FINAL-TERM-LECTURE-3-RE-TECHNOLOGIES • Evacuated-tube Collector

• Parabolic trough Concentrator

Renewable Energy Technologies • Compound Parabolic Concentrator

Energy Sources Cumulative Solar Electricity Capacity (2015)

• Non-renewable resources: Limited • China: 43.5 GW

natural resources that cannot be re-
• Germany: 39.7 GW
made or re-grown in a short amount
of time at a scale comparable to • Japan: 34.4 GW
consumption.
• United States: 27.4 GW
• Renewable resources: Unlimited
• Italy: 18.9 GW
natural resources that can be
replenished in a short period of • United Kingdom: 9.1 GW
time.
• Spain: 7.7 GW
Renewable Energy Sources
• France: 6.6 GW
Renewable energy is generated from natural
• India: 5.4 GW
resources that are naturally replenished.
• Australia: 5.1 GW
• Solar energy
Wind Energy
• Wind energy
Why Wind Energy?
• Hydropower
• Clean, zero emissions (NOxx, SO22,
• Biomass CO, CO22)
• Ocean energy • Improves air and water quality
• Geothermal energy
• Combats climate change
• Waste to Energy
• Reduces fossil fuel dependence
Solar Energy
• Increases energy independence and
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight national security
into electricity using either photovoltaics or • Renewable
concentrated solar power.
• No fuel-price volatility
Types of Solar Collectors

• Flat-plate Collector
Cumulative Wind Electricity Capacity o Centrifugal force stresses
(2015) blades.

• China: 145.4 GW o Poor self-starting capabilities.

• United States: 74.0 GW o Requires support at top of

turbine rotor.
• Germany: 45.0 GW
o Requires entire rotor to be
• India: 25.1 GW
removed to replace bearings.
• Spain: 23.0 GW
o Overall poor performance
• United Kingdom: 13.6 GW and reliability.

• Canada: 11.2 GW Geothermal Energy

• France: 10.4 GW Geothermal heat is a renewable energy
source created naturally by the Earth itself.
• Italy: 9.0 GW
Temperatures can reach 5000°C at the
• Brazil: 8.7 GW Earth's core (approximately 6400 km below
the surface). The geothermal energy
Modern Wind Turbines
potential in the 10 km of the Earth's crust
• Pros: amounts to 50,000 times the energy of all
o Omni-directional oil and gas resources in the world.

o Accepts wind from any Cumulative Geothermal Electricity Capacity

direction (2015)

• United States: 3.8 GW

o Components can be
mounted at ground level • Philippines: 1.9 GW
o Ease of service • Indonesia: 1.4 GW
o Lighter weight towers • Mexico: 1.1 GW
o Can theoretically use less • New Zealand: 0.9 GW
materials to capture the
• Italy: 0.9 GW
same amount of wind.
• Iceland: 0.7 GW
• Cons:
• Kenya: 0.6 GW
o Rotors generally near ground
where wind is poorer. • Turkey: 0.6 GW

• Japan: 0.5 GW
Geothermal Power Plant Technologies During periods of high electrical demand,
the water is released back to the lower
• Dry Steam Power Plant: Uses steam
reservoir to generate electricity.
directly from the geothermal
reservoir to turn a turbine. Marine and Hydrokinetic Power

• Flash Steam Power Plant: Hot water Marine and hydrokinetic energy systems
from the geothermal reservoir is generate electricity from water without the
flashed into steam, which then turns need for dams and diversions. The ocean
a turbine. can produce thermal energy from the sun's
heat and mechanical energy from the tides
• Binary Cycle Power Plant: Hot water
and waves.
from the geothermal reservoir heats
a secondary working fluid with a Generating Technologies
lower boiling point, which then turns
• Tidal power
a turbine.
• Wave power
Geothermal Heat Pump
• Ocean thermal energy conversion
Uses the stable temperature of the earth to
(OTEC)
heat or cool buildings. During winter, heat is
extracted from the earth and transferred to Tidal Energy Technologies
the building. During summer, heat is
• Tidal Turbines
extracted from the building and transferred
to the earth. • Tidal Fences

