1.

DEMONSTRATE TAKING ALTITUDE OF CELESTIAL

BODIES USING SEXTANT

1. Find the angle of elevation for an observed object(dip)

2. Sight the horizon by looking through the scope at
horizon mirror
3. Adjust the arm until object appears close to the horizon.
4. Turn the micrometer knob until the object rests on
horizon (until lower limb rest on Horizon)
5. Record the time at which we made our sighting
6. Look at the position of the index arm and the
micrometer knob to find the angle
7. Consult Nautical Almanac to correct all errors.
8. Subtract the corrected altitude from 90degrees.
9. Using NA determine declination of sun.
10. Add or subtract the declination of the sun to find your
latitude.

2.SYNCHRONIZATION OF MASTER GYRO AND

REPEATERS

Steps To Synchronize Master Gyro Repeaters

1) Switch ‘off’ the bridge gyro repeater before
synchronization.
2) There is a ‘push to synchronize’ knob at the center of
the gyro repeater.
3) It can be turned clockwise or Anticlockwise.
4) By pushing the button adjust the heading to master
gyro true heading.
5) Turn ‘on’ the repeater switch.

Steps To Synchronize Bridge Wing Gyro Repeaters

1) Switch ‘off’ the bridge wing gyro repeater.
2) Take off the Azimuth ring
3) There is a rotatory knob under the gyro repeater.
4) Using the rotating knob provided under the repeater
turn the compass heading as master gyro’s true
heading.
5) Switch ‘on’ bridge wing gyro repeater.
3.Starting and stopping procedure of shipboard gyro
compass

Starting
1. Ensure that the gyrocompass is correctly installed and
secured, and that it is free from any obstructions or
interference that may affect its accuracy
2. Check power supply and voltage.
3. Unlock the control knobs and switches of the gyrocompass
4. Spin gyro rotor to approximately 1,000 RPM.
5. Adjust azimuth scale to match ship's heading.
6. Allow gyrocompass to stabilize.
7. Verify accuracy with swing check and set repeaters to
correct mode.

Stopping
1. Turn off power supply.
2. Allow gyro rotor to come to a complete stop.
3. Lock control knobs and switches.
4. Cover gyrocompass with protective cover.
5. Perform maintenance, inspections, and secure the
area

4.FIND OUT GYRO COMPASS ERROR AND MAGNETIC

COMPASS ERROR
Gyro compass error
1. Latitude error or damping error I present in a gyroscope
which is damped in tilt. At equator, the error is nil. The
error is eastward in all northerly latitude and vice versa.
2. Steaming/ speed error: - the direction in which the
compass settles, depends on the ships course, speed and
latitude of the observer.
 3. Ballistic deflection error: - this error is caused at the time
of maneuvering.
4. Rolling error:- caused due to the rolling and pitching of
vessel
5. Gimballing error is caused by taking readings from the
compass card when it is tilted from the horizontal plane.
Magnetic compass error
1. Variation:- True North and Magnetic North pole are not
located at the same spot.
2. Deviation:- The amount a magnetic compass needle is
deflected by magnetism of the ship.
3. Turning error:- A turn from North lags and Turn from South
leads
4. Acceleration and deceleration error: - when on East or
West heading, acceleration will cause the magnetic
compass to indicate a false turn towards North and any
deceleration will cause the compass to indicate a false
turn towards South.
5. Oscillation error:- combination of all other errors caused
due to rough movements of the compass card.
5.APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC AND GYRO COMPASS
ERROR
Magnetic compass
1. When course changes deviation also changes
2. Variation remains constant for an area
3. Sum of variation and deviation gives the compass error
4. Applying compass error to compass heading will give True
Heading
5. Applying compass error to true heading will give compass
heading which can be used to steer the ship.
Gyro compass
1. Gyro compass errors are comparatively smaller than
compass errors
2. Gyro errors are denoted as High or Low
3. Applying gyro compass error will give True Heading.
 4. When gyro compass is higher that true course, the gyro
error is high.
5. To get true course, subtract the high error from the gyro
reading.
6.CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF BRIDGE EQUIPMENT
GYRO COMPASS
 Repeaters should be synchronised with the gyro at least
once in a watch.
 The gyro alarm should be checked daily.
 General cleanliness should be maintained
 Inspect the compass to check for any abnormal conditions
 Speed and latitude correction should be applied and reset
as necessary.
MAGNETIC COMPASS

 The compass bowl must be topped up fully with liquid

(glycol and distilled water solution).
 The azimuth ring should fit correctly and be free to move
through a full rotation.
 Door of corrector magnets should be should be closed and
kept safe kept safe.
 Helmet of the magnetic compass should be closed.
Remove the bubbles developed in wet compass bowl.

