CER 8.

1 Construction
Material and Testing Laboratory
Experiment

__________________________
Student

_________________________________________________
Instructor
Name : _______________________ Course & Year: _______________
Instructor : ____________________ Offer # : ________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Laboratory Title Grade

Experiment

1 Study of Testing Machine

2 Quartering Method of Splitting Samples

3 Moisture Content of Aggregates

4 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates

5 Unit Weight Determination for Fine and Coarse Aggregates

6 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates

7 Organic Impurities in Sands for Concrete

8 Wash Test on Aggregates

9 Blending of Aggregates

10 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Aggregates

11 Fineness of Cement

12 Specific Gravity of Portland Cement

13 Normal Consistency of Cement

14 Design of Concrete Mixtures

15 Testing of Concrete

16 Moisture Content of Wood

17 Curing Concrete Test Specimens

18 Specific Gravity of Wood

19 Testing of Load Bearing Concrete Hollow Block

20 Testing of Wood

21 Testing of Reinforcing Bars

22 Specific Gravity of Bituminous Materials

23 Specific Gravity and Percent Voids of Asphalt Pavements

24 Time of Setting of Cement

AVERAGE
 St. Peter’s College
Iligan City

Name Date Performed

Course & Year Instructor’s

Signature

Offer Number Rating

I. Experiment # 1

II. Title: Study of Testing Machine

III. Objective :

To study the operation of a universal testing machine with hydraulic

loading and weighing systems; how the loads for the different tests are applied
and how the loads are measured.

IV. Theory:

A testing machine is designed to apply a force and to measure this force.

It contains three main elements: the loading system, the weighing system,
and the indicating system. The loading system may be screw - gear or
hydraulic, and the weighing system may be lever hydraulic or pendulum
type.The significant tests performed on engineering materials are tension,
compression and flexure which can be done by universal testing machine.

V. Apparatus:
A hydraulic testing machine and its accessories

VI. Procedure:

1. The main parts of the testing machine will be indicated to the class, then the
operation of the machine will be explained.
2. Compression and tension tests will be demonstrated. The dimensions of the
specimens shall be measured prior to testing.
3. The force at the breaking point of the specimens shall be measured.

Salient Features of a hydraulic Testing Machine

General Description Operation

Load is applied by pumping oil from the reservoir to the cylinder, with
the loading valve open and the unloading valve closed. The ram on top of the
cylinder is driven upwards.Attached to the ram is the worktable which carries the
two compression columns and the top platen. Between the worktable and the top
platen is the sensitive platen. Therefore when a force is applied to the cylinder, a
sample is placed below the sensitive platen will be compressed by the upward
movement of the top platen. In either case, the force on the sensitive
platen is in upward direction.

1
 The screw columns and the bottom platen in the base of the machine
transmit the force to the capsule. Mounted between the bottom platen and the
cylinder.

The capsule consists essentially of a piston flexibly positioned by a bridge

ring. This piston transmit pressure to a small quantity of oil which is seated in the
capsule by a metal diaphragm. The capsule is connected by a copper tube
to the load indicator so that any pressure on the oil is instantly transmitted to the
indicating system.

The copper tube from the capsule loads to the sensitive elements of the
indicator - three bourdon tubes in the upper half of the cabinet. Any
movement of these tubes is opposed by an independent force which derives its
power from air line. The instant, the two forces are not exactly balanced
the independent force automatically operates to produce balance.The magnitude
of the independent force determines the indication of the dial.

The Indicating System

An increase in load on the testing machine produces an increased

hydraulic pressure in the capsule. Since the capsule is connected to a Bourdon
tube an increase in pressure will cause the free end of the tube and the
baffle to move upward.This movement permits more air to flow from the jet
pipe line than is supplied, thus reducing the air pressure. The bellows contract
and move downwards because of air escape. Tension is developed on the
isosclastic spring, pulling the free end of the Bourdon tube and the baffle to
the original position.

A decrease in load causes the free end of the Bourdon tube and the baffle
to fall, which restricts the flow of air from the pipe line.the air pressure in
the system is increased., the bellows inflate and move upward.Tension on the
isosclastic spring is reduced and consequently, the free end of the Bourdon
tube and baffle rise to the original position.

Forming the top of the bellows is an L- shaped unit with gear teeth
engaged to a pinion. Thus movement of the bellows causes the pointer to rotate on
the scale. The angular displacement of the pointer on the scale is directly
proportional to the stretch of the isosclastic spring.

The Air System

Air enter through the supply valve after passing through the filter. If then
passes an air pressure regulator so that the pressure of the air delivered
as 25 psi as indicated by the gage on the panel. The air then passes through an
orifice union which regulates the flow to the jets and bellows.

The Pumping Unit

The unit consists of a radial piston pump and differential device which by
varying the displacement of the pump, maintain an instant speed of the ram, any
leakage past the main cylinder packing and any internal pump leakage. The
differential device is essentially a two chamber unit separated by a flexural
diaphragm. One chamber is connected to the pump oil pressure and the other side
to the cylinder oil pressure. Any change in pressure in the cylinder or in the
pump will result in movement of the diaphragm. Since the diaphragm is
connected to the pump plunger, this movement will vary the eccentricity of the
pump and hence its displacement, thereby tending to equalize the forces against
the diaphragm.

2
VII. Operation

A. Compression

1. Place compression plate in sensitive platen.

2. Place specimen on working table.
3. Move sensitive platen to about 1/2 inch from top of specimen.
4. Make certain that the specimen is centrally located.
5. Move maximum load pointer (red) on gage to position well below
anticipated break load and adjust indicator pointer (black) to zero.
6. Open release valve( left) and close control (right).
7. Start pump.
8. Close release valve and open control valve. Just as soon as specimen
makes contact with compression plate, close control valve and open fine
control so that load is applied at the desired rate.
9. When the specimen breaks, close fine control and open release valve.

B. Tension

1. Set sensitive platen to position which will give desired tension space. If
necessary the top platen may also be moved.
2. Insert pinion shaft which operate s the grips in top platen.Screw the L-
shaped steps in top of grips, lower grips, lower grips in top platen. Level grips by
pushing in or pulling out the pinion shaft and tighten set- screw to hold
adjustment.Depending on size of specimen, introduce liner plates in pairs of same
thickness so that at start of test, lower ends of wedge grips are about 12 inch above
the lower surface of the top platen.
3. Arrange grips and liners in the sensitive platen in same way as in top platen so
that top ends grips are about 1/2 inch below the top surface.
4. Insert specimen in top platen, using care that a full bite on the
specimen is obtained.
5. Raise sensitive platen until its grips are in a position to bite the
greatest possible area of the specimen.
6. Set grips tight with handles on opinion shafts and start test as
describe under Compression. As soon as load starts to increase, remove
handles. At breakage close control valve and open release valve.

C. Flexure

Operation is similar to compression. The additional apparatus and

specimen are set up on the table. Load is applied by upward
movement of the table.

3
4
 Saint Peter’s College
Iligan City

Name Date Performed

Course & Instructors

Year Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 2

II. Title : Quartering Method of Splitting Samples

III. Objective :

To split an aggregate sample to the desired amount if a sample splitter is

not available

IV. Theory :

This test is to reduce field sample to testing sample.

V. Apparatus :

A piece of canvass or any similar durable material at least a meter

square and shovel

VI. Procedure :

1. Place the sample on the canvass or similar material.

2. Shovel the material in a cone shaped pile.

3. Mix the sample by shoveling from the bottom of the pile to the top of the
cone allowing the material to run down equally in all directions.

4. Spread the cone into a flat circular pile by drawing the material from the
center outward with the shovel until it spread to an even thickness.

5. Divide the flat pile into quarters and two diagonally opposite quarters
rejected.

6. Mix the remaining quarters and the process of piling, flattening and
rejecting two quarters repeated until the sample is reduced to the desired size.

VII. Discussion :

1. What would be the criterion in judging whether the quartering process has

been done well?

5
 Saint Peter’s College
Iligan City

Name Date Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 3

II. Title : Moisture Content of Aggregate

III. Objective :

To determine the amount of water in aggregate.

IV. Theory :

Moisture content is determined by this test. By controlling the water

content of aggregate, good control in concrete mixing is realized.

V. Apparatus :

Balance
Container
Oven

VI. Procedure :

1. Weigh the original test sample.

2. Dry the sample at constant weight at 1000C.

3. Weigh the dry sample.

VII. Calculation:

Percentage Moisture Content = Original Weight - Oven Dried Weight x 100

Oven Dried Weight

VIII. Discussion :

1. Why is it important that the moisture content of an aggregate for use in

concreting work be known?

6
 Saint Peter’s College
Iligan City

Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 4

II. Title : Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates

III. Objective :

To determine the particle size distribution of fine aggregates

IV. Theory :

Particle size distribution is determined by the test . By controlling the

grading of aggregates, a mix of high density and good workability can
easily be produced.

V. Apparatus :

Balance Standard Sieves

Containers Oven

VI. Procedure:

1. Determine by wash test the material finer than No. 200 sieve.
2. Made the sieve analysis of the material coarser than the No. 200 sieve.
3. Dry the wash aggregate to constant weight and then separate over the various
sieves.
4. Conduct the sieving operation by means of a lateral and vertical motion of the
sieve, accompanied by jarring action so as to keep the sample moving continuously
over the sieve.
5. Continue sieving till not more than 1% of the residue passes any sieve during
one minute.
6. Determine the weight of material retained on each sieve and from this the
percentage passing shall be based on the weight of the material before
washing.
7. Plot on the graph of Mechanical Analysis the percentage passing each size
and a smooth curve drawn connecting the plotted points.
8. The percentage passing sieve sizes quoted in the specifications but not
available during the test shall be taken from this curve and reported.

VII. Calculation:

7
 % Passing = Cumulative Weight Passing x 100
Total Weight of Sample Test

Cumulative Weight Passing = Total Weight of Sample - Weight Retained

VIII. Data and Result

Sieve Size Weight Cum. % Specification % Remark

Retained Weight Passing Passing
passing
3/8
No. 4
No. 10
No. 16
No. 40
No. 50
No. 100
No. 200
Pan
Wash
Total

The percentage passing of a sieve is taken from the “ Graph of Mechanical

Analysis” if the sieve sieve size is not available during the test but is quoted in the
specification.

IX. Discussion :

1. What is meant by fineness modulus ?

2. Why is a grading test generally specified for sands used in construction ?

8
 Saint Peter’s College
Iligan City

Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 5

II. Title : Unit Weight Determination for Fine and Coarse Aggregates

III. Objective :

To determine the unit weight of fine and coarse aggregates.

IV. Theory :

Values of unit weight are used in volumetric - gravimetric calculations. In

volumetric batching of concrete aggregates, the unit weight should be known to
convert weight into loose volume.

V. Apparatus :

Metal volumetric measures 1/10 and 1/2 ft3

Tamping rod steel 5/8” diameter long
Balance and Weights

VI. Procedure :

1. The volumetric measure shall be calibrated by determining the weight of water

required to fill it. Volume of container equals weight of water divided by the unit
weight of water at the temperature of calibration.
2. Sample of aggregate for test shall be room dry and thoroughly mixed.

Compact Weight Determination

1. Fill one third of the measure level and tamp 25 times evenly distributed
over the surface.
2. Fill two thirds of the measure, then to over-flowing. Each time the same
procedure as in step (1) is separated.
3. In tamping the rod should penetrate only the layer being tamped and
should not be forced into the bottom of measure or last layer placed.
4. Strike-off the excess aggregate with tamping rod.
5. Get net weight of aggregate in measure. Compute unit weight by dividing
the net weight by the volume measure.

Loose Weight Determination

9
1. Fill volumetric measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop.
Discharge the aggregate from a height of about 2 inches from top of the
measure. Exercise care to prevent aggregation of particles sizes.
2. Level-off carefully surface of aggregate.
3. Get net weight of aggregate and compute unit weight by dividing net
weight by volume of measure

VII. Data and Result:

LOOSE COMPACT
1. Container + Sample, Kg Sand Gravel Sand Gravel
2. Container, Kg
3. Sample, Kg (1) - (2)
4. Volume of Container , m3
5. Unit Weight, Kg/m3,(3) / (4)

VIII. Discussion

1. What is the importance of determining the unit weight of aggregate ?

10
 Saint Peter’s College
Iligan City

Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I Experiment # 6

II Title : Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates

III Objective :

To determine the particle size distribution of coarse aggregate.

IV Theory :

Particle size distribution is determined by the test. By controlling the

grading of aggregates, a mix of high density and good workability can
easily be produced.

V Apparatus :

Balance Standard Sieve

Containers Oven

VI Procedure:

1. Pass the dried sample of proper size without washing through available sieves.
2. Determine the weight retained on each sieve.
3. Calculate the percentage passing each size on the basis of the total weight of the
dried samples.
4. Plot the percentages passing each size on the “Graph of Mechanical
Analysis” and from the resulting curve the percentages passing sieve sizes quoted
in the specifications but not used in the test shall be obtained.

VII Data and Results :

11
 Sieve Size Weight Cum. Percent Spec. % Remarks
Retained Weight Passing Passing
Passing

2”
1 - 1/2”
1”
3/4”
3/8”
No. 4
No. 16
No. 200
Pan
Total

VIII Discussion :

1. Is it advisable to run a sieve analysis on a coarse - fine aggregate mixture as one

sample

12
 Saint Peter’s College
Iligan City

Date
Name Performed
Instructors
Course & Year Signature
Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 7

II. Title : Organic Impurities in Sands for Concrete

III. Objective :

To determine the presence of injuries organic compounds

in sands for use in concreting.

IV. Theory:

The test determine the presence and approximate amount of organic

matter. A small quantity of sand is mixed with a certain amount of 3%
solution of sodium hydroxide. After 24 hours the color of the liquid is
compared to a standard color. If darker than the standard, Injurious amount of
organic matter are present. This is an indication that the mortar strength or
other tests should be performed and the fine aggregates should pass these test prior
to acceptance or use.

V. Apparatus:

12 oz graduated glass bottle

Reference standard color

VI. Procedure :

1. Filled the 12 oz bottle to the 4 1/2 oz mark with the sand to be tested.
2. Add 3% solution of sodium hydroxide until sand and liquid reaches
the 7 oz mark
3. Stopper, shake, and allow the bottle to stand 24 hours.
4. Compare the color of the clean liquid above the sample after standing 24
hours, with the glass standard with a solution prepared by adding 2.5 ml of a 2%
solution tannic acid in 10% alcohol to 97.5 ml of a 3% sodium hydroxide solution.
5. Report solutions darker in color than this standard as having an organic test
value of more than 500 ppm. In terms of tannic acid.

VII. Discussion :

1. What is the principal value of this test?

Saint Peter’s College

13
 Iligan City

Name Date
Performed
Course & Year Instructors
Signature
Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 8

II. Title : Wash Test on Aggregates

III. Objective :

To determine the amount of material finer than the No.

200 sieve by washing.

IV. Theory :

The percent passing the No. 200 sieve in an indication cleanliness of the
aggregate. Test determine the silt and clay components which may weaken
concrete if adhering to the aggregate grains. Specifications limit the fines
removed by the No. 200 sieve to 3% in fine aggregate and 1 - 1/2 in coarse
aggregate.

V. Apparatus :

Sieves No. 10 and 200 Pan

Oven with Temperature Control Balance and weight

VI. Procedure :

1. Dry the test sample to constant weight at a temperature of about 1050 C ; weight
sample after cooling to room temperature.
2. Place sample in a container large enough to permit vigorous agitation
without spilling when water is added.
3. Add water and agitate.
4. Pour wash water over the nested sieves No.10 over No. 200 sieve,
avoiding decantation of coarse particle. Repeat operation until wash water
is clear.
5. Dry sample to constant weight after cooling to room temperature.

VII. Calculation:

Percentage of material passing the No. 200 sieve by

washing - Original dry weight.

VIII. Discussion:

1. What is the objection to a high percentage of wash in concrete aggregates ?

2. What is the allowable percentage of wash in Govt specification ?

Saint Peter’s College

14
 Iligan City

Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 9

II. Title : Blending Aggregates

III. Objectives :

To determine graphically the proportion of two aggregates that will effect

in a mixture meeting specification limits if one or both of the aggregate
find to meet the quoted specification.

IV. Theory :

If the aggregate from one source does not meet grinding specification
blending with other aggregates may be tried in order to meet the grinding
specification.

V. Apparatus :

1 set of standard sieve

VI. Procedure :

1. Both aggregates shall be run on the standard sieve analysis

2. Using the accompanying chart the percentages passing the desired sizes shall
be plotted on the corresponding vertical scales .
3. The points representing percentage passing for one sieve size connected by a
straight line.
4. An examination of the chart shall disclose at the bottom horizontal scale certain
proportions of the aggregates that will meet the specification limits in all the
quoted sieve size.

VII. Discussion :

1. When are aggregates blended ?

VIII. Tabulated Data:

15
 % Passing
Sieve Size
Specs Limit Course Aggregates Fine Aggregates

2”
1 1/2’
1”
3/4”
3/8”
#4
# 40
# 50
# 100
# 200

Table 1

Sieve # % Passing Spec Limit Remarks

2”
1 1/2”
1”
3//4”
3/8”
#4
# 40
# 50
# 100
# 200

Table 2

Sieve # % Passing Spec Limit Remarks

2”
1 1/2”
1”
3//4”
3/8”
#4
# 40
# 50
# 100
# 200

Table 3

IX. Conclusion:

Saint Peter’s College

16
 Iligan City

Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 10

II. Title : Specific Gravity and Absorption of Aggregates

III. Objectives :

To determine the specific gravity and absorption of fine and coarse

agrregates.

IV. Theory :

Values are used in the design of concrete and bituminous mixtures. A high
value of absorption may indicate a doubtful quality of the material.

V. Apparatus :

1. Pycnometer or calibrated volumetric flask

2. Conical ,old. 1 1/2” top dia. 3 1/2” bottom , dia. 2 - 7/8” high
3. Tampering rod. Weighing 12 oz with a flat circular tampering face 1 “ in diameter
4. Wire basket of # 4 mesh
5. Water bucket
6. Balance and Weights

VI. Procedure :

Preparation of Test Specimen

1. Obtain approximately 1 kg from the sample.

2. Dry the specimen to a constant weight of 1100C, allow to cool and cover it
with water and stand for 24 +- 4 hours.
3. Decant excess water with care to avoid loss of fines. Spread the sample on
a flat non absorbent surface and stir frequently to secure homogeneous
drying. Continue this operation until it reaches a free falling condition.

Cone Test for Surface Moisture

1. Hold the mold firmly on a smooth non absorbent surface with the large
diameter down.
2. Place a portion of the partially dried fine aggregate loosely in the mold by
filling it to overflow.
3. Lightly tamp with 25 drops at the height of about 5 mm above the top
surface.
4. Lift the mold vertically if the fine aggregate slumps slightly it indicates
that it reaches its saturated surface dry.

17
 Fine Aggregates

1. Prior to test the weight of pycnometer filled with water should be obtained , air
should be expelled by rolling on side or boiling.
2. Soak about 1000g of the sample in water for 24 hours.
3. Spread sample on a flat surface and stir frequently until it approaches a free
flowing condition.
4. Place sample in a conical mold tamp surface 25 times and lift mold
vertically. Sample in the cone will retain its shape in the presence of free
moisture. If this condition exists, continue drying and repeat the test until the
sample slumps upon removal of the mold. This will indicate a surface dry condition.
5. Weigh 500 grams of the surface dry sample and place in the pycnometer.
6. Fill pycnometer with water and roll on a flat surface to remove air bubbles.
Then place in a water bath maintained at 200C for about 1 hour.
7. Fill pycnometer to 500 ml mark and weigh.
8. Remove sample from pycnometer and dry to constant weight.
9. Get oven dry weight.

VII. Calculation :

A. Fine Aggregates

S.G. bulk saturated surface dry = W1 / W1 + W2 - W3

% Absorption = ( W1 - W0 / W0 ) x 100

Where:
W0 = weight in air of oven dry sample
W1 = weight in air of saturated surface dry sample
W2 = weight of pycnometer filled with water
W3 = weight of pycnometer + water + sample in bottle

Coarse Aggregate :

1. Pass about 5 kg. Of the sample through a 3/8” sieve reject portion passing.
2. Wash portion retained to remove dust or other coating and soak in water at
200C for 24 hours.
3. Remove sample from water and wipe all visible films of water with an
absorbent cloth. Sample is now in surface-dry condition.
4. Weigh surface dry sample in air.
5. Place sample in wire basket and determine weight in water.
6. Dry sample to constant weight.
7. Get oven dry weight.

Calculations :

B. Coarse Aggregates

S.G. bulk saturated surface dry = W1 / W1 + W2

% Absorption = (W1 - W0 / W0) x 100

Where:
W0 = weight in air of oven dry sample
W1 = weight in air of saturated surface dry sample
W2 = weight of pycnometer filled with water
W3 = weight of pycnometer + water + sample in bottle

VIII. Data and Result :

18
 Fine Aggregate
1. Sample, O.D. in air, g
2. Sample, SSD in air, g
3. Pyc. + water , g
4. Pyc. + water + sample , g
5. S.G. ( Bulk SSD ) , 2/(2) + (3) - (4)
6. Absorption, % (2) - (1) / (1)

Fine Aggregate
1. Sample, O.D. in air, g
2.Sample, SSD in air, g
3.Weight sample in water
4.Pyc. + water + sample , g
5.S.G. ( Bulk SSD ) , 2/(2) - (3)
6.Absorption, % (2) - (1) / (1)

IX. Discussion :

1. What is meant by Bulk specific gravity?

2. Why is this test necessary?

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

19
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 11

II. Title : Fineness of Cement

III. Objective :

To determine the fineness of Portland cement by the use of the No. 200
sieve.