Hydropower • Tidal Barrages

Hydropower or water power is power Wave Energy Technologies

derived from the energy of falling water or
• Point Absorber
fast running water.
• Terminator
Hydropower Plants
• Attenuator
• Impoundment (Dam)
• Heave Plate
• Diversion (Canal)
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
• Pumped Storage
Uses the temperature difference between
Pumped Storage Hydropower Plant
warm surface water and cold deep ocean
During periods of low electrical demand, water to generate electricity.
energy is stored by pumping water from a
lower reservoir to an upper reservoir.
Biomass in methane) and organic compost
(digestate).
Biomass is the feedstock used to produce
bioenergy. Bioenergy is energy derived from Biodiesel and Bioethanol Production
materials such as straw, wood, or animal
• Biodiesel: A vegetable oil or animal
wastes. Such materials can be burned
fat-based diesel fuel which is
directly to produce heat or power, and also
typically made by chemically
can be converted into liquid biofuels. On
reacting lipids (vegetable oil,
average, biomass is made of 75%
soybean oil, animal fat) with an
carbohydrates and 25% lignin.
alcohol producing fatty acid esters.
Types of Biomass
• Bioethanol: An alcohol made by
• Wood Pieces fermentation, mostly from
carbohydrates produced in sugar or
• Tree Trimmings
starch crops. Cellulosic biomass,
• Wood Shavings derived from non-food sources, such
as trees and grasses, is also being
• Wheat Straw
developed as a feedstock for ethanol
• Peanut Shell production.
• Empty Fruit Bunch Global Ethanol Production (2015)
• Rice Husk • United States: 14,700 million gallons
• Corn Cob • Brazil: 7,093 million gallons
• Maize Stalk • China: 813 million gallons
• Sunflower Seeds Husk • European Union: 1,387 million
gallons
• Waste Carton
• Canada: 436 million gallons
• Wood Chip/Paring
Global Biodiesel Production (2015)
Biomass Direct Combustion
• United States: 2,093 million gallons
A combustion-based biomass plant consists
of a biomass-fired boiler and a steam • Brazil: 1,030 million gallons
turbine.
• Indonesia: 819 million gallons
Anaerobic Digestion
• Germany: 740 million gallons
Organic wastes are processed through
• France: 634 million gallons
anaerobic digestion to produce biogas (rich
 • Argentina: 555 million gallons 1. China

Estimated Renewable Energy Share of 2. Germany

Global Electricity Production, End-2015
3. United States
• Non-renewables: 76.3%
4. United Kingdom
• Renewable electricity: 23.7%
5. India
o Hydropower: 16.6%
• CSP
o Wind: 3.7%
1. Spain
o Bio-power: 2.0%
2. United States
o Solar PV: 1.2%
3. India
o Geothermal, CSP, and ocean:
4. Morocco
0.4%
5. South Africa
Top Countries for Renewable Electricity
Installed Capacity (2015) • Geothermal

1. China 1. United States

2. United States 2. Philippines

3. Germany 3. Indonesia

4. Japan 4. Mexico

5. India 5. New Zealand

Top Countries with Installed Renewable • Wind

Electricity by Technology (2015)
1. China
• Hydropower
2. United States
1. China
3. Germany
2. Brazil
4. Brazil
3. United States
5. Spain
4. Canada
• Biomass
5. Russia
1. United States
• PV
2. China
 3. Germany o Solar power plants

4. India o Photovoltaic cells

5. Japan • Biomass Energy:

o Direct: Combustion of
biomass

o Indirect: Chemical conversion

to biofuel

• Wind Energy
FINAL-TERM-LECTURE-3-RE-ADVANTAGES
• Hydro Energy

• Geothermal Energy:
Green Energy
o Power plants
Introduction to Green Energy
o Direct use
• Green energy comes from
renewable resources that can be o Heat pumps
naturally replenished.
Solar Energy
• These resources are clean, safe, and
• Solar energy is the light and heat
not harmful to the environment.
that comes from the sun.
• Examples of renewable power
• It can be harnessed in different
sources include:
ways:
o Hydro power
o Photovoltaic cells: Convert
o Wind power sunlight directly into
electricity.
o Solar energy
o Solar thermal technology:
o Geothermal power
Uses sunlight to heat a fluid,
o Hydrogen power which then drives a turbine
to generate electricity.
o Biomass energy
o Passive solar heating:
Renewable Energy Sources
Designs buildings to
• Radiant Solar Energy: maximize sunlight capture for
o Solar heating (passive and heating.
active) Solar Thermal Technology
 • The heart of a solar thermal system • Wind energy is a prominent power
is a 'solar collector.' generation technology among
renewable energy technologies.
• Its main function is to collect solar
thermal energy and transfer it to the • Horizontal axis wind turbines are
fluid to be heated. most commonly used for power
generation, although some vertical
• Types of Solar Collectors:
axis wind turbine designs have been
1. Flat plate collector developed and tested.

2. Evacuated tube collector Wind Energy Technology

3. CPC collector (stationary 1. Wind turns the turbine blades.

concentrator)
2. Spinning the shaft.
4. Parabolic trough
3. Generating electricity.
concentrator
4. An inverter converts electricity from
Solar Energy Advantages
DC to AC.
• Renewable and free
5. Electricity is connected directly to
• High energy yield the mains power.

• A very clean source of energy 6. Or connected to a battery bank.

• No air/water pollution during 7. Or connected to the electricity grid.

operation
Wind Energy Advantages
• Low operating costs
• High net energy yield
• Will pay for themselves over time
• Renewable and free
• Needs no fuel for production
• Very clean source of energy
Wind Energy
• No pollution (air or water) during
• The sun's energy falling on the earth operation
produces large-scale motions of the
• Long operating life
atmosphere, causing winds.
• Low operating/maintenance costs
• Wind is also influenced by small-
scale flows caused by local • Can be quickly built
conditions such as terrain, buildings,
• Now almost competitive with hydro
water bodies, etc.
and fossil fuels
 • Land can be used for other purposes tides rush in and out of
(can combine wind and agricultural coastal areas.
farms)
Tidal Energy
Hydro Energy
• Tidal electricity generation works as
• Hydro energy was the first the tide comes in and again when it
renewable energy source to be goes out. The turbines are driven by
tapped essentially to produce the power of the sea in both
electricity. directions.

• Hydro power currently suffices one- • The bigger the height difference
fifth of the global electricity supply. between the upstream and
downstream water level, the greater
• The basics of power from water is
the amount of electricity generated.
the result of conversion of potential
energy to kinetic energy, which is Hydro Energy Advantages
transferred to the buckets in the
• Cheap to operate
turbine (mechanical energy).
• Long life and lower operating costs
• It is the prime mover for the
than all other power plants
generator (electrical energy), which
produces electricity. • Renewable

Hydro Energy Technology • High yield

• The energy from moving water can • Lower energy cost than any other
be used to create electricity in method
several different ways:
• Pretty plentiful
o A hydroelectric dam:
• Some countries depend almost
Captures energy from the
entirely on it
movement of a river.
• Not intermittent
o Wave power: Captures
energy from waves on the • Reservoirs have multiple uses (flood
surface of the ocean using a control, drinking water, aquaculture,
special buoy or other floating recreation)
device. • Less air pollution than fossil fuel
o Tidal power: Captures the combustion
energy of flowing waters
Geothermal Energy
with the help of turbines as
 • Geothermal energy is the natural • There is no wastage or generation of
heat of the earth. by-products.

• Earth's interior heat originated from • Can be used directly.

its fiery consolidation of dust and
• Maintenance cost of geothermal
gas over 4 billion years ago.
power plants is very less.
• It is continually regenerated by the
• GPPs don't occupy too much space
decay of radioactive elements that
and thus help in protecting natural
occur in all rocks.
environment.
• The temperature increases with the
• Unlike solar energy, it is not
increase of depth - in the Earth's
dependent on the weather
crust is 17 ∘∘C -- 30 ∘∘C per km of
conditions.
depth.
Biomass Energy
• Below the crust is the mantle, made
of highly viscous, partially molten • Biomass energy is the use of living
rocks with temperatures between and recently dead biological material
650 ∘∘C -- 1250 ∘∘C. as an energy source.

• At the Earth's core, which consists of • Ultimately dependent on the

a liquid outer core and a solid inner capture of solar energy and
core, temperatures vary from conversion to a chemical
4000 ∘∘C -- 7000 ∘∘C. (carbohydrate) fuel.

Geothermal Energy Technology • Theoretically, it is a carbon-neutral

and renewable source of energy.
• Geothermal power plants: Use heat
from deep inside the Earth to • Estimates have indicated that 15% -
generate steam to make electricity. 50% of the world's primary energy
use could come from biomass by the
• Geothermal heat pumps: Tap into
year 2050.
heat close to the Earth's surface to
heat water or provide heat for • Currently, about 11% of the world's
buildings. primary energy is estimated to be
met with biomass.
Geothermal Energy Advantages
Biomass Gasification
• It is a renewable source of energy.
• Biomass gasification is the process
• By far, it is non-polluting and
through which solid biomass
environment friendly.
material is subjected to partial
 combustion in the presence of a 1. No Harmful Emissions
limited supply of air.
2. Clean Energy
• In a gasifier, solid fuel is converted
3. Abundant and Renewable
by a series of thermo-chemical
processes like drying, pyrolysis, 4. Reduce Dependency on Fossil Fuels
oxidation, and reduction to a
5. Reduce Landfills
gaseous fuel called producer gas.
6. Can be Used to Create Different
• The ultimate product is a
Products
combustible gas mixture known as
producer gas. 7. No Fuel Needed

• If atmospheric air is used as the 8. Smallest Land Footprint

gasification agent, which is the
Hydrogen
normal practice, the producer gas
consists mainly of COCO, H2H2 • Hydrogen can be produced from
, N2N2. various primary energy sources and
used in different sectors.
Biomass Gasifier Based Systems
Hydrogen Production
• Major applications:
• Fossil Fuels
o Mechanical shaft power
applications: The gas is used o Steam Reforming of Natural
as fuel for an internal Gas: Combination of
combustion engine running methane and steam
on dual fuel or 100% produces hydrogen gas. Most
producer gas mode. economical; main current
method.
o Direct heat applications: It is
burnt directly in a boiler, o Partial Oxidation (POX) of
furnace or kiln, burner for Hydrocarbons: HC partially
institutional cooking, etc., to oxidized to produce
provide heat. hydrogen and carbon
monoxide.
o Electricity generation
through shaft power (engine o Coal Gasification: Can also be
coupled to an used to get hydrogen from
alternator/generator set). biomass.

Biomass Energy Advantages • Electrolysis, Photolysis, and

Thermolysis
Hydrogen Energy Advantages considered green and environment
friendly.
1. Renewable and Abundant
• It helps in stimulating the economy
2. Clean Energy Fuel
and creating job opportunities.
3. Non-Toxic
• We don't have to rely on any third
4. More Powerful Than Fossil Fuels country for the supply of renewable
sources, as in the case of non-
5. Fuel Efficiency
renewable sources.
Hydrogen Economy
• Renewable sources can cost less
• Hydrogen Economy is a hypothetical than consuming the local electrical
large-scale system in which supply. In the long run, the prices of
elemental hydrogen (H2H2) is the electricity are expected to soar since
primary form of energy storage. they are based on the prices of
crude oil, so renewable sources can
• Fuel cells would be the primary
cut your electricity bills.
method of conversion of hydrogen
to electrical energy. Efficient and • Various tax incentives in the form of
clean; scalable. tax waivers and credit deductions
are available for individuals and
• In particular, hydrogen (usually)
businesses who want to go green.
plays a central role in transportation.