AIS

 Clean the surface of the panel, knobs, switches & covers.

 Check the power supply to ensure correct voltage is
provided and connections are tight.

AUTOPILOT
  Monitor autopilot is working normally by confirming the
indicating lamps and alarm devices.
 Confirm that the buzzers sound properly by pressing the
button Lamp Test
 Make sure that each steering mode system is normal and
in stand by condition.

RADAR

 Check the alignment of the heading marker and radar

centre.
 Performance of the radar should be checked before
sailing.

7.FIX POSITION OF SHIP USING VARIOUS METHODS

1. GPS Fix.
o Gives latitude & longitude.
o Plot the Lat & Long on the chart.
o The point where both the Lat & Long meet is the
position at that time.

2. Visual Bearing.
o Take the bearing of both the objects simultaneously.
o Now draw the bearing of these objects on the chart.
o The point where these two bearings intersect will be the
ship’s position.

3. Vertical Sextant Angle (VSA).

o In this method VSA subtended by the object of known
height (usually lighthouse) is measured using a sextant,
which gives distance off or position circle from the
observed object.
o If more than one VSA’s of nearby objects are observed
simultaneously giving at least two position circles.
 o Intersection of such position circles will give the fix at
the time of observation.
o Distance from the base of object in nautical
miles= Height of object above sea level in meters
* 1.854/ Observed altitude of object in minutes
o Distance from the base of object in nautical
miles= Height of object above sea level in feet *
0.565/ Observed altitude of object in minutes.

4. Running Fix.
o Consider a lighthouse.
o From that lighthouse draw the two bearings given at
respective time intervals.
o On the first bearing line select any point & through that
point draw ship’s course, name the point as ‘A’
o From point ‘A’ cut the ship’s speed on the ship’s course
& name the point as ‘B’.
o From the point where the ship’s speed has been cut
draw the course of the current.
o Measure the speed of the current & cut an arc on the
course line of the current, name that point as ‘C’.
o Now join ‘A’ & ‘C’ & measure the course, i.e., the CMG.
o Now shift the first bearing to point ‘C’, as that the line
touches the second bearing. That point is the position at
the time we need to find.
o Measure the Lat & Long of that point.
o Now shift the CMG to the position we found & join it to
the first bearing line.
o That is the position at the next time, measure its Lat &
Long.

5. Celestial Fix.
o Mark the estimated position of celestial body on the
chart in shape of triangle.
o Calculate the bearing & intercept of the celestial body.
o Draw the bearing on the chart.
o Draw a perpendicular anywhere on the bearing.
o Find bearing & intercept of another celestial body.
 o Draw the bearing connecting the triangle.
o Draw perpendicular from the intercept point on the
bearing line.
o The fix is at the point where these two lines meet.

8.Demonstrate the use of azimuth mirror in a repeater

 Azimuth mirror is used for taking the bearings of terrestrial

and celestial objects.
 By the use of mirrors or lenses or prisms or combination of
all these, the equipment allows both, the readings of the
compass card, and the object to be seen at the same time
and in the same direction.
 Azimuth mirror is therefore placed over magnetic or gyro
compass for measuring bearing
 Parts
1. Sight Vanes (Near vane & far vane)
2. Reflector vane
3. Levels
4. Concave mirror
5. Prism housing

 Far vane is mounted on top of a housing that contains a

reflective mirror inside enabling the observer to read the
bearing from the reflected portion of the compass card.
 Allow the observer to observe azimuths of celestial bodies
(stars and planets) at various altitudes by picking up their
reflection in the black mirror. When the body is observed,
its reflection appears behind the vertical wire in the far
vane
 Reflects the sun’s rays onto the prism housing on the
other side of the ring when the observer is taking an
azimuth of the sun.
 Directs the beam of light from the concave mirror
downward in a narrow beam onto the compass card
enabling the observer to read the azimuth to the sun.

How to use
 Hold the compass level, and point its direction-of-travel
arrow toward your destination.
 Rotate the azimuth ring until the orienting arrow lines up
with the magnetic needle. Be sure the north end of the
needle (usually red) points to N, not S.
 Find where the degree markings around the azimuth ring
line up with the direction-of-travel arrow. That degree
mark is your bearing.