IV. Theory :

The coarse particles in cement are inert. The finer the cement the faster it
will undergo hydration, thus resulting in higher early strength and more
rapid generation of heat. The effects of higher fineness is manifested principally
during the early periods of hydration although at later ages finer cement will give
higher strength. Coarse cement tend to give poor concrete workability and cause
excessive bleeding. Bleeding is manifested by water rising to the top of
the concrete due to settlement of solids before initial set. Greater fineness.
Improves not only the strength but also water tightness, workability,
appearance and durability of concrete. The test for fineness by the # 200
sieve consists of passing 50 grams of the cement through this sieve and
weighing the residue. In the turbidimeter test also for fineness determination, light is
made to pass through suspension of cement in water-free kerosene in a glass tank. From
the intensity of the light passing through the suspension the fineness is calculated
in terms of specific surface per gram of cement.

V. Apparatus:

# 200 sieve with pan and cover

Balance
Bristle Brush

VI. Procedure:

20
1. Place 50 grams sample of cement on # 200 sieve with pan attached.
2. Continue sieving until the residue clean for about 10 minutes
3. Place the cover on the sieve and remove the pan.
4. Brush off the dust adhering to the under side of the sieve.
5. Conduct one minute test to determine the completeness of sieving.
6. Held in an inclined position in one hand the sieve with pan and cover
attached and struck against the other hand gently about 150 times in one
minute.
7. Rotate the sieve about one sixth of a revolution after every 25 strokes.
8. Continue sieving until not more than 0.05 grams passes in one minute of
continuous sieving.
9. Weigh the residue in the sieve when the sieving is completed.
10. Brush thoroughly the sieve cloth on both sides to remove all the residue from
the sieve.

VII. Calculation :

The fineness is calculated as follows:

Fineness = Weight Retained / 50 x 100

VIII. Discussion :

1. What is the fineness requirement of Government specification for Portland

Cement
2. What relation has fineness and characteristics of Portland Cement?

IX. Conclusion :

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

21
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 12

II. Title : Specific Gravity of Portland Cement

III. Objectives :

To determine the specific gravity of Portland Cement

IV. Theory :

This test may detect adulteration or under burning of the cement. It is

used in design of concrete mixtures.

V. Apparatus :

1. Le Chatelier Flask
2. Water - Free Kerosene
3. Balance and Weights

VI. Procedure :

1. Fill Le Chatelier flask with water free kerosene to a point on the stem
between the zero and 1 - ml mark.
2. Immerse the flask in a constant temperature for a sufficient time interval before
making any reading.
3. Take initial reading.
4. Introduce into the flask the cement sample, about 64 grams.
5. Stopper the flask and roll in an inclined position until no air bubbles rise
into the surface.
6. Immerse in water bath the final reading.

VII. Calculation :

22
 S.G = Wc (g)
(Rf - Ri) ml

Where :
Wc = Weight of Cement (grams)
Rf = Final Reading ( ml )
Ri = Initial Reading ( ml )

VIII. Discussion :

1. What is the importance of the specific gravity of cement ?

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

23
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 13

II. Title : Normal Consistency of Cement

III. Objective :

To determine the amount of water required to reduce Portland

Cement to a certain state of plasticity called Normal Consistency by means of
the Vicat Needle

IV. Apparatus :

1. Vicat Needle
2. Glass Plate
3. Graduated Cylinder
4. Balance

V. Procedure :

1. Place a 500 grams sample of cement in a mound and form in the center a crater.
2. Poured into the crater a measure quantity of water.
3. Turn into the crater the cement on the outer edge within 30 seconds with a trowel.
4. Allow another 30 seconds for absorption of water.
5. Mix the material with gloved hands for 1 1/2 minutes in a continuous
mixing, kneading and squeezing operation.
6. Formed the cement paste into a ball and tossed from one hand to the other 6 times
the hand being kept 6” apart.
7. Pressed the ball into the larger end of the conical ring of the Vicat Apparatus.
8. Cut off the excess paste at the larger end with the palm of the hand and place
the ring on its larger end on a glass plate
9. Cut off the excess paste at the smaller end of the ring with one stroke of the
trowel.
10. Place the mold under the plunger end of the Vicat apparatus and the
penetration 30 sec after release of the plunger determined.
11. The paste shall be of normal consistency when the rod penetrates 10 mm below
the surface in 30 sec.
12. Paste of different percentages of water shall be fried until the normal
consistency is obtained.

VI. Calculation :

Normal Consistency is expressed as follows :

Normal Consistency = cc of water used x 100

24
 500

VII. Tabulated :

Final Reading ,
Weight of Cement Volume of Water Vicat Needle
Penetration

VIII. Discussion :

1. Is the normal consistency of cement of any importance to the engineer

receiving a test report on cement ?

IX. Conclusion :

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

25
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 14

II. Title : Design of Concrete Mixtures

III. Objective :

To design a concrete mix by the Absolute Volume Method using

DPWH procedure

IV. Given :

Materials from Mandulog river, for structural Class “A” Concrete

From Specification:
Cement factor - 9.00 bags/m3
Slump - 76.2 mm
Maximum size of aggregates - 37.5 mm
Maximum net water content - 18.45 li/bag
Minimum compressive strength - 20.7 MPa at 28 days

From Preliminary Tests:

Bulk Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregates - 2.65 (SSD)
Fineness Modulus - 2.50
Absorption - 2.50%

Bulk Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate- 2.65 (SSD)

Maximum size of Aggregates - 37.5 mm
Rounded Aggregates - Visual Inspection
Absorption - 1.09 %

Specific Gravity Type1 Cement - 3.15

Water Source - Approved Source
Admixture Brand - None

V. Required :

Determine the corrected batch weights to suit with actual condition of

aggregates in the field if the actual moisture content of fine aggregates is 1.40%
and 1.20% for the coarse aggregates in the field.

VI. Computation:

26
Saint Peter’s College
Iligan City

27
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 15

II. Title : Testing of Concrete

III. Objective :

1. To determine the consistency of concrete by the slump test.

2. To prepare concrete specimens and test these specimens in compression and
flexure.

IV. Theory :

The desirable properties of concrete are workability while it is still fresh

and strength and durability of the hardened mass while in service.
Workability is defined as the ease with which fresh concrete can be
handled with out segregation from the time it is mixed up to its final placing.
There is no direct measure of workability and it is judged only by experience.
Consistency of concrete is a component of workability and can be readily
measured by the slump test.
Concrete in order to be a useful construction product must meet
minimum compression flexural, shear or bond strength requirements.
Strength of concrete is principally dependent on the water-cement ratio. To
control or check the strength of concrete in bridges, buildings, and other
structures where the principal stresses are compressive, cylinder samples are
obtained and tests in compression.In concrete pavements where the stresses
are bending, beam samples are tested for flexural strength. Standard
specification specify a minimum compressive strength of 21 MPa and a
minimum flexural strength of 3.6 MPa.
Concrete must be durable to withstand the effect of service conditions
such as weathering and chemical action. Like strength durability of concrete
is dependent upon the water cement ratio. Specifications for concrete
exposed to weathering limit the water cement ratio to 0.80 by volume, or 6.0
gallons of water per bag of cement.

