamic Robertson model
(DRM) with elements beat their particular static variants, and that they can be
additionally applied for dynamic control.

2. GU Jin-gang DAI Lei-lei, SUN Zheng-liang, QIU Hong-tong “Study on Traffic

Organization and Management Strategies for Large Special Events.”
International Conference on System Science and Engineering, Dalian, China, 2012.
GU Jin-gang et al. proposed each coin has different sides, when the huge unique
occasion brings benefits for holders and members, yet in addition brings the
negative impacts for street traffic and incredible weight for urban traffic the
executives division. In perspective on the distinctive scale, traffic association plan
forms for huge uncommon occasions are planned in this paper. These examinations
have a specific simplification, and furthermore have significant job for controlling
the act of traffic association of enormous unique occasions. In any case, with the
residential enormous extraordinary occasion is ending up increasingly famous,
make a general traffic association standard for huge uncommon occasion has the
significant reasonable hugeness and application esteem, the following stage
requires further breaking down more sorts of huge exceptional occasions, and
concentrate the traffic activity attributes, unique offices plan, association
undertaking process, etc., as to build the establishment for the development of
traffic association standard of huge uncommon occasion

3. Youness Riouali, Laila Benhlima, Slimane Bah “Petri net extension for traffic
road modelling ” Mohammadia School of Engineers Mohammed V University of
Rabat AMIPSMorocco, Rabat 2016
Youness Riouali et.al introducing the system exhibits an expansion of clump petri
net to show the conduct of traffic frameworks especially for complex cases, for
example, crossing points and need streets. The allinclusive model handles the
uncontrolled occasions issue by including nondeterministic time based advances
that speak to the conditions between framework elements and outer conditions, for
example, give way runs the show. Besides, we saw that triangular bunches Petri net
displaying doesn’t handle the situation where occasions, that change the traffic
state, can happen inside streets. Along these lines, we have proposed to separate

4
streets into segments so as to find occasions, for example, mishaps and speak to
their impacts on the frameworks conduct. As a piece of future research, we plan to:
Focus on powerful development of traffic flow and test the consistence of the
proposed model with various practices of transportation framework; Enhance firing
rules by acquainting factual highlights with arrangement with spatial-fleeting
connections of streets, for example, parting a traffic flow at forks.

4. Leyre azpilicueta , c´esar vargas-rosales, and Francisco Falcone, “Intelligent

vehicle communication Deterministic Propagation Prediction in
Transportation Systems” IEEE vehicular technology magazine 2016.
Leyre azpilicueta et.al proposed an elective methodology for proliferation forecast
in vehicular conditions was exhibited. The new procedure depends on a 3-D RL
strategy that can consider the development of various vehicles in the thought about
situation, prompting V2V or V2I conditions, which are not a simple errand to
dissect because of channel impedances. In particular, this work introduces the
appraisal of an ultra-high-frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID)
framework for vehicular applications. The epic strategy gives Doppler move and
Doppler spread outcomes, which can be helpful to investigate the effect of the
framework on this perplexing explicit condition. Reenactment just as estimation
results were exhibited, indicating great understanding, with application to a
connection spending examination of a RFID framework. Results demonstrate that
by considering radio arranging errands in the vehicular applications, the general
framework execution can be firmly enhanced, decreasing force utilization just as
no desired impedance levels.

5. Nico Piatkowski,Thomas Liebig, Christian Bockermann, and Katharina

Morik. “Route Planning with Real-Time Traffic Predictions.” TU Dortmund
University, Dortmund, Germany 2014
Nico Piatkowski et.al introducing circumstance ward course arranging accumulates
expanding enthusiasm as urban areas become swarmed and stuck. We present a
framework for individual excursion arranging that fuses future traffic perils in
directing. Future traffic conditions are figured by a Spatial-Temporal Random Field
dependent on a flood of sensor readings. Also, our methodology gauges traffic flow
in regions with low sensor inclusion utilizing a Gaussian Process Regression. The
molding of spatial relapse on transitional forecasts of a discrete probabilistic
graphical model permits to join authentic information, gushed online information
and a rich reliance structure simultaneously. We show the framework with a
certifiable use-case from Dublin city, Ireland.

6. Joe Lemieux and Yuan Ma.“Vehicle Speed Prediction using Deep Learning.”
IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). 2015
Joe Lemieux and Yuan Ma proposed that worldwide streamlining of the vitality
utilization of double power source vehicles, for example,

5
half and half electric vehicles, module mixture electric vehicles, and attachment in
energy component electric vehicles requires information of the total course attributes
toward the start of the outing. One of the principle attributes is the vehicle speed profile
over the course. The profile will make an interpretation of straightforwardly into vitality
necessities for a given vehicle. In any case, the vehicle speed that a given driver picks
will shift from driver to driver and occasionally, and might be slower, equivalent to, or
quicker than the normal traffic stream. On the off chance that the particular driver speed
profile can be anticipated, the vitality utilization can be advanced over the course
picked. The motivation behind this paper is to inquire about the utilization of Deep
Learning systems to this issue to distinguish toward the start of a drive cycle the driver
explicit vehicle speed profile for an individual driver rehashed drive cycle, which can
be utilized in an enhancement calculation to limit the measure of petroleum product
vitality utilized during the outing.

6
 CHAPTER 2

TECHNICAL KEYWORD

7
2.1 Area of Project
This is project in Machine Learning

It is a tool which is expected to study from experience, using data analysis. It has appeared
from the idea that system is able to study from data and make decisions by itself. Without
any human’s participation.

Machine learning uses two types of techniques:supervised learning, which trains a model
on known input and output data so that it can predict future outputs, and unsupervised
learning, which finds hidden patterns or intrinsic structures in input data.

