SUBJECT ANALYSIS

Reinforced Cement Concrete

•Reinforced Cement
Concrete (RCC) is a
composite mixture of
Concrete and steel.
Therefore, the structure
formed is said to be
Reinforced Cement
Concrete Structure.
Some Important Codes
• IS 456: 2000 RCC
• IS 800: 2007 Steel (2007-LSM, 1984-WSM)
• IS 1343 Pre Stress Concrete
• IS 10262 Design Mix
• IS 383 Fine and Coarse Aggregate
• IS 875 Design Load for buildings and structures
• Storage of materials shall be as described in IS 4082
CEMENT CONCRETE
It is a mixture of Cement,
sand aggregate and water
in a limited proportion .
Materials for Concrete: CEMENT
Materials for Concrete: CEMENT
Mineral Admixtures
Pozzolans are silicate-based materials which while in itself has
little or no cementious property but they react with (consume)
the calcium hydroxide generated by hydrating cement to form
additional cementitious materials.
Mineral Admixtures
Materials for Concrete: Water

Quantity of Total Dissolved Salts should be limited to 15000 ppm

Size of Aggregate

Slab 𝑡
𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛
4
Size of Aggregate
• For economy the maximum size
should be as large as possible but not
more than one-fourth of the
minimum thickness of the member.
• For reinforced sections the maximum
size should be at least 5 mm less than
the clear spacing between the
reinforcement and also at least 5 mm
less than the clear cover.
• Aggregate more than 20 mm size are
seldom used for reinforced cement
concrete structural members.
 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Que.
Which out of the following statements are true?
a) Coarse and fine aggregate shall be batched
separately
b) AII-in-aggregate may be used only where
specifically permitted by the engineer-in-
charge
c) For most work, 20 mm aggregate is suitable.
Where there is no restriction to the flow of
concrete into sections, 40 mm or larger size
may be permitted.
d) All of the above
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 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Que.
Which out of the following statements are true?
a) Coarse and fine aggregate shall be batched
separately
b) AII-in-aggregate may be used only where
specifically permitted by the engineer-in-
charge
c) For most work, 20 mm aggregate is suitable.
Where there is no restriction to the flow of
concrete into sections, 40 mm or larger size
may be permitted.
d) All of the above
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Materials for RCC: STEEL
Entrapped Air in Concrete
CEMENT CONCRETE
It is a mixture of Cement, sand aggregate and water in a limited proportion .
The cement concrete is manufactured by two ways:

1. Nominal Mix Concrete 2. Design Mix Concrete

CEMENT CONCRETE
1. Nominal Mix Concrete
• Quality control is sacrificed
• Hard to determine the assurance of
quality and strength of the concrete
corresponding to the desired strength
• In a nominal mix, material for the
concrete like cement, sand and
aggregate is not placed under ideal
conditions before mixing
• Skilled workmanship is also sacrificed
due to which required strength is not
achieved
NOMINAL CEMENT CONCRETE
𝑀5 → 1: 5: 10
𝑀7.5 → 1: 4: 8
𝑀10 → 1: 3: 6
𝑀15 → 1: 2: 4
𝑀20 → 1: 1.5: 3
𝑀25 → 1: 1: 2
Cement Concrete
2. Design Mix Concrete
• It is the ideal mix of the concrete for ideal strength
• Materials used like cement, sand, aggregate are always
placed under ideal temperature and ideal humidity
• Skilled workmanship is used to achieve the ideal
proportion of the mix
• In Design mix, Concrete is manufactured at the nodal
place called Batching Plant and there after it is
transported to the site through transit mixture
• During the process of transportation, the ideal
temperature for the ideal proportion mix is maintained
through admixtures like plasticizers and super
plasticizers, which do not alter the strength of the mix
proportion of concrete but delay the setting time of the
concrete
Strength of Concrete

Age Strength
1 day 16%
3 day 40%
7 day 65%
14 days 90%
28 days 99%
 Strength Of Concrete
1. Compressive Strength of Concrete
• Compressive strength of concrete is measured
in UTM using the mould that may be either be
cubical, cylindrical, trapezoidal or prismoidal in
shape.
• The recognized age of test of specimens is 7
and 28 days. At least three specimens,
preferably from different batches, are tested at
each selected age.
 Strength Of Concrete
1. Compressive Strength of Concrete
• Generally cubical mould of size
• 𝟏𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟓𝟎 mm is used if the maximum
nominal size of aggregate is greater than 20 mm
and
• 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 mm is used if the maximum
nominal size of aggregate is less than 20 mm.

• If cylindrical mould is used, height to diameter

ratio is kept to be 2:1. Generally height of 30
cm and dia of 15 cm is used.
 Strength Of Concrete
1. Compressive Strength of Concrete
• The average of the three values is taken as the
compressive strength of concrete of the batch,
provided the individual variation is not more than ± 15
per cent of the average.
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒈
𝒇𝒄𝟏 𝒇𝒄𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝟑
• The results obtained from cylindrical mould are found
to be more precise than the results obtained from
cubical mould.
• Strength of the concrete measured using cylindrical
mould is approx 0.8 times the strength obtained from
the cubical mould as the straining effects of the platens
(plates of UTM) is found to be for the entire height of
the cubical mould.
 Strength Of Concrete
1. Compressive Strength of
Concrete
• As per IS code we have to take 30 samples
(30X3=90 specimen) for each 50 m3 of concrete
 Strength Of Concrete 𝐏
2. Tensile Strength of Concrete
• Tensile, strength of the concrete is tested indirectly, by noting its 𝟕𝟎𝒄𝒎 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
modules of rupture that is determined by preparing a block of size 15
cm × 15 cm × 70 cm if the Maximum nominal size of aggregate is
𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
greater than 20 mm; and of size 10 cm × 10 cm × 50 cm if the maximum
nominal size of aggregate is less than 20 mm.
• The beam is then placed over the roller supports and is subjected to
𝑳
the load at which its failure takes place that is further used to find its
modulus of rupture (stress at which failure takes place)
𝐩𝐥
𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 =
𝐛𝐝𝟐
𝒑 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅
𝒍 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏
𝒃 = 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏
𝒅 = 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏

Modulus of Rupture 𝒇𝒄𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒇𝒄𝒌

D𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒄𝒓
 Strength Of Concrete
3. Split Tensile Strength of Concrete
• The length of cylinder varies from one to two
diameters. Normally the test cylinder is 150
mm diameter and 300 mm long
• The test consists of applying compressive line
loads along the diameter until it fails
𝟐𝑷
• 𝑺𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 =
𝝅𝑫𝑳

𝑷 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅

𝑳 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏
𝑫 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏

Split 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝒇𝒄𝒓

 Strength Of Concrete
Generally,
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 > 𝑭𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 > 𝑺𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒕 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 > 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
Factors influencing strength of Concrete
1. Size of test specimen

• If size of cube is decreased the compressive strength tends to increase ,

whereas modulus of elasticity decreases

2. Type of Stress condition (Uniaxial or triaxial)

3. Moisture condition of specimen
• Strength of dry specimen=𝟏. 𝟏 × 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
Characteristic Compressive Strength
•As per IS 456:2000, the
value of strength below
which not more than 5%
of the test results are
expected to fall
Mean Strength
•It is the strength in which
the 50 percent of test
results are expected to fall
and 50 percent are
expected to pass. The
strength is called Mean
Strength
Confidence Limit
• Confidence Limit is the maximum probability of a
particular test result shall be within a range of
𝑓𝑚 − 1.64𝜎 to 𝑓𝑚 + 1.64𝜎
• Minimum number of test strength samples
required to calculate standard deviation is 30
• Each sample strength is mean of strength of 3
cubes
• Individual variation should not be more than 15%
of the mean otherwise test results are invalid
Grade of Concrete Standard Deviation
M20, M25 4
M30 TO M60 5
Probabilistic Curve
𝝈 = 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
(𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆)

𝒇𝒎 = 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
Frequency 𝒇𝒄𝒌 = 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
distribution
Or
Probability
distribution
𝒇𝒎 = 𝒇𝒄𝒌 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝝈
(No. of times test
results obtained)
𝒇𝒎 − 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝝈 => 𝒇𝒎 = 𝒇𝒄𝒌 + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝝈
5%
𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒇𝒎
Strength of Concrete
Young’s modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
As per IS 456: 2000, young’s modulus of elasticity of
concrete is …

𝑬𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄𝒌

𝒇𝒄𝒌 = 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡

Young’s modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
As per IS 456: 2000, young’s modulus of elasticity of concrete is …

𝑬𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄𝒌
For example, for M25,
Characteristic compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mix

So, 𝑬𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄𝒌

𝑬𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓
𝑬𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
 Group Designation Characteristic Compressive
Strength OF 150mm cube at 28
days (N/mm2)
M10 10
Ordinary M15 15

Concrete M20 20

M25 25

Grades M30
M35
30
35

of Standard M40 40

Concrete M45 45

Concrete M50
M55
50
55
M60 60
M65 65
M70 70
𝑰𝑺 𝟒𝟓𝟔: 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒔
𝑹𝑬𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑫 𝑶𝑵𝑳𝒀 M75 75
𝑼𝑷𝑻𝑶 𝑴𝟔𝟎 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 High Strength M80 80

Concrete M85
M90
85
90
M95 95
M100 100
Important Note
•The minimum grade of
concrete for RCC work as
per IS code
recommendation is M20
Effect of Creep on Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
• Long term Young’s Modulus of
Elasticity of concrete
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑬𝑪𝑳 =
𝟏+𝜽
Where 𝜽 is the creep coefficient
Effect of Creep on Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
• Long term Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of concrete
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝑬𝑪𝑳 =
𝟏+𝜽
Where 𝜽 is the creep coefficient

Age of Loading 𝛉
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1

Creep Strain is strain which occurs due to continuous loading and

temperature effect for longer duration which may cause permanent
deformation
Tensile Strength of Concrete in Flexure
•𝒇𝒄𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒇𝒄𝒌
Unit Weight of RCC
Unit Weight of RCC
• If nothing is mentioned, taken
unit weight of
• RCC=25 kN/m3
• PCC=24 kN/m3
• Prestressed=24 kN/m3
Shrinkage of Concrete
 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Que.
The target mean strength of M20
grade concrete is 27 N/mm2,
what is the value of standard
deviation?
a) 2.01
b) 3.5
c) 4.24
d) 5

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 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Que.
The target mean strength of M20
𝑁
grade concrete is 27 N/mm2, 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑚 = 27
𝑚𝑚2
what is the value of standard
deviation? 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20
𝑁
𝑚𝑚2
a) 2.01 ⇒ 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 1.65𝜎
b) 3.5 ⇒ 27 = 20 + 1.65𝜎
𝑁
c) 4.24 ⇒ 𝜎 = 4.24
𝑚𝑚2

d) 5

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Shrinkage
Thermal Expansion
 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Que.
The thermal expansion coefficient (α)
of steel is –
a) 13 × 10−6 /℃ and closely
resembles to (α) of concrete.
b) 11 × 10−6 /℃ and differs widely
from (α) of concrete.
c) 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 /℃ and close to (α) of
concrete.
d) 14 × 10−6 /℃ but nearly equal to
(α) of concrete

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Mild Exposure Condition for Concrete
•Concrete surfaces
protected against
weather or aggressive
conditions, except those
situated in coastal areas
Moderate Exposure Condition for Concrete
• Concrete surfaces
sheltered from severe
rain or freezing while
wet
• Concrete exposed to
condensation and rain
• Concrete in contact, or
buried under non-
aggressive
soil/groundwater.
SEVERE Exposure Condition for Concrete
• Concrete surfaces exposed
to severe rain, alternate
wetting and drying or
occasional freezing while
wet or severe
condensation
• Concrete completely
immersed in seawater
• Concrete exposed to
coastal environment
VERY SEVERE Exposure Condition for Concrete
•Concrete surfaces exposed
to sea water spray,
corrosive fumes or severe
freezing condition while
wet.
•Concrete in contact with or
buried under aggressive
sub soil or groundwater
EXTREME Exposure Condition for Concrete
•The surface of members
in TIDAL Zone
•Members in direct
contact with liquid or
solid aggressive
chemicals
Exposure Conditions
Nominal Cover and Effective Cover
𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒃 • Effective Cover: Cover from outer
fiber of concrete to Center of main
reinforcement
Total Depth 𝑫

𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐡 𝒅 • Nominal cover is the design depth
of concrete cover to all steel
reinforcements, including links.

Nominal Cover Effective Cover

Nominal Cover
• Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover
to all steel reinforcements, including links.
• It is the dimension used in design and indicated in
the drawings. It shall be not less than the diameter Nominal Cover
of the bar.
Nominal Value of Cover in “mild exposure”
1. Slab 20mm
2. Beam 25mm
3. Column 40mm
4. Foundation 50mm
Exposure Conditions
 Minimum grade of concrete used in construction

1. PCC M15
2. RCC M20
3. Water Tank M20
4. PCC Subjected to sea water M20
5. RCC Subjected to sea water M30
6. Pre stress/pre tension concrete M40
7. Post tension zone M30
Exposure Conditions
Exposure Conditions
 Minimum grade of concrete used in
construction
1. PCC M15
2. RCC M20
3. Water Tank M20
4. PCC Subjected to sea water M20
5. RCC Subjected to sea water M30
6. Pre stress/pre tension concrete M40
7. Post tension zone M30
Concrete In Sea Water
Batching
Stripping Time for Formwork
 Stress – Strain Curve for Mild Steel
Lower Yield Point
Upper Yield Point
Necking Region
Elastic Limit. Yield Plateau
𝝈ult E
C
B F
A 𝝈f
C’ D
𝝈 Proportional Limit.
Strain Hardening

Stress

Elastic Plastic Region

Region
O Strain 𝜺
 Types of Steel
Note: The Young’s Modulus of Elasticity of steel for all types
of grade is 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

1. Mild Steel:
• The grade of Mild Steel is Fe-250
𝑭𝒆 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎
Iron yield stress or tensile strength
• For Fe-250, Permissible tensile stress/strength
• 𝝈𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 up to and including 20 mm dia bar
• 𝝈𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 for bars greater than 20 mm dia
• For Fe-250, Permissible compressive stress/strength
• 𝝈𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
 Stress – Strain Curve for Mild Steel
Lower Yield Point
Upper Yield Point
Necking Region
Elastic Limit. Yield Plateau
𝝈ult E
C
B F
A 𝝈f
C’ D
𝝈 Proportional Limit.
Strain Hardening

Stress

Elastic Plastic Region

Region
O Strain 𝜺
 Types of Steel

2. Medium Tensile Strength Steel:

• 𝝈𝒔𝒕 = 𝝈𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

3. HYSD (High Yield Strength Deformed Bar)

• Manufactured by hot rolled process
• It exists in two categories: Fe-415 and Fe-500
• For both Fe-415 and Fe-500,
• 𝝈𝒔𝒕 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
• 𝝈𝒔𝒄 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
Permissible Stresses in Steel
1. In Tension 2. In Compression
a) Fe 250 a) Fe 250
• ∅ ≤ 20𝑚𝑚 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 140 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 • 𝜎𝑠𝑐 = 130 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
• ∅ > 20𝑚𝑚 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 130 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 b) Medium Tensile Steel (Fe 345)
b) Medium Tensile Steel (Fe 345) • 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 190 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
• 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 190 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 c) Fe 415
c) Fe 415 • 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 190 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
• 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 230 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 d) Fe 500
d) Fe 500 • 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
• 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 275 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Permissible Stresses in Concrete

In Tension In Compression
Direct Bending Direct Bending
M-15 2.0 2.7 4 5
M-20 2.8 3.13 5 7
M-25 3.2 3.5 6 8.5
M-30 3.6 3.83 8 10
M-35 4.0 4.14 9 11.5
M-40 4.4 4.43 10 13.5
In Columns In Beams
Permissible Stresses in Concrete

In Tension In Compression
Direct Bending
Direct Bending 𝝈𝒄𝒄 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) 𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄 (𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
M-15 2.0 2.7 4 5
M-20 2.8 3.13 5 7
M-25 3.2 3.5 6 8.5
M-30 3.6 3.83 8 10
M-35 4.0 4.14 9 11.5
M-40 4.4 4.43 10 13.5
In Columns In Beams
Modular Ratio
𝟐𝟖𝟎
𝒎=
𝟑𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄

Grade Modular Ratio

M-15 19
M-20 13
M-25 11
M-30 9
M-35 8
M-40 7
Modular Ratio
𝟐𝟖𝟎
𝒎=
𝟑𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄

Grade Modular Ratio

M-15 19
M-20 13
M-25 11
M-30 9
M-35 8
M-40 7
Batching of Concrete
Formwork
Stripping Time for Formwork
Mild Exposure Condition for Concrete
•Concrete surfaces
protected against
weather or aggressive
conditions, except those
situated in coastal areas
Moderate Exposure Condition for Concrete
• Concrete surfaces
sheltered from severe rain
or freezing while wet
• Concrete exposed to
condensation and rain
• Concrete Continuously
under water
• Concrete in contact, or
buried under non-
aggressive
soil/groundwater.
SEVERE Exposure Condition for Concrete
• Concrete surfaces exposed
to severe rain, alternate
wetting and drying or
occasional freezing while
wet or severe
condensation
• Concrete completely
immersed in seawater
• Concrete exposed to
coastal environment
VERY SEVERE Exposure Condition for Concrete
•Concrete surfaces exposed
to sea water spray,
corrosive fumes or severe
freezing condition while
wet.
•Concrete in contact with or
buried under aggressive
sub soil or groundwater
EXTREME Exposure Condition for Concrete
•The surface of members
in TIDAL Zone
•Members in direct
contact with liquid or
solid aggressive
chemicals
Exposure Conditions
Nominal Cover and Effective Cover
𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒃 • Effective Cover: Cover from outer
fiber of concrete to Center of main
reinforcement
Total Depth 𝑫

𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐡 𝒅 • Nominal cover is the design depth
of concrete cover to all steel
reinforcements, including links.

Nominal Cover Effective Cover

Nominal Cover
• Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover
to all steel reinforcements, including links.
• It is the dimension used in design and indicated in
the drawings. It shall be not less than the diameter Nominal Cover
of the bar.
Nominal Value of Cover in “mild exposure”
1. Slab 20mm
2. Beam 25mm
3. Column 40mm
4. Foundation 50mm
Exposure Conditions
 Minimum grade of concrete used in construction

1. PCC M15
2. RCC M20
3. Water Tank M20
4. PCC Subjected to sea water M20
5. RCC Subjected to sea water M30
6. Pre stress/pre tension concrete M40
7. Post tension zone M30
Design Philosophies
The object of Reinforced Concrete Design is to achieve a
structure that will result in a safe and economical solution.
Design Problem Consists of:
1. Idealization of structure for analysis
2. Estimation of loads
3. Analysis of idealized structure model to determine axial
thrust, shear, bending moments and deflection
4. Material specifications and detailing of reinforcement
5. Detailed structural drawings and schedule of reinforcing
bars
Design Philosophies
There are four philosophies
for the design of Reinforced
Concrete, pre stressed as well
as steel structures:
1. Working Stress Design
2. Ultimate Load Design
3. Limit State Design
4. Performance Based Design
Design Philosophies
1. Working Stress Design
• Traditional method of design
• It is assumed that concrete is elastic
• Steel and Concrete together behaves
elastically
• The basis of this method is that the
permissible stress for concrete and steel are
not exceeded in any worst combination of
working load
• The sections are designed assuming the
materials obey Hooke’s law
Design Philosophies
1. Working Stress Design
• Traditional method of design
• It is assumed that concrete is elastic
• Steel and Concrete together behaves elastically
• The basis of this method is that the permissible stress
for concrete and steel are not exceeded in any worst
combination of working load
• The sections are designed assuming the materials obey
Hooke’s law
b 𝜺𝒄 𝝈𝒄𝒃