Hydrogen Economy Potential Advantages

• Clean, renewable
FINAL TERM LECTURE 4 BUILDING
• Reliable
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Go Green

• The sun, wind, geothermal, and

Introduction to Telecommunication
ocean energy are available in
abundant quantity and are free to • Definition: Exchange of information
use. over a distance using various
technologies.
• Non-renewable sources of energy
that we are using are limited and are • Mediums: Physical mediums (signal
bound to expire one day. cables) or electromagnetic waves.
• Renewable sources have low carbon • System Components: Transmitters,
emissions; therefore, they are channels, and receivers.
High-Rise Buildings Safety Considerations

• Definition: Buildings at least 23m (75 • Protection against damage from

feet) tall. rodents: Result of chewed wires.

• Advantages: Space-saving, especially • Smoke detectors: Essential for fire

in high-population density areas. safety.

• Design Challenges: Fire safety, HVAC • Fire retardant materials: Used for
(heating, ventilation, and air sealing cables and equipment.
conditioning), elevator evacuation,
• Avoidance of heat and moisture.
wind danger, and efficient
telecommunication services. • Fire extinguishers: Necessary for fire
suppression.
Challenges of Telecommunication in High-
Rise Buildings Containment Systems

• High capacity and speed • Specified Bend Radius: Radius has to

requirements. be 10 times the diameter (trunking).

• Differences between commercial • Bend Points: Small, Medium, and

and residential applications. Large bend radius.

• Sophisticated structure requiring • Anti-static measures.

precise and efficient operation to
• FDA Paint compliance.
avoid errors and losses.
• Fire Retardant compliance (CPAI-84
• Cabling options: Copper, Fibre
Standard).
Optics.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Spaces for Telecommunication Systems
• Definition: Radio frequency radiation
• Dedicated space solely for system
from electromagnetic devices.
storage is vital.
• Concerns: Interference with other
• Pest Control & Sufficient Coating on
electronic equipment and
Surfaces:
potentially bio-electromagnetic
o Ordinary coating (SAR): High organs.
degree of dust attachment
Structured Cabling Systems
due to static electricity.
• Definition: Cabling and associated
o Super Resistant Coat: Almost
hardware creating a comprehensive
no dust attachment due to
telecommunications infrastructure.
static electricity.
 • Applications: Wide range of • Function: Connects equipment to
electronic devices, providing cables and subscriber carriers. Cable
telephone lines or data transmission supplies services lines end up at
through computer networks. MDF.

• Components: • Location: Typically on the ground

floor.
o Horizontal Cabling
• Termination: Cabinets provide
o Riser Backbone
termination of individual twisted
o Telecommunications Closet pairs of telephony local loops.
(TC)
• Cabling: Drawn to the building
o Work Area through overhead cables.

• Services: Main Telecom Room (MTR)

o Network Cabling System: • Function: Consists of cable trays or

Specializes in design and risers that transmit services.
installation for new
• Vertical Cabling Backbone Wiring:
construction and corporate
Connects internet from the lowest
relocations.
to the highest floor (riser).
o Open Cabling System:
Network Architectures
Electrical systems in surface-
mounted conduits and • Distributed Network Architecture
raceways, visible and directly (DNA):
accessible.
o Arrangement of network
o Home Run Cabling computers with several
processors on scattered
o Zone Distribution Cabling
machines working
o Campus Backbone independently and jointly.