In machine learning consist of various classification,recommendation, prediction and

searching techniques. A stop word is a commonly used word that (the, is, a, about, more
etc.) a search engine has been programmed to ignore, both when indexing entries for
searching and when retrieving them as the result of a search query. This algorithm is used
in search engine, Natural language processing (NLP).Decision tree, Naive Bais,Support
Vector Machine(SVM) for classification purpose. K-Nearest Neighbors
(i.e.KNN),Apriori algorithm for recommdation purpose.

2.2 Technical Keywords

1. Air Quality Index

2. K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN)

3. Smart City

4. Traffic Prediction

8
 CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION

9
3.1 Idea of the project:

• Exact and convenient traffic stream data is as of now firmly required for individual
voyagers, business areas, and government offices. In smart city traffic flow is more as
compare to other metro city as well as other urban city.so,traffic flow most popular issue
in current days. Importance of finding such solution derives from the current problems
faced by the urban road traffic, such as congestions, pollution, security issues .To analyze
this problem and solve the issue we can developed this proposed system, In this system,
we can collect the raw data of traffic flow of different areas in various smart cities. We
can analysis on traffic data, after analyzing find out traffic areas in smart cities. Then we
can also predict how much traffic increase in next few days or year and how to control
them and also find out air quality monitoring system different area in smart city as well
as system shows shortest distance of route on map . We also avoid to go in particular area
for at time of large special events.

3.2 Motivation of the project:

• According to todays traffic flow and air quality data analysis, prediction of traffic in
next few days or few years in a smart city.

• It has the potential to help road users make better travel decisions, alleviate traffic
congestion, reduce carbon emissions, and improve traffic operation efficiency.

• After analyzing find out traffic areas in a smart city. Provide a solution about
according to particular area for at time of large special events as well as route
recommendation according to air quality and traffic data.

3.3 Literature Survey:

Weitiao Wu et.al [1] states the improvement of traffic location innovation, ongoing
exploration is coordinated to another age of sign control framework bolstered by new
traffic information. One of these bearings is dynamic prescient control by joining
momentary expectation ability. This system centers on examining of dynamic company
scattering models which could catch the inconstancy of traffic stream in a cross-sectional
traffic identification condition. The dynamic models are applied to foresee the
development of traffic stream, and further used to deliver sign planning plans that record
not just for the present condition of the framework yet additionally for the normal
transient changes in rush hour gridlock streams. We explore variables influencing model
exactness including time-zone length, position of upstream traffic identification gear,
street segment length, traffic volume, turning rates, and calculation time. The effect of
these elements on the model execution is represented through a reenactment examination,
and the calculation execution of models is talked about. The outcomes demonstrate that
both the dynamic speed-truncated normal distribution model (DNDM) and dynamic
Robertson model (DRM) with elements beat their particular static variants, and that they
can be additionally applied for dynamic control.

10
GU Jin-gang et al[2] proposed each coin has different sides, when the huge unique
occasion brings benefits for holders and members, yet in addition brings the negative
impacts for street traffic and incredible weight for urban traffic the executives division.
In perspective on the distinctive scale, traffic association plan forms for huge uncommon
occasions are planned in this paper. These examinations have a specific simplification,
and furthermore have significant job for controlling the act of traffic association of
enormous unique occasions. In any case, with the residential enormous extraordinary
occasion is ending up increasingly famous, make a general traffic association standard
for huge uncommon occasion has the significant reasonable hugeness and application
esteem, the following stage requires further breaking down more sorts of huge
exceptional occasions, and concentrate the traffic activity attributes, unique offices plan,
association undertaking process, etc., as to build the establishment for the development
of traffic association standard of huge uncommon occasion.

Youness Riouali et.al [3] introducing the system exhibits an expansion of clump petri net
to show the conduct of traffic frameworks especially for complex cases, for example,
crossing points and need streets. The all-inclusive model handles the uncontrolled
occasions issue by including nondeterministic time based advances that speak to the
conditions between framework elements and outer conditions, for example, give way
runs the show. Besides, we saw that triangular bunches Petri net displaying doesn’t
handle the situation where occasions, that change the traffic state, can happen inside
streets. Along these lines, we have proposed to separate streets into segments so as to
find occasions, for example, mishaps and speak to their impacts on the frameworks
conduct. As a piece of future research, we plan to: Focus on powerful development of
traffic flow and test the consistence of the proposed model with various practices of
transportation framework; Enhance firing rules by acquainting factual highlights with
arrangement with spatial-fleeting connections of streets, for example, parting a traffic
flow at forks.

Leyre azpilicueta et.al [4] proposed an elective methodology for proliferation forecast in
vehicular conditions was exhibited. The new procedure depends on a 3-D RL strategy
that can consider the development of various vehicles in the thought about situation,
prompting V2V or V2I conditions, which are not a simple errand to dissect because of
channel impedances. In particular, this work introduces the appraisal of an ultra-high-
frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) framework for vehicular
applications. The epic strategy gives Doppler move and Doppler spread outcomes, which
can be helpful to investigate the effect of the framework on this perplexing explicit
condition. Reenactment just as estimation results were exhibited, indicating great
understanding, with application to a connection spending examination of a RFID
framework. Results demonstrate that by considering radio arranging errands in the
vehicular applications, the general framework execution can be firmly enhanced,
decreasing force utilization just as no desired impedance levels.

Nico Piatkowski et.al[5] introducing circumstance ward course arranging accumulates

expanding enthusiasm as urban areas become swarmed and stuck. We present a

11
framework for individual excursion arranging that fuses future traffic perils in directing.
Future traffic conditions are figured by a Spatial-Temporal Random Field dependent on
a flood of sensor readings. Also, our methodology gauges traffic flow in regionswith low
sensor inclusion utilizing a Gaussian Process Regression. The molding of spatial relapse
on transitional forecasts of a discrete probabilistic graphical model permits to join
authentic information, gushed online information and a rich reliance structure
simultaneously. We show the framework with a certifiable use-case from Dublin city,
Ireland.

Joe Lemieux and Yuan Ma[6] proposed that worldwide streamlining of the vitality
utilization of double power source vehicles, for example, half and half electric vehicles,
module mixture electric vehicles, and attachment in energy component electric vehicles
requires information of the total course attributes toward the start of the outing. One of
the principle attributes is the vehicle speed profile over the course. The profile will make
an interpretation of straightforwardly into vitality necessities for a given vehicle. In any
case, the vehicle speed that a given driver picks will shift from driver to driver and
occasionally, and might be slower, equivalent to, or quicker than the normal traffic
stream. On the off chance that the particular driver speed profile can be anticipated, the
vitality utilization can be advanced over the course picked. The motivation behind this
paper is to inquire about the utilization of Deep Learning systems to this issue to
distinguish toward the start of a drive cycle the driver explicit vehicle speed profile for
an individual driver rehashed drive cycle, which can be utilized in an enhancement
calculation to limit the measure of petroleum product vitality utilized during the outing.

12
 CHAPTER 4

PROBLEM DEFINITION AND SCOPE

13
4.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In smart city traffic flow is more as compare to other urban city area as well as other rural
area.so,traffic flow most popular issue in current days. Importance of finding such
solution derives from the current problems faced by the urban road traffic, such as
congestions, pollution, security issues. Also there is no management of control of
increasing traffic flow on the basis of pollution and traffic.

4.2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Goals

The main goal of this project is traffic flow prediction and air quality monitoring in the
smart city.

Objectives

• Search the area wise traffic

• View Current traffic
• View Future traffic
• View Air Quality of different place
• Recommendation of route

4.3 STATEMENT OF SCOPE

• Using this system we monitoring trafic flow conrol and real time air quality
index monitering in smart city.
• Show the shortest distance of route for place on map

4.4 SOFTWARE CONTEXT

• The system can use Microsoft as the operating system platform. System also makes
use of certain GUI tools. To run this application we need JDK 1.7 and above as java
platform and Apache tomcat as server. To store data we need MYSQL database.

4.5 MAJOR CONSTRAINTS

• Traffic Dataset
• Air Quality Dataset

14
4.6 METHODOLOGIES OF PROBLEM SOLVING AND EFFICIENCY ISSUES

In proposed system, collect the raw data of traffic flow of different areas in smart city.
After collecting, analysing, predict how much traffic increase in next few days or year
and how to control them. The system designs common process of traffic organization
and management for different large special events, proposes the static and dynamic
traffic organization methods and management strategies, and designs the activity steps,
which give a reference and direction to the traffic association routine with regards to
huge extraordinary occasions. In proposed system consists mainly 2 different modules
i.e. admin and user Admin play most important role in our traffic prediction system with
performing their functionality like upload traffic dataset, upload route dataset, view user
and traffic information.Admin also add information of real time air quality of different
area in a smart city. Using Na¨ıve Bayes algorithm classification of traffic. In proposed
system User can search the traffic with different scenario like search by location with
the help of stop ward removal algorithm . User can view area wise current traffic as well
as area wise future traffic. In a help of KNN, ssystem suggest the shortest distance of
route to user. According to the system user also view the air quality index of particular
area. In light of characterizing and grouping the huge unique occasions, this framework
investigations the traveler stream dispersion qualities of enormous extraordinary
occasions, considers the spatial and worldly circulation of street traffic stream
encompassing the occasion regions additionally discover traffic of specific regions.

4.7 OUTCOME

• To predict the current traffic in smart city.

• To future traffic in smart city.
• To view shortest distance of route on map for to the place with minimum air
quality index.

4.8 APPLICATIONS
• To predict the traffic in smart city.
• To predict air quality in smart city.
• To predict the traffic and air quality in urban area.

15
 4.9 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

4.9.1 Hardware resource required

• Processor - Pentium IV/Intel I3 core

• Speed - 1.1 GHz
• RAM - 2 GB(min)
• Hard Disk - 20GB
• Keyboard - Standard Keyboard
• Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse
• Monitor - LED Monitor

4.9.2 Software resource required

• Operating System - Windows 7

• Programming Language - Java/J2EE
• Software Version - JDK 1.7 or above
• IDE – Eclipse
• Database- MySQL

16
 CHAPTER 5

PROJECT PLAN

17
5.1 PROJECT ESTIMATES

5.1.1 Reconciled Estimates

Cost Estimate

Line Of code (LOC) is 3500 (Appr.) LOC in KLOC (Kiloes LOC) is 3.5 KLOC.

Effort:

The formulas for estimating the development time based on the effort are given below

Organic Project: Tdev = 2.5 * (Ef f ort) 0:38

Semi-Detached: Tdev = 2.5 * (Ef f ort) 0:35

Embedded: Tdev = 2.5 * (Ef f ort) 0:32

For semi-detached project, Tdev =2.5 * (19:26) 0:35

Tdev = 7.64

Means approximate 8 months.

Estimation of People Required

1. Preq = Effort/ Tdev

2. Preq = 19.26/7.64

3. Preq = 3.66 The estimation of people required is 4 person

5.1.2 Project Resources

231– Processor - Pentium IV/Intel I3 core

– Speed - 1.1 GHz

– RAM - 2 GB(min)

– Hard Disk - 20GB

– Keyboard - Standard Keyboard

– Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse

– Monitor - LED Monitor5.2 Risk Management w.r.t.

NP Hard analysis

18
Problem: The main problem prediction of traffic in metropolitan city.

Solution: In the Feasibility Study stage, the assigned project is analyzed, then
information about the project participants is collected, and the requirements for the
system are gathered and analyzed. During the Feasibility Study stage, the project’s
goals, parameters and restraints are agreed and a conceptual problem solution is
prepared. In this system we can predict the traffic area according to previous traffic data
and air pollution data. In that we collect first traffic data as well as air quality index of
pollution of different area wise data ,analysis on that data and show traffic area season
wise. Also recommendation of route to user. All this procedure for searching relevant
Traffic Areas as well as air pollution of area is possible in real time, so this project is
NP-Complete.

The project is NP-Complete.

5.2.1 Risk Identification

1. For user show the result of traffic information large amount of data set of traffic is
required. Also parameter of data set is match. If proper information are not available for
user then user cannot search traffic related information.

2.For view route on map google key is required if google key is not available then we
cannot view map.

3. For user show the result of air quality information large amount of data set of
pollution is required. Also parameter of data set is match. If proper information are not
available for user then user cannot search pollution related information.

4.Compatible software and hardware and software is required according to the traffic
and pollution dataset.If software and hardware is not match then system is not run.

5.2.2 Risk Analysis

The risks for the Project can be analyzed within the constraints of time and quality

Impact
ID Risk Description Probability
Schedule Quality Overall

1 Internet Low Low High Low

2 Traffic and Pollution High Low High High

related Information

Table 5.1: Risk Table

19
 Probability Value Description

High Probability of occurrence > 75%

is

Medium Probability of occurrence 26 − 75%

is

Low Probability of occurrence < 25%

is

Table 5.2: Risk Probability definitions

Impact Value Description

Very > 10% Schedule impact or Unacceptable quality

high

High 5 − Schedule impact or Some parts of the project have

10% low quality

Medium < 5% Schedule impact or Barely noticeable degradation in

quality Low Impact on schedule or Quality can be
incorporated

Table 5.3: Risk Impact definitions

5.2.3 Overview of Risk Mitigation, Monitoring, Management

Following are the details for each risk.

Risk ID 1

Risk Loss of data

Description

Category Environment.

Source Traffic and Pollution related Information

20
Probability High

Impact High

Response Mitigate

Strategy Break security

Risk Status Occurred

Risk ID 2

Risk System Failure

Description

Category Requirements

Source If specification is not match.

Probability Low

Impact High

Response Mitigate

Strategy Better testing will resolve this issue.

Risk Status Identified

Risk ID 3

Risk Connection Failure

Description

Category Technology

Source This was identified during early development and testing.

21
 Probability Low

Impact Very High

Response Accept

Strategy Proper authenticatication can resolve this issue

Risk Status Identified

5.3 Project Schedule

5.3.1 Project task set

Major Tasks in the Project stages are:

• Task 1: Requirement Analysis (Base Paper Explanation).

• Task 2: Project Specification (Paper Work).

• Task 3: Technology Study and Design.

• Task 4: Coding and Implementation (Module Development).

• Task 5: Testing of modules

5.3.2 Task network

Individual tasks and subtasks have interdependencies based on their sequence. A task
network is a graphic representation of the task flow for aproject. Project tasks and their
dependencies are noted.

5.3.3 Timeline Chart

22
 Table 5.4: Timeline Chart

5.4 Team Organization

Team consists of 4 members and proper planning mechanism are used and roles of each
member are defined.

5.4.1 Team structure

The team structure for the project is identified. There are total 4 members in our team and
roles are defined. All members are contributing in all the phases of project.

5.4.2 Management reporting and communication

Well planning mechanisms are used for progress reporting and inter/intra team
communication are identified as per requirements of the project.

23
Figure 5.1: Management Report

24
 CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION (SRS IS TO BE PREPARED

USING RELEVANT MATHEMATICS DERIVED AND SOFTWARE ENGG.
INDICATORS IN ANNEX A AND B)

25
6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 Purpose and Scope of Document Facilitating other Documentation

The SRS forms the basis for a load of other important documents such as the Software
Design Specification. • Product Validation

It basically helps in validating with the client that the product which is being delivered,
meets what they asked for

Characteristics of a Software Requirement Specification

• Accuracy o This is the first and foremost requirement. The development team will get
nowhere if the SRS which will be the basis of the process of software development, is
not accurate.

• Completeness o The software requirement specification should not be missing any of

the requirements stated in the business requirements documentation that the user
specified. • Prioritization of Requirements o Software Requirement Specification
should not simply be a wish list. The requirements should follow the order of priority and
preference.

6.1.2 Overview of responsibilities of Developer

1. Create the account of each user for that purpose it should fill all thefilled like a name,
surname, email-Id, phone no, etc.
2. This information stored into data base when some other wants to access this
information at that time developer should call the security policy.
3. It find specific user

6.2 Usage Scenario

6.2.1 User profiles

1. Users Responsibility

• Registration and login with authentication

• Search traffic place

• View current traffic

• View Feature traffic

• View Predict traffic

• View air quality index

26
• View recommendation of route

2. Admin Responsibility

• Admin login with proper authentication

• Login with authentication.

• Add traffic dataset

• Add Air Quality Dataset

• Data analysis and classification

• Add place info for route recommendation purpose

• View traffic

6.2.2 Use-cases

A use case diagram is a graphical representation of a user’s interaction with the system
and depicting the specifications of a use case. A use case diagram can show the different
types of users of a system and the various ways in which they interact with the system.
Use case diagrams are used to gather the requirements of a system including internal and
external influences. These requirements are mostly design requirements. So when a
system is analyzed to gather its functionality use cases are prepared and actors are
identified. The purposes of use case diagrams can be as follows:

• Used to gather requirements of a system.

• Used to get an outside view of a system.

• Identify external and internal factors influencing the system.

27
Figure 6.1: Usecase Diagram

6.3 Data Model and Description

6.3.1 Data Description

The controller is responsible for responding to use and admin input and perform
interactions on the data model objects. The controller receives the input, it validates the
input and then performs the business operation that modifies the state of the data model.

6.3.2 Data objects and Relationships

The model is responsible for managing the data of the application. It responds to the
request from the user and admin view and it also responds to instructions from the
controller to update itself.

28
6.3.3 Class Diagram:

The class diagram is a static diagram. It represents the static view of an application. Class
diagram is not only used for visualizing, describing and documenting different aspects of
a system but also for constructing executable code of the software application. The class
diagram describes the attributes and operations of a class and also the constraints imposed
on the system. The class diagrams are widely used in the modeling of object oriented
systems because they are the only UML diagrams which can be mapped directly with
object oriented languages. The class diagram shows a collection of classes, interfaces,
associations, collaborations and constraints. It is also known as a structural diagram. The
purpose of the class diagram is to model the static view of an application.

Figure 6.2: Class Diagram

29
Figure 6.3: DFD 0 Diagram

Figure 6.4: DFD 1 Diagram

6.3.4 Functional Requirements:

Functional Specification:

• In this system use the traffic dataset and pollution dataset.

• Search the traffic season wise, area wise traffic.

• Predict the current traffic as well future traffic.

• View air quality in a particular area.

• Recommendation of route.

6.3.5 Non Functional Requirements:

• Performance Requirements In identifying and quantifying performance

requirements, it is important to identify the reasoning behind a particular

30
 requirement. In order to assess the performance of a system the following must be
clearly specified:

Response time- Response time is for searching the area wise traffic is less as compare to
existing system. View time for all information is also less. Fast searching time in
proposed system.

Workload-The workload is often described as the scenarios that the users are likely to
execute. How to search current traffic in this system Scalability- In one respect
scalability is simply specified as the search more relevant searching in the systems
workload that the system should be able to process. Platform- Java Platform is used for
development of the system and ECLIPES IDE is used for it. For storing the data MYSQL
is used. • Safety Requirements

Software System Safety upgrades framework safety in the configuration, improvement,

use and maintenance of software frameworks and their incorporation with security basic
equipment frameworks in an operational. Only authorized admin and user access this
system. The failure of system to search of traffic shall be detected, isolated, and
recovered. Software shall perform Automatic Failure detection, isolation and Recovery.
• Security Requirements

Secure Functional Requirements; this is a security related description that is integrated

into each functional requirement. Typically this also says what shall not happen. This
requirement artifact can for example be derived from misuse cases. Only authorized
admin and user access this system.

6.3.6 Design Constraints

• Apache server, Database connectivity

• Algorithm is designed to for preparation of actual functions in system.

• System interface is designed in window for proper execution users have to

provide proper input.

6.3.6.1 Activity Diagram

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and

actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling
Language, activity diagrams are intended to model both computational and organizational
processes (i.e. workflows). Activity diagrams show the overall flow of control. Activity
diagrams are constructed from a limited number of shapes, connected with arrows. The
most important shape types:

• Rounded rectangles represent actions;

• Diamonds represent decisions;

31
 • Bars represent the start (split) or end (join) of concurrent activities;

• A black circle represents the start (initial state) of the workflow;

• An encircled black circle represents the end (final state).

Arrows run from the start towards the end and represent the order in which activities
happen. Hence they can be regarded as a form of flowchart. Typical flowchart techniques
lack constructs for ex-pressing concurrency. However, the join and split symbols in
activity diagrams only resolve this for simple cases; the meaning of the model is not clear
when they are arbitrarily combined with decisions or loops.

Figure 6.5: Admin Activity Diagram

32
Figure 6.6: User Activity Diagram

6.3.6.2 Sequence Diagram

A Sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with
one another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. A sequence
diagram shows object interactions arranged in time sequence. It depicts the objects and
classes involved in the scenario and the sequence of messages exchanged between the
objects needed to carry out the functionality of the scenario. Sequence diagrams are
typically associated with use case realizations in the Logical View of the system under
development. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams or event
scenarios.

33
Figure 6.7: User Activity Diagram

34
 CHAPTER 7

DETAILED DESIGN DOCUMENT USING APPENDIX A AND B

35
7.1 INTRODUCTION

Exact and convenient traffic stream data is as of now firmly required for individual
voyagers, business areas, and government offices. In smart city traffic flow is more as
compare to other metro city as well as other urban city.so,traffic flow most popular issue
in current days. Importance of finding such solution derives from the current problems
faced by the urban road traffic, such as congestions, pollution, security issues .To analyze
this problem and solve the issue we can developed this proposed system, In this system,
we can collect the raw data of traffic flow of different areas in various smart cities. We
can analysis on traffic data, after analyzing find out traffic areas in smart cities. Then we
can also predict how much traffic increase in next few days or year and how to control
them and also find out air quality monitoring system different area in smart city as well
as system shows shortest distance of route on map . We also avoid to go in particular area
for at time of large special events.

7.2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

In proposed system, collect the raw data of traffic flow of different areas in smart city.
After collecting, analysing, predict how much traffic increase in next few days or year
and how to control them. The system designs common process of traffic organization and
management for different large special events, proposes the static and dynamic traffic
organization methods and management strategies, and designs the activity steps, which
give a reference and direction to the traffic association routine with regards to huge
extraordinary occasions. In proposed system consists mainly 2 different modules i.e.
admin and user Admin play most important role in our traffic prediction system with
performing their functionality like upload traffic dataset, upload route dataset, view user
and traffic information.Admin also add information of real time air quality of different
area in a smart city. Using Na¨ıve Bayes algorithm classification of traffic. In proposed
system User can search the traffic with different scenario like search by location with the
help of stop ward removal algorithm . User can view area wise current traffic as well as
area wise future traffic. In a help of KNN, ssystem suggest the shortest distance of route
to user. According to the system user also view the air quality index of particular area. In
light of characterizing and grouping the huge unique occasions, this framework
investigations the traveler stream dispersion qualities of enormous extraordinary
occasions, considers the spatial and worldly circulation of street traffic stream

36
encompassing the occasion regions additionally discover traffic of specific regions.

Figure 7.1: System Architecture

• Registration and login with authentication,Search traffic place, View current

traffic ,View Feature traffic, View Predict traffic, View air quality index,View
recommendation of route

• Login with authentication,Add traffic dataset,Add Air Quality Dataset,Data

analysis and classification,Add place info for route recommendation purpose. View
traffic.

7.3 DATA DESIGN(using Appendices A and B)

A description of all data structures including internal, global, and temporary data
structures, database design , file formats.

7.3.1 Internal software data structure

Data structures that are passed among components the software are described. The
java.sql package defines an interface called Java.sql.Driver that makes to be implemented
by all the JDBC drivers and a class called java.sql.DriverManager that acts as the
interface to the database clients for performing tasks like connecting to external resource
managers, and setting log streams. When a JDBC client requests the DriverManager to
make a connection to an external resource manager, it delegates the task to an appropriate
driver class implemented by the JDBC driver provided either by the resource manager
vendor or a third party.

37
7.3.2 Global data structure

The only kind of data available globally to the whole system is the database itself stored
in Microsoft Access. After the JDBC connection any data stored can be fetched, updated,
or deleted.

7.3.3 Temporary data structure

As data is being stored in a DBM system all the intermediate data it being stored by the
DBMS by the application. Hence no intermediate files or data structures are used.

7.3.4 Database description

MySQL MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is
developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation. The MySQL Web site
(http://www.mysql.com/) provides the latest information about MySQL software.

7.4 Component Design

Component diagrams, Deployment Diagrams, Algorithms. Description of each

component description required.

Figure 7.2: Component Diagram

A Component Diagram displays the structural relationship of components of a software

system. These are mostly used when working with complex systems that have many
components. Components communicate with each other using interfaces. The interfaces

38
are linked using connectors.

Figure 7.3: Deployment Diagram

Deployment diagrams are used to visualize the topology of the physical components of a
system where the software components are deployed. So deployment diagrams are used
to describe the static deployment view of a system. Deployment diagrams consist of
nodes and their relationships.

39
 CHAPTER 8

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

40
8.1 Tools and Technologies Used

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Processor - Pentium IV/Intel I3 core

• Speed - 1.1 GHz

• RAM - 2 GB(min)

• Hard Disk - 20GB

• Keyboard - Standard Keyboard

• Mouse - Two or Three Button Mouse

• Monitor - LED Monitor

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating system : 32bit Windows 7 and on words

• Coding Language : Java

• IDE : Eclipes

• Database : MYSQL

8.2 Proposed Algorithm

8.2.1 Stop Word Removal:-

This algorithm is used for searching purpose.

Input:- Search traffic Place query or Search traffic related any query.

Process:-

• Step 1: The target crime query document text is tokenized and individual words
are stored in array.

• Step 2:A single stop word is read from stopword list.

• Step 3: The stop word is compared to target text in form of array using sequential
search technique.

• Step 4: If it matches, the word in array is removed , and the comparison is continued
till length of array.

41
 • Step 5: After removal of stopword completely, another stopword is read from
stopword list and again algorithm follows step 2. The algorithm runs continuously
until all the stopwords are compared.

• Step 6: Resultant text devoid of stopwords is displayed, also required statistics like
stopword removed, no. of stopwords removed from target text, total count of words in
target text, count of words in resultant text, individual stop word count found in target
text is displayed.i.e. places information is displayed or traffic information is displayed.

Output:- Display traffic info or traffic info.

8.2.2 Naive Bayes Algorithm:-

This algorithm is used for classification of traffic and prediction of traffic.

Input:- Area wise traffic Details

Process

Here we can assign traffic class as a low,medium,high etc.

P(Wk/class)=(nK+1)/(n+ Vocabulary) Where, n = total no. of words with specified class

nk = no. of times word occurred with the specified class Vocabulary = size Procedure
Steps:

• Calculate nk i.e., no. of times the word occurred with class.

• Calculate n i.e., total no. of words for given class.

• Calculate p(wk/vj) = nk/n i.e. the probability of word for the given class .

• Calculate the probability of each class

• Calculate the vocabulary i.e., the total no. of unique words

• Repeat the process

• Predict the traffic according to class

Output: - Classification of traffic prediction of traffic according to the category.

8.2.3 K-Nearest Neighbors :-

This algorithm is used for shortest route on map for recommendations purpose.

Input: - Enter Place Name Procedure

• Enter source and destination place.

42
• Give Longitude and latitude of source and destination

• Calculate the distance between sources to destination using Euclidean distance

formula In the Euclidean plane, if p = (p1, p2) and q = (q1, q2) then the distance
d(p,q)=sqrt((q1-p1)2-(q2-p1)2

Output:-Show route on map

8.3 Verification and Validation for Acceptance

Verification and validation are independent procedures that are used together for
checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and
that it fulfills its intended purpose. These are critical components of a quality
management system such as ISO 9000. The words verification and validation are
sometimes preceded with independent, indicating that the verification and validation is
to be performed by a disinterested third party. Independent verification and validation
can be abbreviated as IV and V.

Validation : The assurance that system meets the needs of the customer and other
identified stakeholders. It often involves acceptance and suitability with external
customers. Contrast with verification.

Verification : The evaluation of whether or not a product, service, or system com- plies
with a regulation, requirement, specification, or imposed condition. It is often an internal
process. Contrast with validation

CHAPTER 9 SOFTWARE TESTING

9.1 TYPE OF TESTING

1. Unit Testing • Unit testing concentrates verification on the smallest element of the
program – the module. Using the detailed design description important control paths are
tested to establish errors within the bounds of the module.

• In this system each sub module is tested individually as per the unit testing such as
campaign, lead, contact etc. are tested individually. Their input field validations are
tested.

2. Integration testing • Once all the individual units have been tested there is a need
to test how they were put together to ensure no data is lost across interface, one module
does not have an adverse impact on another and a function is not performed correctly.
After unit testing each and every sub module is tested with integrating each other.

• Functional Testing

• Functional testing is the testing to ensure that the specified functionality required in
the system requirements works. It falls under the class of black box testing.

43
3. System Testing • System testing is the testing to ensure that by putting the software
in different environments (e.g., Operating Systems) it still works. System testing is done
with full system implementation and environment. It falls under the class of black box
testing.

4. Stress Testing • Stress testing is the testing to evaluate how system behaves under
unfavorable conditions. Testing is conducted at beyond limits of the specifications. It
falls under the class of black box testing.

