Water Conveyance System

Water Conveyance System

Types of Intakes
Based on sources, we can divide the intake into three types:
• River Intake
• Reservoir Intake
• Canal Intake
• River Intake
It is a circular masonry tower constructed along
the bank of river at such place from where
required quantity of water can be obtained in
the dry period. The water enters in the lower
portion of the intake is known as the sump well
from penstock. The penstocks are fitted with
screens to check the entry of solid and are
placed on the downstream side. The opening &
closing of penstock valves is done with the help
of wheels provided at the pump house floor.
• Reservoir Intake
These consists of intake towers having no water
inside other than in the intake pipes. The interior
of the tower is thus made available for inspection
& operation Figure shows a reservoir intake
which is usually located either along the
upstream of an earthen dam or within the body
of a masonry dam. There are number of inlets
protected by screen at different levels to draw in
clear water from near the sources. When the
discharge of some river in summer remains
sufficient to meet up the demand, but some
rivers dry up partly or fully & cannot meet the
hot weather demand. In such cases reservoirs
are constructed by constructing weirs or dams
across the river.
• Canal Intake
Canal Intake is a very simple structure
constructed on the bank of a canal & consists of
a RCC or brick masonry chamber built partially in
the canal bank. Figure shows a canal intake. It
has a side opening fitted with course screen
which excludes heavier matter from entering the
conduit. The end of pipe inside chamber is
provided with a bell mouth fitted with a
hemispherical fine screen. The outlet pipe carries
the water to the other side of the canal bank
from where it is taken to the treatment plant.
 Pipes
Circular conduits in which water flows under certain pressure or due to
gravity.

Types of Pipes
Based on material, we have:
• Cast Iron Pipe
• Steel Pipe & Wrought Iron Pipe
• RCC Pipe
• Asbestos Cement Pipe
• PVC Pipe
• Cast Iron Pipe
These are most commonly used in water
supply scheme due to their durability,
strength, resistance to corrosion, easy of
laying etc . But the disadvantages of this type
of pipes are:-
• Due to its heavy weight, large diameter pipes
are difficult to transport in hilly & difficult
terrain.
• Coating inside and outside of the pipe is
required for carrying corrosive water.
• Steel & Wrought Iron Pipe
These pipes are stronger than cast iron pipes. They
are however less durable having life up to 50 years,
more liable to corrosion. To increase the life of
wrought iron pipes sometimes, these are
galvanized with zinc. These pipes can withstand
much higher pressure but are of lighter section &
hence easy to transport to site.
Advantages: Cheap, durable, light weight, large
lengths and resist high pressure.
Disadvantages: Rusting, costly & time taking
maintenance,
• RCC Pipe
These are very durable , heavier & can be used up
to 1.8m diameter. Transportation costs are much
reduced if the pipes are cast- in –situ. These pipes
are resistant to corrosion & especially suitable for
soft & acidic water. The concrete mix normally used
is 1:2:2.
Advantages: Low maintenance cost, non-corrosive,
durable.
Disadvantages: Repair and joints are difficult,
shrinkage cracks and porosity, difficult to transport.
• Asbestos Pipe
These are manufactured from a mixture of port
land cement & asbestos fibre combined under
pressure into a dense homogeneous structure.
These pipes are very light in weight, can be easily
cut, joined & handled. They resist corrosion & are
very smooth. Use of these pipes are restricted to
minor works of distribution system , because of
poor structural resistance to bending stresses
caused during transportation.
Advantages: Light weight, smooth , flexible and
joints easily forms.
Disadvantages: Less durable, less strength (brittle),
difficult to transport.
• PVC Pipe
These pipes are widely used for cold water
services, rain water system etc. These are strong
& can withstand much high pressure for a given
wall thickness. It is quite resistance to salt water,
corrosive fumes , corrosive soil etc.
Selection of Pipe Material
Selection of pipe material depends on the following factors:
• Internal pressure & external loads to which the pipe is subjected.
• Type of water to be conveyed & it‘s resistance to corrosion.
• Maintenance cost.
• Availability of fund.
• Expected life & repair & replacement.
 Pipe Joints
Not all pipe are available in desired lengths hence joints are required to
increase pipe lengths.

Types of Joints
The most common joints are:
• Spigot & socket Joint
• Flanged Joint
• Expansion Joint.
• Flexible Joint
• Collar Joint
• Screwed & socket Joint
• Spigot & Socket Joint
This type of joint is commonly used in case of cast-
iron-pipes. For the construction of this joint the spigot
or normal end of one pipe is centered into the socket of
the other pipe. Hemp yarn is then wrapped around the
spigot, leaving unfilled the required depth of socket for
lead. A kneeled clay ring is then placed around the
barrel & against the face of the socket. After this
molten pig lead is poured into fill the remainder of the
socket.
• Flanged Joint
These joints are rigid & are easy to disjoint, as such
used where pipe joints have to occasionally opened out
for carrying out repair work as in pumping chamber.
The pipe in this case has flanges on its both ends,
casted, welded or screwed with the pipe. A gasket of
rubber, canvass or lead is introduced between the two
flange of cast iron pipes, which are then tightened with
bolts & nuts.
• Expansion Joint
These joints are used on pipes exposed to considerable
differences of temperature allowing for free expansion
or contraction without setting up thermal stresses in
the pipes. Here when the pipe expands , the socket end
moves forward & when pipe contracts , it moves back
word in the space provided for it & the elastic rubber
gasket in every position keeps the joint water tight.
• Flexible Joint
These joints are used for pipes to be laid submerged
under water , where the bottom of the river is uneven
with the possibility of settlement & consequent
damage. If one pipe is given any defection, the ball
shaped portion will move inside the socket & the joint
will remain water proof in all the position .
• Collar Joint
This joint is mostly used for joining concrete & Asbestos
cement pipe having bigger diameter. A rubber gasket is
placed between steel rings in the groove after bringing
the ends of the two pipes in one level. Then the collar
is placed at the joint so that it should have the same
lap on both the pipes. After this cement mortar (1:1) is
filled in the gap between the pipes & the collar.
• Socket & Screwed Joint
This is a simple type of joint commonly used for
jointing screwed wrought iron or Galvanized iron pipes.
In this joint , two ends of the pipes are threaded on the
outside and on them a suitable jointing compound
should be used before screwing socket over it having
corresponding threads from inside
 Pipe Layout
Pipes are generally laid with a flat slope parallel to the hydraulic gradient to
avoid any air locking trouble. Where there is slope, pipe laying should be
done in an uphill direction to facilitate joint making.

After the laying out of pipes the testing phase is conducted: