INDEX

S. No. Practical Page No. Date Signature

1 To insert data in a table using insert and display the
records in a table.
2 Update or Delete records of a table and modifying
structure of a table using Alter and Drop command.
3 To perform join operation between various tables.
4 Applying constraint using two tables.
5 To retrieve data from different tables using sub queries
and correlated queries.
6 Create two databases either on single DBMS and Design
Database to fragment and share the fragments from
both database and write single query for creating view.
7 Viewing a Global Database Name

8 Changing the Domain in a Global Database Name

9 Changing a Global Database Name
10 To see which privileges you currently have available in a
distributed database.
11 Creating private, public and global Database Links.
12 Creating Fixed User Database Links

13 Creating Connected User and Current User Database

Links
 Practical-1
Aim:
To insert data in a table using insert and display the records in a table.

Code:
-- Create table
CREATE TABLE students (
student_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50),
last_name VARCHAR2(50),
course VARCHAR2(100),
admission_year NUMBER
);

-- Insert data
INSERT INTO students VALUES (1, 'Aarav', 'Sharma', 'Computer Science', 2022);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (2, 'Riya', 'Verma', 'Information Technology', 2021);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (3, 'Karan', 'Patel', 'Electronics', 2022);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (4, 'Sneha', 'Nair', 'Computer Science', 2023);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (5, 'Yash', 'Mehta', 'Mechanical', 2020);

-- Display records
SELECT * FROM students;

Output:

1
 Practical-2
Aim:
Update or Delete records of a table and modifying structure of a table using Alter and Drop command.

Code:
-- Update
UPDATE students SET course = 'Data Science' WHERE student_id = 2;

-- Delete
DELETE FROM students WHERE admission_year = 2020;

-- Alter: Add column

ALTER TABLE students ADD email VARCHAR2(100);

-- Update email
UPDATE students SET email = 'aarav.sharma@example.com' WHERE student_id = 1;

-- Drop column
ALTER TABLE students DROP COLUMN email;

Output:
-- Update

-- Delete

-- Alter: Add column

2
-- Update email

-- Drop column

3
 Practical-3
Aim:
To perform join operation between various tables.

Code:
-- Create the 'courses' table
CREATE TABLE courses (
course_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
course_name VARCHAR2(100)
);
-- Create the 'student_details' table
CREATE TABLE student_details (
student_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50),
last_name VARCHAR2(50),
course_id NUMBER,
FOREIGN KEY (course_id) REFERENCES courses(course_id)
);

-- Insert data into 'courses'

INSERT INTO courses VALUES (101, 'Computer Science');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (102, 'Information Technology');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (103, 'Mechanical Engineering');
INSERT INTO courses VALUES (104, 'Electronics and Communication');
-- Insert data into 'student_details'
INSERT INTO student_details VALUES (1, 'Aarav', 'Sharma', 101);
INSERT INTO student_details VALUES (2, 'Riya', 'Verma', 102);
INSERT INTO student_details VALUES (3, 'Karan', 'Patel', 103);
INSERT INTO student_details VALUES (4, 'Sneha', 'Nair', NULL);

-- Perform INNER JOIN

SELECT s.student_id, s.first_name, s.last_name, c.course_name
FROM student_details s
INNER JOIN courses c ON s.course_id = c.course_id;

-- Perform LEFT JOIN

SELECT s.student_id, s.first_name, s.last_name, c.course_name
FROM student_details s
LEFT JOIN courses c ON s.course_id = c.course_id;

-- Perform RIGHT JOIN

SELECT s.student_id, s.first_name, s.last_name, c.course_name
FROM student_details s
RIGHT JOIN courses c ON s.course_id = c.course_id;

-- Perform FULL OUTER JOIN

SELECT s.student_id, s.first_name, s.last_name, c.course_name
FROM student_details s
FULL OUTER JOIN courses c ON s.course_id = c.course_id;

4
Output:

-- Perform INNER JOIN

-- Perform LEFT JOIN

-- Perform RIGHT JOIN

-- Perform FULL OUTER JOIN

5
 Practical-4
Aim:
Applying constraint using two tables.

Code:
-- Create departments table with constraints
CREATE TABLE departments (
dept_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
dept_name VARCHAR2(100) UNIQUE NOT NULL
);

-- Create students table with constraints

CREATE TABLE students (
student_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR2(50),
dept_id NUMBER,
admission_year NUMBER CHECK (admission_year >= 2000),
CONSTRAINT fk_dept FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES departments(dept_id)
);

-- Insert valid data

INSERT INTO departments VALUES (1, 'Computer Science');
INSERT INTO departments VALUES (2, 'Mechanical Engineering');
INSERT INTO departments VALUES (3, 'Electrical Engineering');

INSERT INTO students VALUES (101, 'Aarav', 'Sharma', 1, 2022);

INSERT INTO students VALUES (102, 'Riya', 'Verma', 2, 2021);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (103, 'Karan', 'Patel', 3, 2020);

-- Will fail due to UNIQUE constraint

INSERT INTO departments VALUES (4, 'Computer Science');
-- Will fail due to FOREIGN KEY constraint
INSERT INTO students VALUES (104, 'Sneha', 'Nair', 5, 2023);
-- Will fail due to CHECK constraint
INSERT INTO students VALUES (105, 'Yash', 'Mehta', 1, 1995);

Output:

6
7
 Practical-5
Aim:
To retrieve data from different tables using sub queries and correlated queries.

Code:
-- Simple Subquery: Students in "Computer Science"
SELECT first_name, last_name
FROM students
WHERE dept_id = (
SELECT dept_id
FROM departments
WHERE dept_name = 'Computer Science'
);

-- Subquery with IN: Students in "Computer Science" or "Mechanical Engineering"

SELECT first_name, last_name
FROM students
WHERE dept_id IN (
SELECT dept_id
FROM departments
WHERE dept_name IN ('Computer Science', 'Mechanical Engineering')
);

-- Nested Subquery: Department name of student with ID 101

SELECT dept_name
FROM departments
WHERE dept_id = (
SELECT dept_id
FROM students
WHERE student_id = 101
);

-- Correlated Subquery: Students with admission year > avg in their department
SELECT first_name, last_name, dept_id, admission_year
FROM students s
WHERE admission_year > (
SELECT AVG(admission_year)
FROM students
WHERE dept_id = s.dept_id
);

-- Correlated Subquery with EXISTS: Departments that have at least one student
SELECT dept_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM students s
WHERE s.dept_id = d.dept_id
);

8
-- NOT EXISTS: Departments with no students
SELECT dept_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1
FROM students s
WHERE s.dept_id = d.dept_id
);

Output:
-- Simple Subquery: Students in "Computer Science"

-- Subquery with IN: Students in "Computer Science" or "Mechanical Engineering"

-- Nested Subquery: Department name of student with ID 101

-- Correlated Subquery: Students with admission year > avg in their department

-- Correlated Subquery with EXISTS: Departments that have at least one student

-- NOT EXISTS: Departments with no students

9
 Practical-6
Aim:
Create two databases either on single DBMS and Design Database to fragment and share the fragments
from both database and write single query for creating view.

Code:
-- As DBA
CREATE USER db1_user IDENTIFIED BY db1pass;
GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO db1_user;

CREATE USER db2_user IDENTIFIED BY db2pass;

GRANT CONNECT, RESOURCE TO db2_user;

-- Connect as db1_user
-- Horizontal Fragment: Students from department 1 and 2
CREATE TABLE student_fragment1 (
student_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50),
dept_id NUMBER
);
INSERT INTO student_fragment1 VALUES (101, 'Aarav', 1);
INSERT INTO student_fragment1 VALUES (102, 'Riya', 2);

-- Connect as db2_user
-- Horizontal Fragment: Students from department 3
CREATE TABLE student_fragment2 (
student_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(50),
dept_id NUMBER
);
INSERT INTO student_fragment2 VALUES (103, 'Karan', 3);
INSERT INTO student_fragment2 VALUES (104, 'Sneha', 3);

-- Grant access to the main user

-- In db1_user
GRANT SELECT ON student_fragment1 TO dd_practicals;
-- In db2_user
GRANT SELECT ON student_fragment2 TO dd_practicals;

-- Create view from dd_practicals

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW global_student_view AS
SELECT * FROM db1_user.student_fragment1
UNION ALL
SELECT * FROM db2_user.student_fragment2;

-- Display the results

SELECT * FROM global_student_view;

10
Output:
-- Create two DB users

-- Horizontal Fragment1: Students from department 1 and 2

-- Horizontal Fragment2: Students from department 3

-- Grant access to the main user

-- Create view from dd_practicals

-- Display the results

11
 Practical-7
Aim:
Viewing a Global Database Name

Code:
SELECT name, db_unique_name FROM v$database;
SELECT * FROM global_name;
SELECT name, value
FROM v$parameter
WHERE name IN ('db_name', 'db_domain');

Output:

12