5. Performance Testing • Performance testing is the testing to assess the speed and
effectiveness of the system and to make sure it is generating results within a specified
time as in performance requirements. It falls under the class of black box testing.

6. Usability Testing • Usability testing is performed to the perspective of the client, to

evaluate how the GUI is user-friendly? How easily can the client learn? After learning
how to use, how proficiently can the client perform? How pleasing is it to use its design?
This falls under the class of black box testing.

7. Acceptance Testing • Acceptance testing is often done by the customer to ensure that
the delivered product meets the requirements and works as the customer expected. It falls
under the class of black box testing

8. System testing for the current system: • In this level of testing we are testing the
system as a whole after integrating all the main modules of the project. We are testing
whether system is giving correct output or not. All the modules were integrated and the
flow of information among different modules was checked. It was also checked that
whether the flow of data is as per the requirements or not. It was also checked that whether
any particular module is non-functioning or not i.e. once the integration is over each and
every module is functioning in its entirety or not.

In this level of testing we tested the following: -

• Whether all the forms are properly working or not.

• Whether all the forms are properly linked or not.

• Whether all the images are properly displayed or not.

• Whether data retrieval is proper or not.

44
Table 9.1: Test case for Checking the functionality of Login Button 1

Table 9.2: Test case for Checking the functionality of Login Button 2

45
 Table 9.3: Test case for Checking the functionality of Registration Button 1

Table 9.4: Test case for Checking the functionality of Registration Button 2

Modules to be tested: Registration

1. Enter the case insensitive Username click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

Result:-Pass

2. Enter the case sensitive Username click on Submit button.

Expected: It should accept.

Result:-Pass

3. Enter the case insensitive Password click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

Result:-Pass

4. Enter the case sensitive Password click on Submit button.

Expected: It should accept.

Result:-Pass

5. Enter the case insensitive Mobile Number click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

Result:-Pass

46
6. Enter the case sensitive Mobile Number click on Submit button.

Expected: It should accept. Result:-Pass

Modules to be tested: Login

1. Enter the correct username and wrong password click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

Result:-Pass

2. Enter the wrong username and correct password and click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

Result:-Pass

3. Enter the correct username and password and click on Login button.

Expected: It should display welcome page.

Result:-Pass

4. After login with valid credentials click on back button.

Expected: The page should be expired.

Result:-Pass

5. After login with valid credentials copy the URL and paste in anotherbrowser.

Expected: It should not display the user’s welcome page.

Result:-Pass

47
 CHAPTER 10

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

48
10.1 CONCLUTION

The traffic flow in smart city is most popular issue in current days. Various kind of
peoples are faced issue of smart city road traffic, road accident such as congestions,
pollution, security issues .Due to this reasons, road traffic is increased day by day. To
solve existing problem, we developed new proposed system, in that can collect the raw
data of traffic flow as well as air quality index of different areas in smart city. After
collecting, analyzing, predict how much traffic increase in next few days or year and how
to control them. Based on defining and classifying the large special events, this system
analyzes the passenger flow distribution characteristics of large special events. In this
system predict area wise current traffic as well as future traffic and User also view real
time air quality in particular area system, suggest shortest distance route on the map.

10.2 FUTURE SCOPE

• In future, predict the in urban as well as in rural area also we make android application
for traffic prediction.

49
ANNEXURE A

REFRENCES

Joe Lemieux , Yuan Ma, “Vehicle Speed Prediction using Deep Learning”Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Michigan Dearborn, Mi USA. 2015.

Youness Riouali, Laila Benhlima, Slimane Bah “Petri net extension for traffic road
modelling” Mohammadia School of Engineers Mohammed V University of Rabat
AMIPS Morocco, Rabat 2016

Leyre azpilicueta, c´esar vargas-rosales, and Francisco Falcone, “Intelligent vehicle

communication Deterministic Propagation Prediction in Transportation Systems .” IEEE
vehicular technology magazine 2016.

Thomas Liebig, Nico Piatkowski, Christian Bockermann, and Katharina Morik. “Route
Planning with Real-Time Traffic Predictions.” TU Dortmund University, Dortmund,
Germany 2014

DAI Lei-lei, GU Jin-gang, SUN Zheng-liang, QIU Hong-tong “Study on Traffic

Organization and Management Strategies for Large Special Events.” International
Conference on System Science and Engineering, Dalian, China, 2012

Shen, L., Liu, R., Yao, Z., Wu, W., amp; Yang, H. “Development of Dynamic Platoon
Dispersion Models for Predictive Traffic Signal Control.” IEEE Transactions on
Intelligent Transportation Systems,

1–10. 2018

50
ANNEXURE B

LABORATORY ASSIGNMENTS ON PROJECT ANALYSIS OF

ALGORITHMIC DESIGN

Aim:

To develop the problem under consideration and justify feasibility using concepts of
knowledge canvas and IDEA Matrix.

Problem Statement:

How to search the best result in the relevant and diversified images standings is a
challenge. i.e. problem occurs in image search on flicker. How to make the top ranked
result relevant and with diversity is challenging.A fundamental problem in the re-ranking
of images or texts according to the user search preferences.

Knowledge Canvas and IDEA Matrix:

Knowledge Canvas is one that depicts the knowledge forces and knowledge flow across
the organization and extended organizations’. It captures the current knowledge state and
knowledge forces in the environment. It tries to build bigger knowledge scenario for
projects. It helps to identify the knowledge opportunities, prospective knowledge partners
and knowledge losses. It is used to establish association among knowledge opportunities.

Principle components for knowledge canvas include:

• Knowledge force for cost saving

• Knowledge about precision
• Knowledge about social reluctance
• Automation economics
• Precision economics
• External knowledge forces
• Globalization knowledge force

51
Table 10.1: Idea Matrix

Title:

Project problem statement is feasibility assessment using NP-Hard, NPComplete or

satiability issues using modern algebra and relevant mathematical models.