V. Apparatus :

A. Slump Test

1. Slump mold galvanized metal # 16 gage in the form of the lateral surface of the
frustrum of a cone with the base 8 inches dia. Top 4 inches dia. And height 12
inches.
2. Tamping rod, steel 5/8” dia. 24 inches long and tapered to a distance of
one inch to spherically shaped end.
3. Container for mixing concrete sample
4. Scoop or shovel
5. Steel ruler

B. Strength Tests

28
1. Compression cylindrical molds 6 inches in diameter and 12 inches in
height.
2. Flexure beam molds, 6 inches by 6 inches in cross section and 21 inches
length
3. Standard tamping rod
4. Container for mixing sample
5. Scoop or shovel
6. Mason’s trowel
7. Capping material and facilities
8. Curing facilities
9. Universal testing machine

VI. Procedure :

A. Slump Test

1. Obtain a representative sample from entire batch. If from a mixer pass a scoop
or pail repeatedly through the flowing discharge of concrete starting at the beginning of
discharge and repeated until entire batch is discharged. During paving operations, obtain
the sample from the batch immediately after depositing on the sub- grade. Take at
least five samples from different portions of the pile. Bring the composite sample
thus obtained to the place of molding the specimen. To prevent segregation mix
the concrete again until it is uniform in appearance.
2. Dampen the mold and place on a flat moist and non-absorbent surface from
the sample of concrete obtained, fill immediately the mold in 3 layers each layer
approximately 1/3 of the volume of the mold. In placing each scoop of concrete
move scoop around top edge of mold as the concrete slides. Tamp each layer with
25 strokes distributed uniformly over the surface. The rod should penetrate the
entire depth of the layer being tamped. After the top layer has been rodded, strike
off the surface with a trowel so that the mold is exactly filled.
3. Remove immediately the mold from the concrete by raising it slowly and
carefully in a vertical direction.
4. Measure immediately the slump by getting the difference between the height of
mold and the height of the vertical axis of the slumped concrete.
5. Record the consistency in terms of inches of subsidence of the specimen
during the test, which is known as the slump.

Slump = Difference between the height of the mold and

height at the vertical axis of the concrete
mass.

6. After the slump measurement tamp gently the side of the slumped
specimen with the tamping rod. The behavior of the concrete under this
treatment is a valuable indication of workability of the mix. A workable mix will
gradually slump and retain its original identity, while a poor mix will crumble and
segregate.

B. Compression test:

1. Molding of specimen. Place thoroughly mixed sample in the

cylindrical mold in 3 layers of approximately equal
volume. In placing the concrete move the scoop around the
edge of mold to insure symmetrical distribution of the
concrete in the mold Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the
tamping rod distribution over the surface.

29
 2. The rod should penetrate the entire depth of the layer being
tamped. Tap sides of the mold if voids are left by tamping rod. After
the top layer has been rodded strike off the surface with a trowel
and cover with a plate or damp material that will prevent evaporation.
3. After 24 hours remove specimen from mold and cure until the time
of test. Curing means to store specimen in a moist condition at
temperature range of 18 to 24 0C. Specimen shall not be exposed to
running water.
4. Prior to testing, cap the ends of the specimen with suitable material
to make ends approximately at right angles to the axis of cylinder.
The cap shall be as thin as possible.
5. Determine the average diameter by measuring two diameters at
right angles to each other near the center of height of specimen.
Measure also height of specimen including caps.
6. Place the specimen, which is in a moist condition, on the working
table of testing machine. Center specimen by aligning carefully
with the center of spherically seated block of middle platen. As the
block is brought to bear on top of specimen, rotate gently movable
portion to obtain a uniform seating.
7. Apply load at a constant rate within the range of 20 to 50 psi per
second. Increase load until specimen fails.
8. Record the maximum load carried by specimen.

C. Flexure Test

1. Molding of specimen. Place the thoroughly mixed sample in the

mold with its long axis horizontal, in layers approximately
3 inches in depth. Tamp each layer 50 times per sq. Ft. Of area. The
top layer shall slightly overfill the mold. After each layer has been
rodded, spade the concrete along the sides and ends of the mold
with a trowel. After the rodding and spading operations on the
top layer are completed , strike off the surface with a straight edge
and finish with a wooden float. Cover top with damp material.
2. After 24 hours, remove specimen form mold and cure until time of
test, same as in compression specimens.
3. Testing specimen by simple beam with Third - Point loading
Test specimen in the same position as when molded.
Center on the bearing blocks. Bring the load applying
blocks in contact with the upper at the third points
between supports. Apply the load at such a rate that the
increase in extreme fiber stress does not exceed 150 psi
per minute. Increase the load until the specimen fails.
Record the maximum load carried by specimen.
4. After the test measure the average width and average depth of
specimen at the section of failure.

VII. Calculations :

a. If the fracture is within the middle third calculate modulus of rupture

by the formula.

R = PL/ bd2

Where:
R= modulus of rupture, psi
P= maximum load, lb
L= span, in

30
 b= average width, in
D= average depth, in

b. If the fracture is outside of the middle third of the span length by not more than
5% of the span length, calculate the modulus of rupture by the formula:

R = 3 Pa / bd2

Where :
a = distance between line of fracture and the nearest
support measured along the center line of
the bottom of the beam, in inch

c. If fracture is outside of cases (a) and (b), discard the result of the test.

VIII. Data and Result :

A. Slump Test
1. Slump, in
2. Description of mix after tapping slumped specimen
B. Compression Test
1. Age, days
2. Height , mm
3. Diameter, mm (a)
(b)
4. Ave. Diameter, mm, (3a) + (3B) / 2
5. Area, sq mm
6. Max. Load, kg
7. Compressive Strength , MPa, (6) / (5)
C. Flexure Test
1. Age, days
2. Width, mm (a)
(b)
3. Average Width, mm (2a) + (2b) / 2
4. Depth, mm (a)
(b)
5. Average depth (4a) + (4b) / 2
6. Span Length, mm
7. Max Load, kg
8. Location of Fracture ( check )
a. Within middle third of span
b. Outside middle third, less than 5% of span
c. Outside middle third, more than 50% of span
9. If case (8b) distance of fracture to nearest support, mm
10. Modulus of Rupture, MPa, ( use appropriate formula)

IX. Discussion:

1. What minimum strength s of concrete are specified by the present

Government Standard ?

2. Why should samples of concrete be not taken solely in the beginning or

end of discharge of batch from the mixer ?

31
 Saint Peter’s College
Iligan City

Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

32
 Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 16

II. Title : Moisture Content of Wood

III. Objective :

To determine the moisture contents of wood

IV. Apparatus :

Weighing Balance
Straight Edge
Wood, 14.5 cm x 1.9 cm x 2.2 cm

V. Procedure :

1. Weigh a block of wood 14.5 cm x 1.9 cm x 2.2 cm ND record its weight as

initial weight.
2. Place the sample in the oven at 1050C.
3. Weigh every 6 hours, and take note of its weight until there is no more loss of
moisture. Last weight is the oven dry weight, suppose to be the weight of the dried
wood.
4. Subtract the oven dry weight from the weight. The difference is the
moisture content present in the wood.
5. The percentage of moisture in the lumber is computed as follows:

% Moisture Content = initial weight - oven dry weight x 100

Oven dry weight

VI. Discussion :

1. When is lumber considered well seasoned ?

VII. Calculation :

33
VIII. Conclusion :

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

34
 Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 17

II. Title : Curing Concrete Test Specimens

III. Objective :

To cure properly concrete test specimens in the field

IV. Apparatus :

Wooden Storage Box

Burlap or Sacks
Curing compounds if specified

V. Procedure :

a. Compression Test Specimens :

During the first 24 hours, all test specimens

shall be kept in a storage box so constructed and located on the work
that its air temperature when containing the specimens will remain within
16 to 27 degrees centigrade.

Test specimens made to check the adequacy

of the laboratory design for strength of the concrete or as the basis for
acceptance, shall be removed from the molds after 24 hours and stored in a
moist condition at a temperature within the range of 18 to 24 degrees
centigrade, until the time of test. Specimens shall not be exposed to a
stream of running water. If storage in water is desired a saturated lime
solution should be used.