o Administration o Features: Powerful analytical

tools for predicting system
o Equipment
response.
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
o Implementation: Local Area
• Definition: Signal distribution frame Network (LAN).
to interconnect and manage
• Centralized Network Architecture
telecommunication wiring.
(CNA):
 o Offers access service to o Hosted by a third party,
stations by distributing eliminating hardware.
functions among AC and
o Capabilities: Call Forwarding
multiple TPs.
Menus, Call Recording,
o Features: Centralized Extension Calling.
network equipment in a
• Internet Protocol PBX (IP-PBX):
single location.
o Voice and data on the same
o Advantages: Reduces time
line, saving maintenance
and cost of tasks, fewer
costs.
points of failure, and less
space utilized in • Key Differences:
telecommunications closets.
o PMBX: Human Operator
Cabling Systems: Home Run vs. Zone
o PABX: Programmed
Distribution
Computer
• Home Run Cabling: Direct cabling
o Hosted PBX: Hosted by a 3rd
from telecommunications closet to
party
each work area.
Possible Problems
• Zone Distribution Cabling: Cabling
from telecommunications closet to a • Damage to Cable Wiring:
consolidation point (CP) or multi- o Causes: Poor workmanship,
user outlet (MUO), then to
weather exposure, faulty
individual work areas. wiring.
Management Systems: PBX and its o Consequences: System
Variations
shutdown (partial or
• Private Branch Exchange (PBX): complete), significant
damages.
o Earliest version: Manual
connection of phone lines by • Negligence of Maintenance:
operators.
o Causes: Owners neglecting
• Private Automated Branch Exchange maintenance and safety
(PABX): rules.

o Automated version of PBX, o Consequences: System

cheaper to run. malfunction and damages.

• Hosted PBX (Virtual PBX): • Space Shortage:

 o Causes: Limited space in • Optical Fiber Cable:
telecommunication rooms.
o Description: Bundle of glass
o Consequences: Cable threads transmitting
transmission problems, messages modulated onto
impact on cable light waves.
performance, uncomfortable
o Advantages: Lower signal
working conditions.
attenuation loss, immune to
Addressing Space Shortage electrical noise and
electromagnetic
• Manufacturers: Developing smaller
interference, less restrictive
and denser telecommunication
in harsh environments.
equipment.
o Disadvantages: Expensive
• Cabling designers: Creating new and
components, lack of
better designs for systems.
standardization.
• Planning: Integrating
• Coaxial Cable:
telecommunication room planning
early in the construction process. o Description: Inner conductor
surrounded by an insulating
Airflow Management, Electrical
layer and a conducting
Distribution, and Ventilation
shield.
• Challenges: Heat generated by
o Advantages: Sufficient
servers and cables.
frequency range, lower error
• Solutions: Data center heat maps rates due to the Faraday
using ventilation requirements and shield, reduced noise and
equipment power consumption for crosstalk.
optimal layout, efficient space use,
o Disadvantages: More
electrical distribution, and
expensive to install than
ventilation.
twisted pair, thicker cable
Types of Cables making it more difficult to
work with.
• Twisted Cable:
Case Study: Petronas Twin Towers
o Description: Two conductors
twisted together to cancel • "Intelligent" buildings with
out electromagnetic coordinated telecommunications,
interference (EMI). environmental control, fire and
 smoke control, power supply, • KLCC Holdings established a
lighting, and building safety. specialized facility management
firm.
• Raised floors to facilitate cabling
systems. Local Loop

• Physical structured cabling network • Definition: Circuit between central

with vertical and horizontal cabling, office and customers.
and inter-building cabling for global
ATM VPI/VCI Systems
connection.
• ATM Cells: Multimedia, Voice, Video,
• Designed as a local loop
Data.
communications system with direct
connections from the main • ATM Virtual Path
subscriber distribution frame to the
• ATM Virtual Circuits
end user.

• High-speed fibre-optic network.

• Central Telecommunications Office

(CTO) controls all communication
needs within the building and
connects the building globally.

• SM&W (Shen Milsom & Wilke) was

the telecommunications,
audiovisual, and acoustic consultant.

• Petronas Twin Towers represent the

world's biggest, single-site,
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
fibre-optic network.

• The network supports roughly 7,000

users connected to over 200.155
Megabits per second (Mbps) ATM
backbones.

• Extensive use of Virtual Local Area

Networks (VLANs).