1. Theory:

What is P?

• P is set of all decision problems which can be solved in polynomial time by a

deterministic.
• Since it can be solved in polynomial time, it can be verified in polynomial time.
• Therefore P is a subset of NP.

What is N?

• ”N” in ”NP” refers to the fact that you are not bound by the normal way a computer
works, which is step-by-step. The ”N” actually stands for ”Non- deterministic”.
This means that you are dealing with an amazing kind of computer that can run
things simultaneously or could somehow guess the right way to do things, or

52
 something like that. • So this ”N” computer can solve lots more problems in ”P”
time - for example it can just clone copies of itself when needed.
• So, programs that takes dramatically longer as the problem gets harder (i.e. not in
”P”) could be solved quickly on this amazing ”N” computer and so are in ”NP”.
• Thus ”NP” means ”we can solve it in polynomial time if we can break the normal
rules of step-by-step computing”.

What is NP?

”NP” means ”we can solve it in polynomial time if we can break the normal rules
of step-by-step computing”.

Risk Management w.r.t. NP Hard analysis

Problem: The main problem prediction of traffic in metropolitan city.

Solution: In the Feasibility Study stage, the assigned project is analyzed, then
information about the project participants is collected, and the requirements for the
system are gathered and analyzed. During the Feasibility Study stage, the project’s goals,
parameters and restraints are agreed and a conceptual problem solution is prepared. In
this system we can predict the traffic area according to previous traffic data and air
pollution data. In that we collect first traffic data as well as air quality index of pollution
of different area wise data ,analysis on that data and show traffic area season wise. Also
recommendation of route to user. All this procedure for searching relevant Traffic Areas
as well as air pollution of area is possible in real time, so this project is NP-Complete.

The project is NP-Complete.

53
ANNEXURE B

LABORATORY ASSIGNMENTS ON PROJECT QUALITY AND RELIABILITY

TESTING OF PROJECT DESIGN

TYPE OF TESTING

1. Unit Testing • Unit testing concentrates verification on the smallest element of the
program – the module. Using the detailed design description important control paths are
tested to establish errors within the bounds of the module.

• In this system each sub module is tested individually as per the unit testing such as
campaign, lead, contact etc. are tested individually. Their input field validations are
tested.

2. Integration testing • Once all the individual units have been tested there is a need to
test how they were put together to ensure no data is lost across interface, one module does
not have an adverse impact on another and a function is not performed correctly. After
unit testing each and every sub module is tested with integrating each other.
• Functional Testing
• Functional testing is the testing to ensure that the specified functionality required
in the system requirements works. It falls under the class of black box testing.

3. System Testing • System testing is the testing to ensure that by putting the software
in different environments (e.g., Operating Systems) it still works. System testing is done
with full system implementation and environment. It falls under the class of black box
testing.

4. Stress Testing • Stress testing is the testing to evaluate how system behaves under
unfavorable conditions. Testing is conducted at beyond limits of the specifications. It
falls under the class of black box testing.

5. Performance Testing • Performance testing is the testing to assess the speed and
effectiveness of the system and to make sure it is generating results within a specified
time as in performance requirements. It falls under the class of black box testing.

6. Usability Testing • Usability testing is performed to the perspective of the client, to

evaluate how the GUI is user-friendly? How easily can the client learn? After learning
how to use, how proficiently can the client perform? How pleasing is it to use its design?
This falls under the class of black box testing.

7. Acceptance Testing • Acceptance testing is often done by the customer to ensure that
the delivered product meets the requirements and works as the customer expected. It falls
under the class of black box testing

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8. System testing for the current system: • In this level of testing we are testing the
system as a whole after integrating all the main modules of the project. We are testing
whether system is giving correct output or not. All the modules were integrated and the
flow of information among different modules was checked. It was also checked that
whether the flow of data is as per the requirements or not. It was also checked that whether
any particular module is non-functioning or not i.e. once the integration is over each and
every module is functioning in its entirety or not.

In this level of testing we tested the following: -

a. Whether all the forms are properly working or not.

b. Whether all the forms are properly linked or not.

c. Whether all the images are properly displayed or not.

d. Whether data retrieval is proper or not.

Table 10.2: Test case for Checking the functionality of Login Button 1

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Table 10.3: Test case for Checking the functionality of Login Button 2

Table 10.4: Test case for Checking the functionality of Registration Button 1

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Table 10.5: Test case for Checking the functionality of Registration Button 2

Modules to be tested: Registration

1. Enter the case insensitive Username click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

Result:-Pass

2. Enter the case sensitive Username click on Submit button.

Expected: It should accept.

Result:-Pass

3. Enter the case insensitive Password click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

Result:-Pass

4. Enter the case sensitive Password click on Submit button.

Expected: It should accept.

Result:-Pass

5. Enter the case insensitive Mobile Number click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

Result:-Pass

6. Enter the case sensitive Mobile Number click on Submit button.

Expected: It should accept. Result:-Pass

Modules to be tested: Login

1. Enter the correct username and wrong password click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

Result:-Pass

2. Enter the wrong username and correct password and click on Submit button.

Expected: It should display error.

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Result:-Pass

3. Enter the correct username and password and click on Login button.

Expected: It should display welcome page.

Result:-Pass

4. After login with valid credentials click on back button.

Expected: The page should be expired.

Result:-Pass

5. After login with valid credentials copy the URL and paste in anotherbrowser.

Expected: It should not display the user’s welcome page.

Result:-Pass

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ANNEXURE D

PROJECT PLANNER

Table 10.6: Timeline Chart

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ANNEXURE E

REVIEWERS COMMENTS OF PAPER SUBMITTED

1. Paper Title:

2. Name of the Conference/Journal where paper submitted:

3. Paper accepted/rejected:

4. Review comments by reviewer:

5. Corrective actions if any:

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ANNEXURE F

PLAGIARISM REPORT

Figure 1: Plagarism Report

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