𝝈𝒔𝒕
𝜺𝒔𝒕
Design Philosophies
2. Ultimate Load Design Method
• Working loads are increased by
suitable load factors to obtain
ultimate loads
• Structure is then designed to
resist ultimate load
• Non linear stress strain behavior
of concrete is observed
Design Philosophies
3. Limit State Method
Limit state is the state at which the structure
becomes unfit for use
Two types of Limit states :
1. Limit state of Collapse
• Also known as Ultimate Limit State
• Adequate margin of safety shall be available for normal overloading
• This includes limit state of strength like overturning, sliding,
buckling, fatigue, flexure, compression, etc
2. Limit State of Serviceablity
• Satisfactory performance under service load (deflection,
crack, vibration, leakage, loss of durability, etc)
• If a structure has reached just before the limit state of
serviceability and loads are removed, the structure regains
its original shape, however a structure achieving Collapse
load can not recover its original shape and dimension
4. Performance-Based Design
• Performance-Based Design (PBD) is an advanced
approach used in the design of Reinforced
Cement Concrete (RCC) structures.
• This method focuses on ensuring that structures
meet specific performance objectives under
various conditions, particularly during extreme
events like earthquakes.
• Performance Objectives-
• The structure remains safe and usable immediately
after an event.
• The structure protects occupants during an event,
though it may require repairs afterward
• The structure avoids collapse, ensuring the safety of
occupants, but may be severely damaged.
Detailing of Reinforcement
1. NOMINAL COVER TO REINFORCEMENT
Nominal cover is the thickness of concrete
cover to all steel reinforcements including
shear stirrups or column ties.
A reinforcing bar must be surrounded by
concrete for the following reasons:
(1) to develop the desired strength of a bar by
ensuring proper bond between concrete
and steel throughout its perimeter and
(2) to provide protection against corrosion and
fire
Detailing of Reinforcement
1. NOMINAL COVER TO REINFORCEMENT
The nominal cover is based on durability
requirements as:
Nominal Cover
Detailing of Reinforcement
1. NOMINAL COVER TO REINFORCEMENT
However, the following four points must be kept in view:
(i) In slabs having main reinforcement upto 12 mm
diameter bars, for mild exposure, the nominal cover may
be reduced to 20 mm instead of 25 mm
(ii) For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, the
nominal cover must not be less than 40 mm, nor less
than the diameter of such bar. Such a large cover is
required so as to prevent buckling of the main
longitudinal bars under compression.
(iii) For footings minimum cover shall be 50 mm.
(iv) In case of columns of minimum dimensions of 200 mm
or under, whose reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm a
cover of 25 mm may be used.
 Detailing of Reinforcement
2. SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT
Minimum distance between bars
The HORIZONTAL distance between two parallel main reinforcing
bars should not be less than the greatest of the following :
(i) the diameter of the bar if the diameters are equal, 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(ii) the diameter of the larger bar if the diameters are unequal,
and
𝑯𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
(iii) 5 mm more than nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate. 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(iv) If needle vibrators are used, the horizontal distance between
bars of a group may be reduced to two-thirds the nominal
maximum size of the coarse aggregate provided that
sufficient space is left between groups of bars to permit the
vibrator be immersed
Detailing of Reinforcement
2. SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT
Minimum distance between bars
When there are multiple rows of bar, the bars should
be in vertically in line and minimum VERTICAL distance 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
between two main reinforcing bars should not be less
than the greatest of the following :
𝑯𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
(i) 15 mm 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