Test specimens for determining when a

structure may be put into service shall be removed from the molds after 24
hours, and stored in the structure as near as possible to the point of
sampling and shall receive as much as practicable, the same protection
from the elements on all surfaces as is given to the portions of the
structure which they represent. Field control specimens shall be protected
from injury while on the work and during transport. For 28 days test the
specimens shall be sent to the laboratory not more than seven days prior to
the time of test.

b. Flexure Test Specimens :

Test specimens made to check the adequacy

of the laboratory design for strength of the concrete or as the basis for
acceptance shall be covered immediately after molding with a double layer
of wet burlap or similar material which shall be kept wet until the
specimens are from the molds. During and after the first 24 hours the
specimens shall be cured in the same manner as specified for compression
test specimens.

Test specimens for determining when a

structure may be put into service, shall be cured as nearly as practicable in

35
 the same manner as the concrete in the structure. After 24 hours, the
specimens shall be taken in the molds to a location preferably near the
field laboratory, removed from the molds and stored up near by placing
them on the ground as molded, with their top surfaces up. The sides and
ends shall then be banked with damp earth or sand which shall be kept
damp, leaving the top surfaces exposed to the specified curing treatment.
At the end of the curing period the specimens shall be left in place with
the top surfaces exposed to the weather in the same manner as the
structure. Specimens shall be tested in the moist condition resulting from
the specified curing treatment.

VI. Discussion

1. What is meant by “curing” the test concrete specimen ?

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

36
 Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 18

II. Title : Specific Gravity of Wood

III. Objective :

To determine the specific gravity of wood

IV. Apparatus :

Weighing Balance
Straight Edge
Wood 2 cm x 2 cm x 13 cm
Glass Cylinder

V. Procedure :

1. A block of wood 2 cm x 2 cm x 13 cm is cut and dried in an oven at 105 0C

until a constant weight is determined.
2. A volume of water equal in weight to the dried wood specimen is poured into a
tall glass cylinder.
3. The dried wood block is lowered into the water to the point where it floats;
then it is removed.
4. The specific gravity is found by measuring the length of wood under water
(which is the weight of the wood) by the weight of equal volume of water.

VI. Discussion :

1. What is the importance of determining the specific gravity of wood

specimen.

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

37
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 19

II. Title : Testing of Load Bearing Concrete Hollow Block

III. Objective :

To determine the suitability of CHB for construction on the basis of

standard acceptance tests.

IV. Theory :

This concrete product is tested to assure uniformity of quality and to check

compliance with design and other specification requirements. The significant test
performed are strength, water absorption, and moisture content.

V. Apparatus :

1. Compression Machine
2. Capping Material ( cement - gypsum or sulfur - fillr )
3. Bearing Blocks, hardened metal
4. Steel Plate, surfaces machined to true planes
5. Oven
6. Container for saturating samples
7. Steel tape measure

VI. Procedure :

Sampling :

For the strength, absorption, and moisture content determination,

10 full size units shall be selected from each lot of 10,000 units or fraction
thereof and 20 units from each lot of more than 10,000 and less than
100,000 units. If sampling as at the project site, units for moisture content
tests shall be taken within 58 hours after delivery.

Five (5) full size units shall be tested for compressive strength
within 72 hours after delivery to the laboratory. Five full sized units shall
be tested for absorption and moisture content, and shall be weighed
immediately after sampling and marking.

Compressive Strength Test :

1. Measure dimensions of each unit.

38
 2. Cap the bearing surface of the strength test units by using either
cement gypsum or sulfur-filler capping material. The
average thickness of the cap shall be not more than 1/8” .
The axis of the specimen shall be perpendicular to the
surface of cap. The unit shall remain undisturbed until
solidification of the capping material is complete. A minimum of 2
hours shall be allowed for the caps to cool before testing.
3. Set the specimen on the lower bearing block and center it beneath
the upper bearing block. The position of the specimen shall
be the same position in service the upper bearing shall be
spherically seated hardened metal block firmly attached at the
center of the sensitive platen of the universal testing machine. If
the bearing area is not sufficient to cover the area of the
specimen, a steel plate shall be placed between the spherical
bearing block and the capped specimen. A hardened metal bearing block
and the capped specimen. A hardened metal bearing block
shall be used beneath the specimen to minimize wear of the lower
platen.
4. Apply the load at a uniform rate until failure occurs. Record the
maximum load.
5. Calculate the compressive strength by dividing the maximum load
in kgs. By the cross sectional of the unit in square meter. The gross
area of the unit is the total area of a section perpendicular to the
direction of the load, including area within the cells.

Absorption and Moisture Content Test

1. Dry the specimen in a ventilating oven at 110 to 1150C for not less than 2
1/2 hours to constant weight. Get the dry weight.
2. Immerse completely the test specimen’s in water at room temperature of
60 to 80 degrees Celsius for 24 hours.
3. Weigh the specimen completely submerge in water suspended with a metal
wire.
4. Remove specimens from the water and allow to drain for 1 minute by
placing on a coarse mesh wire. Wipe visible surface water with damp cloth.
Weigh immediately.
5. Calculate the absorption by the following formula.

Absorption ( Kgs. or m3 ) = (wet weight - dry weight) x 9.81 kN/cu.m

(wet weight - suspended weight immersed

Absorption in % = (wet weight - dry weight) x 100

dry weight

6. Calculate the moisture content of the units at a time of sampling,

expressed as a percentage of total absorption, by dividing the difference
between the average weight as sampled and the average dry weight by the
difference between the average wet and average dry weight multiplied by 100
or.

Moisture Content %(of total absorption) = (weight as sampled-dry weight)x100

(Wet weight - Dry weight)

The results of the strength absorption and moisture content tests are
compared with the requirements in Table 1.0, to determine the
acceptability of the units represented by the samples.

VII. Data and Result :

39
 Masonry Units Kind : ________________

1. Nominal Size
2. Gross Area
3. Identification a b c d e
4. Ultimate Comp. Load, lb
5. Ultimate Comp. Strength, psi 4/2
6. Ave. Comp. Strength, psi
7. Sampled Weight, g
8. Dry Weight, g
9. Suspended Immersion Wt., g
10. Wet weight, g
11. Abs. pcf (10)- (8)/ (10) - (9) x 62.4 pcf
12. Abs., % (10)-(8) / (8) x 100
13. Moist Cont., % of Abs.
(7)-(8) / (10)-(8) x 100
14. Ave. Absorption, pcf
15. Ave., Absorption, %
16. Ave. Moisture Cont, % of Abs
17. Conclusion

VIII. Discussion :

1. What are the significance of the strength and absorption test in CHB ?

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

40
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 20

II. Title : Testing of Wood

III.Objective :

1. To determine the physical and mechanical properties of wood subjected to

bending and to compression parallel to grain.
2. To recommend safe working stresses based on the laboratory test results.

III. Theory :

This test determine the physical and mechanical properties of wood.

Once these properties are known the proper specie can be chosen so that its
structural quality will conform to the standards or requirements.

IV. Apparatus :

A. Static Bending

1. Base unit containing a pair of laterally-adjustable supporting knife edges having a

span length of 28 inches.
2. Two roller bearing plates for placement under each end of the specimen and
over the knife edges.
3. Bearing block
4. Deflection-measuring device a yoke having a dial gage mounted at center of its
length.
5. Testing machine

B. Compression Parallel to Grain

1. Compressometer having a central gage length of 6 inches

2. Testing machine

C. Compression Perpendicular to Grain

1. Base assembly consisting of a steel block on which the specimen is

supported and which carries a framework which supports a pair of pivoted
arms and a dial indicator.

41
2. Bearing block assembly containing a horizontal are pivoted on the neutral
exis of the block and flattened at the ends.
3. Testing machine

D. Shear Parallel to Grain

1. Shear tool designed to accommodate standard test specimen.

2. Testing machine

E. Hardness

1. Hardness penetrator or assembly with a " ball "

2. Testing machine

V. Procedure :

A. Static Bending
Size of specimen ------------ 50 mm x 50 mm x 600 mm

1. Measure the actual height and width at the center and length of the
specimen.
2. Set the specimen for test. It shall be placed so that the load will be applied
through the bearing block to the tangential surface nearest the pith.
Use the center loading method and a span of 28 inches.
3. Apply the load at the center of the beam at a uniform speed of 0.10 in per
minute until the beam fails.
4. Take simultaneous readings of loads and deflection of the neutral plane at
t he center of the length, and plot the curve up to or beyond the
maximum load. In at least one third of the tests take readings up to a 6-
inch deflection or until the specimen fails to support a load of 200 lbs.

Within the proportion limit the deflection limit, the deflection readings
shall be taken to 0.001 in, after which less refinement is necessary
in observing deflections.
5. Observe and sketch the type of failure. Static bending failures are
classified according to the appearance of the fractured surface and the
manner in which the failure develops. The fractured surfaces may
be roughly divided into "brash" and "fibrous" and the term "brash"
indicating abrupt failure and the term "fibrous" indicating a fracture
showing splinters.
6. Calculations :

a. Modulus of Rupture , R = 3PL / 2bd2

b. Stress of Proportional Limit, Spl = 3P1L / 2bd2

c. Modulos of Elasticity, E = P1L3 / 4bd3 yl

Where:
b= width of specimen
d= depth of specimen
L= span length
P= maximum load
P1= load of proportional limit
Y1 = center of deflection at proportional limit load

B. Compression Parallel to Grain

Size of Specimen ------------- 50 mm x 20 mm

1. Measure the actual cross section dimensions and length of the specimen.

42
2. Set the specimen for test. It shall be so placed such that the load will be applied
through the metal bearing block to a radial surface.
3. Apply the load through the metal bearing block 50 mm in width, placed
across the upper surface of the specimen at equal distances from the ends and at
right angles to the length. The load shall be applied continuously throughout the
test at a rate of 0.012 inch per min.
4. Take simultaneous readings of load and deflection and plot the curve
up to 0.1 in compression . Measure deflection between the loading's surfaces.

5. Calculation:

Stress at Proportional limit, SPL = P1 / bd

C. Shear Parallel to Grain :

Size of Specimen --------- 50 mm x 50 mm x 62.5 mm notched to

produce failure on a 50 mm x 50 mm surface

1. Measure the actual dimensions of the shearing surface.

2. Set the specimen for test. In placing the specimen in the shear tool, care
shall be taken to assure that the cross bar is adjusted so that edges of the specimen
are vertical and the end rests evenly on the support over the contact area.
3. Apply the load continuously throughout the test at a rate of 0.024 inch
per min. It shall be applied to, and the specimen supported on, end grain surfaces.
4. Record the maximum load.
5. Calculation :

Smax = P / Area of Shearing Surface

D. Hardness :

Size of Specimen ------------ 50 mm x 50 mm X 150 mm

1. Measure the actual cross section dimensions and length of the specimen.
2. Set the specimen for test on the working table of the testing machine or on
some suitable bearing surface and arrange the penetrator assembly for mounting on
the sensitive platen.
3. Apply the load continuously throughout the test at a rate of 0.25 against the
specimen. Record the load at this penetration of the "ball". The collar may be
rotated through a small angle by means of the handle, freedom to rotate
being indicative of insufficient penetration.
4. Make two penetrations shall be far enough from the edge to prevent
splitting or chipping.

VI. Data and Results :

Specie _____________ Locality of Growth_______________

A. Static Bending
Speed of Testing, in /min
1. Width of specimen, in
2. Depth of specimen, in
3. Span length, in
4. Load at P.L.
5. Max. Load, kg

43
 6. Deflection at P.L., in
7. Modulus of Rupture, MPa 3x (5) x (3)/2x1x22
8. Stress at P.L., MPa 3x(4) x(3) /2x(1) x (2)2
9. Modulus of Elasticity, 6.91 MPa, (4) x (3)3/ 4 x (1) x(2)3x(6)

B. Compression Parallel to Grain

Speed of Testing, in /min
1. Width of specimen, in
2. Depth of specimen, in
3. Gage length, in
4. Load at P.L.
5. Max. Load.
6. Deflection at P.L.
7. Stress at P.L.
8. Max. Crushing Strength
9. Modulus of Elasticity

C. Compression Perpendicular to Grain

Speed of Testing, in /min
1. Width of specimen, in
2. Depth of specimen, in
3. Load at P.L., lbs
4. Deflection at P.L., in
5. Stress at P.L.psi, (3)/(1) x (2)

D. Shear Parallel to Grain

Speed o testing, in/mm
1.Width of shear surface, mm
2.Depth of shear surf, mm
3. Max. Load,mm
4. Max. Shear stress ,. MPa, (3)/ (1) x (2)

E. Hardness
Speed of Testing, in /min
1. On Tangential Surface
2. On Radial Surface
3. On end Surface

VII. Discussion:

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

44
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 21

II. Title : Testing of Reinforcing Bars

III. Objective :

To determine the tensile strength and cold bend characteristics of steel

bars.

IV. Theory :

The use of steel in the concrete reinforcement is in the form of steel bars.
It calls for the use of billet steel bars; the bars should be rolled from billets
directly reduced from ingots of properly identified heats of steel. It is also
required that the steel shall be made by one or more of the following processes:
open hearth, electric furnace, or acid Bessemer.
Two classes of steel bars are commonly used; plain and deformed. These
are classified into three grades; structural, intermediate and hard. The standard
sizes of deformed bars are listed in table II-1. The standard sizes of plain bars are
designated by their width and diameters.
Three important tests are performed on billet-steel bars-a chemical test for
determination of phosphorous content and the cold bend and tension tests to check
the mechanical characteristics.
The amount of phosphorous in steel is a critical quantity. A very small
amount is needed to improve its mechanical properties. However, beyond 0.10%
phosphorous causes "cold shortness" meaning brittle when cold or it makes the
steel less resistance to impact.
In the tension test, the yield and tensile strengths are obtained and these
are used to classify the bars into grade. After the grade is determined, the percent
elongation is computed and compared with the requirements for each grade. See
table II-2. Hard grade bars are sometimes not allowed by specifications because
this grade of steel is less ductile than the two other grades and even too brittle to
withstand cold bending.
Reinforcing steel bars are often bent when used thus a cold bend test is
necessary to check the ductile properties. Ductile bars will not break or crack on
the outside of the bent proportion.

V. Apparatus :

1. Testing machine
2. Extensometer
3. Cold bend apparatus
4. Balance

45
VI. Procedure :

A. Tensile Properties

1. Take two approximately 20" long samples. One piece shall be

tested for tensile strength and the other for bending
characteristics.
2. Measure accurately the tensile sample and determine its weight.
The actual cross section shall be found by dividing the
weight per linear meter, the weight per cubic meter of steel.
3. Mark an 8"gage length in the center of the test specimen.
4. Machine the specimen to a reduced section in the middle about
11".
5. Held the specimen in suitable grips in the testing machine and
bended to failure at a uniform rate.
6. Attache if available an extensometer reading to 0.0001 inch per
inch of gage length to the specimen at the gage marks for
strain determination.
7. Record the sudden halt of the load indicating pointer and the
corresponding stress as the yield point.
8. Calculate the tensile strength by dividing the maximum load
carried by the specimen during the test by the original cross
sectional area of the specimen.
9. Put together after fractional the ends of the specimen and measure
accurately the distance between the gage marks.
10. Express the increase in length of the gage length as a percentage of
the original gage length (8") and report as percent elongation.

B. Bending Properties

1. Place the on the rollers of the cold bend apparatus and bend thru
the desired angle by a pin attached to the head of the
machine.
2. Apply the continuous and uniform load through out the bending
operation. The size of pin and the angle of bend can be
obtained from Table II-3 & 4. They depend on the grade and
diameter of the sample.
3. Examine carefully the bent portion for any sign of cracking on thee
outside bend.

VII. Data and Result :

Table I

46
Bar No. 1 2

47
 1. Class
2. Nominal Diameter,mm
3. Average Diameter, mm
4. Length, mm
5. Weight, kg
6. Tensile Load, kg
a. At yield point
b. Gage Length

7. Elongation, mm
a. Final Length
b. Gage Length
c. Change in Length
8. Area, Sq. Mm
a. Plain:
b. Deformed
9. Yield point, psi 6a/8a or b
10. Tensile Strength, psi: 6b/8a or b
11. Grade: Refer to Table II-2
12. Elongation, % 7c/7b x 100 %
13. Elongation requirement, min, %
Refer to Table II - 2
14. Bend test requirement, min, %
Refer to tables II-3 & 4
a. Pin Dia., mm
b. Degree of bend
c. Observation
15. Conclusion :
Suitable fo Concrete reinforcement

Table II

Plain Bars Deformed Bars

Structural Intermediate Hard Structural Intermediate Hard

Tensile
Strength, MPa

Yield
Point,mm,
MPa

Elongation,m
m-min. %

VIII. Discussion :

1. What are the grades of reinforcing bars ?

2. Give the strength specifications for each grade.

Table II - I Deformed and Plain Bar Designation

48
 Nominal Dimension

Bar Unit Weight

Designation Kg/m Diameter,mm Cross Perimeter,mm
No. Sectional
Area,mm2
2 0.222 6 28.27 18.849
3 0.616 10 78.54 31.416
4 0.887 12 113.10 37.619
5 1.577 16 201.10 50.255
6 2.463 20 314.20 62.832
7 2.980 22 280.13 69.450
8 3.840 25 490.87 78.539
9 4.827 28 615.75 87.964
10 6.305 32 804.25 100.531
11 7.980 36 1,017.90 113.097

Table II - 2 Tensile Requirement

Plain Bars Deformed Bars

Structura Intermediate Hard Structural Intermediate Hard
l Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade
Tensile 550 550
Strength, 380 to 515 480 to 620 min 380 to 515 480 to 620 min
MPa
Yield
Point min, 228 275 345 228 275 345
MPa
Elongation
mm, mim Not less Not less than Not less Not less than
percent than 20% 16% than 16% 12%

Table II - 3 Bend Test Requirements for Plain Bars

Diameter of Bar, Structural Grade Intermediate Hard Grade

mm Grade
Under 20 mm 180 deg d = t 180 deg d = 2t 180 deg d = 4t
20 mm and over 180 deg d = t 90 deg d = 2t 90 deg d = 4t

Note :
d = diameter of pin around which specimen is bent
t = diameter of the specimen

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

49
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 22

II. Title : Specific Gravity of Bituminous Materials

III. Objective :

To determine the specific gravity of different bituminous materials by

different method.

IV. Apparatus :

1. Hydrometer
2. Hydrometer jar
3. Thermometer
4. Beaker
5. Balance

V. Procedure :

Hydrometer Method (for thin fluid Bitumen)

1. The material shall be brought to a temperature of 25oC (770F) and poured

into the hydrometer jar. This temperature shall be maintained during the
test. The hydrometer shall be placed in the jar and the specific gravity read
directly.

Pycnometer Method (for viscous and semi solid bitumens)

1. The pycnometer shall be calibrated by weighing it clean and dry. This

weight shall be called "a"`. It shall then be filled with freshly boiled
distilled water at 250C and its weight called "b"determined.
2. If the sample flows readily the pycnometer shall be filled with the liquid
at 250F and its weight determined. This weight shall be called "e" sp.
Gr. = c -a / b - a

3. If the material is viscous the material shall be brought to a fluid

condition by heating and the pycnometer half filled with it. The
pycnometer and contents shall be cooled and weighed to give weigh
off. The pycnometer shall then be filled with freshly boiled distilled

50
 water and immersed in water at 25 0C for 30 minutes. It shall then
be wiped dry and its weight determined to given weight "d".

Sp. Gr. = c - a/ (b-a) - (d-c)

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

51
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 23

II. Title : Specific Gravity and Percent Voids of Asphalt Pavements

III. Objective :

To determine the specific gravity and percent voids in asphalt

pavements.

IV. Apparatus

1. Chisel
2. Mallet
3. Water Bucket
4. Balance
5. Steel brush

V. Procedure:

1. Cut approximately 6" x 6" sample with a chisel from the compacted
pavement.
2. Weigh after brushing with a steel brush to remove loose materials.
3. Determine this weight know as "a"
4. Weigh the sample quickly under water.
5. Care should be taken to reduced the time of weighing to prevent absorption of
water. This weight shall be known as "b ".
6. Heat the sample after this determination to soften so that it may be disintegrated
by means of a little pressure.

VI. Calculation:

Specific Gravity = a
a - b

52
 Percent Voids = 100 ( D - d )
D

D = theoretical maximum density

d = actual specific gravity

The theoretical maximum density of the compacted mixture :

D = 100
W + w
G g

Where:
W - percent of mineral aggregate
G - specific gravity of mineral aggregate
w - Per cent of Asphalt
G - specific gravity of asphalt

VII. Discussion :

1. What percent voids should high type asphalt pavements contain?

2. Give the practical application of this test.

Saint Peter’s College

Iligan City

53
 Name Date
Performed

Course & Year Instructors

Signature

Offer # Rating

I. Experiment # 24

II. Title : Time of Setting of Cement

III. Objective :

To determine the time of initial and final set with the use of the
Gillmore Needle

IV. Apparatus :

Gillmore Needle
Glass Plates
Graduated Cylinder
Balance

V. Procedure :

A cement paste` of normal consistency is prepared (Test III ), A pat

about 3" in diameter, 1//2 " at the center with flat top and tapering to a thin
edge, shall be made on a glass plate. The pat shall be stored in a moist closet ,
at 230C and 900C, relative humidity, and tested at intervals.
The cement shall have acquired its " initial set" when the pat will bear,
without appreciable indentation, the Gillmore Needle 1/12"in. Diameter
loaded to weigh 1/4 lb. The cement shall have acquired its "final set" when the
pat will bear, without appreciable indentation the gillmore needle 1/24" in
diameter loaded to weigh 1 lb.

VI. Discussion :

1. What are the setting time requirement of Government Specialization for

Portland Cement ?
2. What factors affect the time of setting?

54