Scribd
Upload
3 views12 pages

Fluid Note 2 Sem 2

The document discusses the fundamentals of fluid flow, emphasizing the energy required for fluid motion, expressed in terms of head. It covers potential energy, kinetic energy, and pressure energy, leading to the formulation of Bernoulli's equation, which relates these energies in a flowing fluid. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of these concepts in fluid mechanics.

Uploaded by

enockmeah70
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views12 pages

Fluid Note 2 Sem 2

The document discusses the fundamentals of fluid flow, emphasizing the energy required for fluid motion, expressed in terms of head. It covers potential energy, kinetic energy, and pressure energy, leading to the formulation of Bernoulli's equation, which relates these energies in a flowing fluid. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of these concepts in fluid mechanics.

Uploaded by

enockmeah70
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

BTECH

FLUID MECHANICS II
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
• For a fluid to flow (move), it must posses an amount of
energy enough to cause its motion.
• Unit of energy is Joule (J)

• In fluid mechanics, energy is most often expressed in Head


𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
• Definition 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
• Unit of Head is meter (m)

2
Energy of Fluid in Motion
• 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝑍
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑚𝑔𝑍
• 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = = 𝒁 … … … … . . 1.1(𝑎)
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔

1
• 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑉 2
2
𝐾𝐸 𝑚𝑉 2 𝑽𝟐
• 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = = … … … … . . 1.1(𝑏)
𝑚𝑔 2𝑚𝑔 𝟐𝒈

𝑚
• 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝑝𝐸 = 𝑝∀ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∀=
𝜌
𝑝𝐸 𝑝 𝑚 𝒑
• 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = × = … … … … . . 1.1(𝑐)
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝜌 𝝆𝒈
•

Fluid Mechanics II 3
Total Energy (Head) of a Fluid in Motion
• The total energy = Pressure energy + KE + PE
1
= 𝑝∀ + 𝑚𝑉 2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑍
2

In terms of Head;
𝒑 𝑽𝟐
• 𝐻= + + 𝒁 … … … … … … .1.2
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

4
Example

• Water is flowing through a tapering pipe having


diameter of 150mm and 50mm respectively. Find
the discharge at the large end and the velocity
head at the smaller end, if the velocity of the
water at the large end is 2.5 m/s.

5
Example
• A 100-mm-diameter suction pipe leading to a pump as
shown in fig below carries a discharge of 0.03 m3/s of oil
(sg = 0.85). if the pressure at point A in the suction pipe
is a vacuum of 180 mmHg, find the total energy head at
point A with respect to a datum at the pump.

6
1.2 Bernoulli’s Equation

• 1.2.1 Bernoulli’s Equation – Proof


• Consider an incompressible inviscid liquid flow
through a nonuniform pipe as shown in fig. 1
below.

Fig 1
7
Let sections 1-1 and 2-2 represent the pipe.
Assuming the pipe is running full so that there is
continuity.

Let p1 = pressure at 1-1


V1 = velocity at 2-2
A1 = cross-sectional area of pipe at 1-1
Z1 = elevation from datum as shown

And let p2, V2, A2 and Z2 represent the


corresponding parameters at 2-2. 8
work done by pressure + change in potential
energy = gain in kinetic energy

𝑊 1𝑊 2 2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 + 𝑊 𝑍1 − 𝑍2 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝛾 2𝑔

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏


= 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐

9
Bernoulli’s Equation
• This is what the Bernoulli’s equation states.
𝒑 𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝑽 + 𝒁 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝜸 𝟐𝒈
• The above equation can be rewritten as;
𝑃 𝑉2
• + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 … … … … … … .1.5𝑎
𝜌 2
𝜌𝑉 2
•𝑃 + + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 … … … … … … 1.5𝑏
2

10
Components of the Bernoulli equation
𝑃
→ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒
𝜌
𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑉2
→ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
2
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑔𝑧 → 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑


𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
11
Example
• The water is flowing through a pipe having diameter
20cm and 10 cm at sections 1 and 2 respectively. The
rate of flow through the pipe is 35 liters/s. the section 1
is 6m above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If
the pressure at section 1 is 39.24 N/cm3, find the
pressure at section 2.

12

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy