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Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
and Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence is the Machine Learning is a subset Python is a versatile,
development of computer of AI that teaches computers high- level programming
systems that can perform tasks to learn and improve from language known for its
that typically require human experience without being simplicity and readability.
intelligence. explicitly programmed.
 Artificial Intelligence:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves creating computer systems that can
perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as understanding
language, recognizing patterns, and making decisions.

• It encompasses a wide range of techniques and approaches, including machine

learning, natural language processing, and computer vision.

• The goal of AI is to develop systems that can perceive their environment, learn
from experience, and adapt to new situations, ultimately mimicking human
intelligence in various tasks.
 Machine Learning:
• Machine Learning is a subset of AI. It's a method by which machines learn
from data. Instead of explicitly programming a machine how to do
something, you give it a lot of data and let it learn patterns from that data to
make predictions or decisions.

• Machine Learning is a way for computers to learn from data without being
explicitly programmed. It involves teaching a computer to recognize
patterns in data and make decisions or predictions based on those patterns.

• By training on examples, Machine Learning algorithms can improve their

performance over time, enabling them to tackle a wide range of tasks from
spam detection to image recognition.
 AI, ML and DL :

Example:

AI: The overarching concept of creating systems

to play Tic Tac Toe.

ML: Trains algorithms to learn from data (such

as game simulations) and make decisions
(choosing moves).

Deep Learning: A subset of ML that uses deep

neural networks to learn intricate patterns
directly from data, particularly effective for
tasks like playing games where optimal
decisions depend on the current game state.
 Different Paramaters of YouTube Music Songs recommendation system:
1. Lata Mangeshkar Songs
2. Hindi Bollywood Songs
3. Old songs
4. How frequently I have watched the same song?
5. Popularity(many views)
6. Music Director: S.D. Burman
7. Movie watched recently (Mausam)
8. Sentimental song (based on mood of past few watches)
9. Based on season(monsoon)/Atmosphere(rain)
10. Based on Location(Himalayas)
11. Based on time(Full moon night)
12. Based on my other account (Spotify, Amazon music etc.)
 Python and Google Colab:
• Python is a versatile and beginner-friendly programming language. It's known
for its readable syntax and extensive libraries. Used in web development, data
analysis, artificial intelligence, and more.

• Google Colab is a free online platform where you can write and run Python
code in your web browser. It provides access to GPUs and TPUs, making it
suitable for machine learning tasks. Users can share and collaborate on
notebooks easily, making it convenient for team projects or learning.
Thank You
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
Different approaches to AI
Prof.Nagamma
 What is AI?
• Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand and think” (Oxford dictionary)
• AI is about teaching computers to do things that humans are doing good
right now.
• Examples: Speech-Face-Object recognition, Intuition, Inference, Learning
new
skills, Decision making, Abstract thinking.
• There are four different approaches to artificial intelligence (AI), each
emphasizing different aspects of human-like behavior and rational decision-
making.

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally
 Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modelling
• This method tries to copy how humans think and understand things. It aims to
understand how humans think and solve problems. i.e. Cognitive science.
• “Cognitive science/modelling" refers to the scientific study of how humans think
and
reason.
• Example: Cognitive psychology-inspired AI systems, such as virtual assistants
like Siri or Alexa, try to act like humans. They listen to what people say, try to
understand what they mean, and respond like a person would in a conversation.
• It is not related to how a computer program solves a problem correctly. Thinking
Humanly is more interested in seeing how its steps compare to how a human would
solve the same problem.
 Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
• This approach aims to create AI systems that perform tasks in a manner very similar to human
behavior. It focuses on achieving human-like performance in various tasks.
• Example: Turing Test is a classic example of the acting humanly approach. In the Turing Test,
a human evaluator interacts with a machine and a human through a text interface without
knowing which is which. If the evaluator cannot reliably distinguish between the machine and
the human based on the conversation, the machine is considered to have passed the test.

Alan Turing (1912-1954) performed a operational Imitation

test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation(Copying) Game
Human
Game, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
(1950)

Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30%

chance of fooling a normal person for 5 minutes. Human
AI System
Evaluator
 Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought
• This approach emphasizes on designing AI systems that follow principles of
logic and rational(logical) decision-making, regardless of whether it mirrors
human thought processes.

• In simple words, if your thoughts are based on facts and not emotions, it is
called rational thinking.

• Example: Expert systems, such as medical diagnosis systems, rely on rules and
logical inference to make decisions. These systems use knowledge bases of
medical expertise and logical reasoning to diagnose diseases based on
symptoms reported by patients.
 Acting Rationally
• This approach focuses on creating AI systems that make decisions to achieve
the best outcome, irrespective of whether the decision-making process
resembles human thinking.

• Acting rationally is more related to scientific development than human-

based approaches.

• Example: Autonomous vehicles, like self-driving cars, operate based on the

principle of acting rationally. They analyze sensor data in real-time, process
it using algorithms to detect obstacles, and make decisions to navigate safely
to their destination, optimizing factors like speed, distance, and safety.
  Conclusions:
• By applying these different approaches we can see how they each offer distinct perspectives
on how AI systems can be developed and interact with users.

1. Mirroring Human Intelligence and Behavior: AI acts like humans, understanding

language, recognizing patterns, and making decisions like us. For example, a friendly
chatbot(Alexa, Sisi) jokes and empathizes.

2. Optimizing for Rational Decision-Making: AI makes smart decisions, not exactly like
humans, but logically and efficiently. For instance, a song/movie recommendation system
suggests songs/films based on our preferences, aiming for the best choices.

The choice depends on whether we want AI to be human-like or just make the best decisions. In
fact many AI systems incorporate elements of both human-like interaction and rational
decision- making. The emphasis on each approach can vary based on factors such as the nature
of the task, user expectations, and the goals of the system developers.
Thank You
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The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Asst Prof. Nagamma
 The Foundations of AI
• AI is like a recipe with many ingredients - each field adds its own flavor.
1. Philosophy(Asking the Big Questions):

• Think of philosophy as asking really big questions.

• For example, imagine you're trying to solve a puzzle. Philosophy asks
questions like:
 Can we make strict rules to always solve puzzles correctly?
 How does our mind, our thoughts and feelings, come from our brain?
 Where does all our knowledge come from, and how does it help us make
decisions?
2. Mathematics(Crunching Numbers and Patterns):
• Mathematics is like the language of patterns and numbers.
• Imagine you're trying to solve a math problem. Math helps us with:
 Figuring out the rules to solve problems accurately.
 Deciding what can and cannot be solved with numbers.
 Finding ways to think clearly even when we're not sure about something.
3. Economics(Making Smart Choices):
• Economics is all about making decisions, especially when it comes to money.
• Picture yourself deciding how to spend your allowance. Economics helps us
understand:
 How to make choices to get the most out of our money.
 Figuring out what to do when others don't agree with our choices.
 Planning for the future when we're not sure what will happen.
4. Neuroscience(Exploring the Brain's Secrets):

• Neuroscience is like a detective investigating the brain.

• Think about how you learn new things. Neuroscience helps us understand:
 How our brains process information to learn and remember.
 Figuring out why we feel certain emotions or think in certain ways.
5. Psychology(Understanding Our Minds):

• Psychology is like a map guiding us through our thoughts and actions.

• Imagine trying to understand why someone feels happy or scared. Psychology
helps us explore:
 How humans and animals think and behave in different situations.
6. Computer Engineering(Building Smarter Machines):

• Computer engineering is like building a robot from scratch.

• Consider how your computer works. Computer engineering helps us with:

 Designing and creating computers that work quickly and efficiently.

• For example, advancements in computer engineering have enabled the

processing power necessary for training complex AI models.
7. Control Theory and Cybernetics (Keeping Things in Check):
• Cybernetics is the science of communication and control theory that is
concerned especially with the comparative study of automatic control systems,
such as the nervous system and the brain.
• Control theory and cybernetics are like the autopilot in a plane.
• Think about how a thermostat keeps your room at just the right temperature.
Control theory and cybernetics help us understand:
 How machines can control themselves to work properly without constant
human input.
8. Linguistics (The Power of Words):

• Linguistics is like exploring the dictionary of language.

• Imagine trying to understand a new language. Linguistics helps us discover:
 How language shapes our thoughts and the way we communicate.

• For example, chatbots and virtual assistants use NLP techniques to interpret
and respond to user queries.
 Conclusion:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is like a big puzzle, and to understand it, we need to
look at different pieces that come from various areas of study. These pieces
are like ingredients in a recipe, each adding something important.
• By working together, these different disciplines help AI grow and improve.
• By integrating knowledge from diverse disciplines, AI can continue to
advance and tackle increasingly complex challenges.
• Collaboration between philosophers, mathematicians, economists,
neuroscientists, psychologists, computer engineers, control theorists, linguists,
and other experts is crucial for the continued development of AI technologies.
Thank You
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History of
Artificial
Intelligence
Asst.Prof Nagamma
 Early Foundations (1940s - 1950s)
  Early Breakthroughs (1950s-1960s)
Checkers Mastery
In 1951, the Ferranti Mark- Newell and Simon's
1 computer successfully "General Problem Solver"
used an algorithm to algorithm demonstrated the
master the game of potential of AI to tackle a
checkers, a milestone in wide range of mathematical
AI problems.
development.
 Robotics and Computer Vision (1960s-1970s)
 The "AI Winters" (1970s-1990s)
 A New Era of AI (1990s-2000s)
 AI in the 21st Century
 The Future of AI

Artificial General The development of AI systems

with human-level or even
Intelligence superhuman cognitive abilities

Ethical Addressingthe potential societal

Considerations and philosophical implications of
advanced AI technologies
Thank You
5 Applications of
Artificial Intelligence

Nagamma
 Autonomous Planning and Scheduling
 Mastering the Game
 Intelligent Medical Diagnosis
 Enhancing awareness
 Transforming E-commerce
 Increasing Human Capabilities
 Numerous AI applications
1. Robotics: e.g. Roomba
2. Healthcare: e.g. Watson
3. Finance: e.g. Robinhood
4. Transportation: e.g. Tesla
5. Retail: e.g. Amazon
6. Education: e.g. Coursera
7. Agriculture: e.g. John Deere
8. Gaming: e.g. Fortnite
9. Security: e.g. Ring
10. Marketing: e.g. HubSpot
11. Energy: e.g. Nest
12. Communication: e.g. Alexa
13. Entertainment: e.g. YouTube music
14. Manufacturing: e.g. Fanuc
15. Logistics: e.g. DHL
16. Construction: e.g. Caterpillar
17. Legal: e.g. LexisNexis
18. Hospitality: e.g. Marriott
19. Environmental: e.g. EarthSense
20. Aerospace: e.g. SpaceX
Thank You
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Types of AI :
Weak AI, Strong
AI
and Super-Intelligent AI
 Weak AI (Narrow AI):
•Definition: AI that is designed and trained for a
specific task. It operates under a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
•Examples:
• Siri and Alexa: These virtual assistants can
perform tasks like setting reminders, providing
weather updates, and playing music, but they
can't perform tasks outside their programming.
• Recommendation Systems: Netflix and
YouTube music use narrow AI to suggest movies
and music based on user preferences.
• Image Recognition Systems: Google Photos can
categorize images based on visual content.
 Strong AI (Artificial General Intelligence):
•Definition: AI that possesses the ability to
understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a
wide range of tasks at a level comparable to human
intelligence.

•Examples:
• Theoretical Concept: Currently, no true
examples of General AI exist. It remains a
concept and a goal for future AI development.
• For e.g. Generalist Robot(competent in several
different fields or activities).
 Super-intelligent AI (Superhuman AI):
•Definition: AI that surpasses human
intelligence across all fields, including
creativity, general wisdom, and problem-
solving.

•Examples:
• Hypothetical Scenario: An AI that can
outthink and outperform the best human
minds in every field, such as Einstein in
physics, Shakespeare in literature, and
Bezos in business.
Thank You
7
AI Problems/Task domains of AI:
Mundane, Formal
and Expert tasks/problems
© Dr.
Dafda
 Common-Place problems/tasks (Mundane Tasks):
• These are everyday tasks that humans and
some animals do naturally and easily, but
they are challenging for computers.

1. Recognizing People and Objects e.g. Your

phone unlocks by recognizing your face.
2. Communicating Through Natural Language
e.g. When you ask Siri or Alexa a question,
and they respond.
3. Navigating Around Obstacles on the
Streets e.g. Self-driving cars avoiding
pedestrians and other vehicles.
 Formal problems/tasks (Structured Tasks):
• Formal tasks are structured problems that require logical thinking and precise
algorithms.

e.g. Statement: Solve 𝑥+5=10.

1. Solving mathematical equations

Solution: Subtract 5 from both sides to get 𝑥=5.

2. Formal logic and theorem proving e.g.

𝑃→𝑄
Statement: "If it rains, then the ground is wet.“ whose Logical Expression:

Statement: "The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 degrees.“ which is based on:
Euclidean geometry axioms
 Expert problems/Tasks:
• These are complex tasks that require
specialized skills and knowledge, which
only experts can do well.

1. Medical Diagnosis
AI systems that help doctors by
identifying diseases in medical images
like X-rays.

2. Playing Games Like Chess

Example: AI program Deep Blue that
have beaten world champion in chess.
 Comparison of Task Difficulty:

• Mundane tasks: Easy for humans, tough for AI e.g. Navigating

around obstacles.
• Formal tasks: Tough for both humans and AI e.g. Solving
mathematics.
• Expert tasks: Tough for most humans, easier for AI (with training)
e.g. Medical Diagnosis.
Thank You