(ii) 2/3 of nominal maximum size of aggregate

(iii) Or maximum size of aggregate
Detailing of Reinforcement
2. SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT
Maximum distance between bars in tension
The maximum distance between bars is restricted in order to control cracking of
concrete which depends on the stress in the reinforcing bars and the distance between
bars. In normal environments, the crack widths should not exceed 0.3 mm. 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
FOR BEAMS:
Maximum distance between reinforcement is given as per amount of redistribution of
moment and the characteristic strength of the reinforcement 𝑯𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
SLABS:
𝟑𝒅
a) Main bar = 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝒐𝒇 ൜
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟓𝒅
b) Distribution bar = 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝒐𝒇 ൜
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
‘d’ is the effective depth of slab.
Detailing of Reinforcement
Tolerance on Placing of Reinforcement
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR BEAMS
𝑨𝟎 𝟎.𝟖𝟓
1. Minimum tension reinforcement: =
𝒃𝒅 𝒇𝒚

2. The maximum reinforcement in tension or compression: should not exceed 0.04bD, Where, D = overall
depth of section (4 % of the gross cross sectional area)

3. Side face reinforcement: If depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm, side-face reinforcement should
be provided along the two faces. The total area of such reinforcement should not be less than 0.1 % of
the web -area. It should be equally distributed on each of the two faces; The spacing of such
reinforcement should not exceed 300 mm or web thickness whichever is less.

𝑨𝒔𝒗 𝟎.𝟒
4. Minimum Shear Reinforcement =
𝒃𝒔𝒗 𝟎.𝟖𝟕 𝒇𝒚

5. Shear Reinforcement: Clause 26.5.1.5 of IS 456 stipulates that the maximum spacing of shear
reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not be more than 0.75 d for vertical stirrups
and d for inclined stirrups at 45° , where d is the effective depth of the section.
• Sv < 0.75 d Vertical shear Reinforcement
• Sv < d Inclined shear Reinforcement
• However, the spacing shall not exceed 300 mm in any case.
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR SLABS
1. Minimum tension reinforcement: minimum reinforcement in either direction in slabs
should not be less than 0.15% of the total cross-sectional area when using mild steel
reinforcement, and 0.12% of the total cross-sectional area when using high strength
deformed reinforcement or welded Wire fabric
• 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒆 𝟒𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐% 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐% × 𝑩 × 𝑫
• 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒆 𝟐𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓% 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓% × 𝑩 × 𝑫
2. No maximum reinforcement recommendation is given in IS code so we consider the
maximum reinforcement criteria same as in case of beam i.e. 4% of bD
3. Maximum diameter of steel bar in slab

𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃
• ∅𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟖
4. Maximum spacing of the reinforcement
𝟑𝒅
a) Main bar = 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝒐𝒇 ൜
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟓𝒅
b) Distribution bar = 𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝒐𝒇 ൜
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
‘d’ is the effective depth of slab
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMNS
Shell

core

Longitudinal Structural Steel pipe

Reinforcement Concrete
Ties

1. Tied Column 2. Spiral Column 3. Composite Column

REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMNS
1. Minimum percentage of steel= 0.8%
2. Maximum percentage of steel
a) 4% if bar are lapped
b) 6% if bars are not lapped
3. Minimum diameter of longitudinal bars = 12mm
4. Minimum number of bars
a) For circular=6
b) For Rectangular=4
5. Maximum spacing of longitudinal bars = 300mm
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMNS
6. Load Carrying capacity of column is increased by 5% percent
when helical reinforcement is provided as a transverse
reinforcement
7. Maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is
taken to be 0.002
8. Pitch and diameter of lateral ties
A. The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall not more than the least of the
following distances:
a) The least lateral dimension of the compression members;
b) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be
tied, and
c) 300 mm
B. Diameter-
A. The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall not be less than one fourth
of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 16mm i.e.
𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Greater of ൝ 4
6 𝑚𝑚
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMNS
9. Pitch and diameter of Helical
reinforcement
A. Maximum pitch of helical reinforcement
(should not be more than):
a) 75 mm
b) 1/6 of core dia of column
B. Minimum pitch (should not be less than)
A. 25 mm
B. 3 times dia of bar forming the helix
Reinforcement Splicing
When two reinforcing bars are to be joined
to make a longer one, it is necessary to
overlap a length sufficient to develop its full
strength by bond round the surface so that
it does not slip under the design stress.
The connection or the splicing should be as far as
possible away from the section of high stress and
where several parallel bars are to be joined, the
joints should be staggered.
It is recommended that splices in flexural members
should not be provided at sections where
1. the bending moment is more than 50% of the
moment of resistance and
2. more than 50% of the total bars should not
be joined at one section
 Lap Splicing
1. Lap splices should not be used for bars
larger than 32 mm. Larger diameter
bars may be welded together

2. Lap length for bars(including anchorage

value of hooks) in flexural tension shall be
𝑳
Greater of ቊ 𝒅
𝟑𝟎 ∅
3. Lap length for bars in direct tension shall be
𝟐𝑳𝒅
Greater of ቊ
𝟑𝟎 ∅
4. Splices in tension members shall be enclosed
in spirals made of bars not less than 6 mm
diameter with pitch not more than 100mm
Lap Splicing
5. The lap length in compression shall
be equal to
𝑳𝒅
Greater of ቊ
𝟐𝟒 ∅
6. When bars of two different
diameters are to be spliced, the lap
length shall be calculated on the
basis of diameter of the smaller
bar
7. The straight length of the lap
should not be less than 200 mm or
15 times the dia of bar
WELDED AND MECHANICAL SPLICING
1. The strength of a welded splices is taken
as 80% of the design strength of bar for
tension splices and 100% for
compression splices
2. However, 100% of the design strength
may be adopted for tension if at any
cross-section of the member not more
than 20% of the tensile reinforcement is
welded.
3. For mechanical connections, 100% of the
design strength in· tension may be
adopted.
BAR BENDING SCHEDULE
Bar bending schedules are very important part of
detailing and should include the following
information:
1. identification of the structural member,
2. position of each bar in the member,
3. bar marks and diameter of each bar,
4. number of bars of each type in each member,
5. shape and bending dimensions of each bar,
6. length of each Bar, and
7. remark, if any
BAR BENDING SCHEDULE
The symbol '∅' may be used to indicate plain
round bar, and ‘#’ to indicate deformed bar.
So,
(i) 8 # 20 means 8 number of 20 mm
diameter deformed bars,
(ii) # 8 @ 150 means 8 mm deformed bars
spaced at 150 mm centre-to-centre,
(iii)∅ 6 @ 250 means 6 mm plain round bars
spaced at 250 mm centre-to-centre
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
A reinforced concrete structure should satisfy
the serviceability limit state, that is, if a section
is of sufficient strength to support the design
loads, there should not be excessive
deformations and cracks which may affect its
appearance.
Widespread use of ultimate load method of
design of reinforced concrete members resulted
in smaller sections. Such smaller and heavily
reinforced sections deflect a greater amount
more than those designed by the working stress
method
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
Concrete is very poor in tension and will
crack. However, the width of cracks Will
cause concern if they were too large
because surface finish and protection
afforded by concrete to the steel
reinforcement would be impaired. The
cracks and deflections can be controlled by:
(a) restricting the maximum spacing of
reinforcing bars,
(b) restricting the span/effective depth ratio
of a member.
 CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
• The deflection of a structure or its part should
not adversely affect the appearance or
efficiency of the structure or finishes or
partitions
• The deflection including the effects of
temperature, shrinkage and creep occurring
after the construction of partitions, and finishes
should not exceed span/350 or 20 mm,
whichever is lesser
• The total deflection due to all loads including
the effects of temperature, shrinkage and creep
should not exceed span/250 when measured
from the as cast level of the supports of floors,
roofs and all other horizontal-members,
CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
Deep Beams
Slenderness Limits for Beams to Ensure Lateral Stability
Please note: Stirrups

Hanging bar:
Hanging bar is used in compression
side and supporting the stirrups in
compression side
Hanger bars, are provided in a
beam to keep the Main Hanging bar
reinforcement (which takes care of
tension at bottom fibers in simply
supported beam, top fibers in Main reinforcement
cantilever beam) and stirrups (who
take care of shear stresses and
diagonal tension in beam) in
position as the name indicated for
them
The diameter of hanging bars
should not be less than 10mm
By Sandeep Jyani Sir