 define nation and state https://

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4 PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND

States, Nations, and Globalization
4.1 The State as different from the
 differentiate nation from
state
us/document/don-
honorio-ventura-
technological-state-
Nation as a political concept

university/philippine-

GOVERNANCE
4.2 Globalization as a context of
explain meanings of
globalization
politics-and-
governance/states-
nation-and-
relations among nation-states  evaluate how globalization globalization/20527851

influences nation-states

States, Nations, and Globalization Week 4

LESSO TOPICS LEARNING OBJECTIVES REFERENCES

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State, Nation and Globalization

The State as Different from the Nation as a Political Concept A state may be defined
as a politically organized body of people inhabiting a defined geographical entity
with an organized legitimate government whilst a nation is a group of people with a
common race, culture, religion and historical experiences but who may not
necessarily live together in a single territory.

It is a political/legal group; refers to a community of persons more or less

numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a
government of their own and enjoying freedom from external control. A state has
four elements. The absence of any of the following elements renders a group to be
disqualified as a state.

Nation is a group of people who feel bound by a common language, culture,

religion, history, or ethnicity.

- Nation is the social construction of collective identity.

- Nation is said to be imagined because members have a mental image of their
affinity
 - Nation is an imagined community because regardless of the actual inequality
and exploitation that may prevail, the nation is always conceived as a deep,
horizontal comradeship
- Nation is a large group of people bound together, and the recognition of
similarity among themselves because of a common culture and language.

Nation State

- A Nation-State occurs when a nation and a state largely coincide

- A Nation-State as defined by UNESCO is one where great majority are
conscious of a common identity and share the same culture.
- A Nation-State is an area where the cultural boundaries match up with the
political boundaries
- Therefore, nation-state would exist if nearly all the members of a single
nation were organized in a single state, without any other national
communities being present. Although the term is widely used, no such
entities exist

1. People Also known as population or inhabitants. There is no definite number of

people set for a state. However, constitutional scholars state that the people should
have the following characteristics for it to become a state.

a. Enough number to perform the functions of the state.

b. Self-perpetuating; it should have the capacity to procreate to sustain its

existence.

2. Territory Refers to the portion of earth occupied and inhabited by the people. It
should be permanent and specific in its dimension. Hence, the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was created to define the rights and
responsibilities of countries over their territories.

Components of Territory:

1 Aerial Domain – Refers to air space above the land and the waters.

2 Terrestrial Domain – Refers to fixed portion of the land over which the jurisdiction
of the state extends.
3 Fluvial and Maritime Domain – Refers to bodies of water within, between, and
around the lands.

Ways of Acquiring Territory

1 Discovery and occupation – oldest method of acquiring territory; intentional

acquisition of the territory which is not owned by any state.

2 Prescription – continued occupation by state of a territory over a long period of

time; there is no standard year for prescription but scholars argue that prescription
should last for 50 years.

3 Subjugation and annexation – acquiring territory by the use of force; it is

manifested in conquest or colonization. Conquered territories are annexed by the
conquerors to his/her state.

4 Cession - transfer of territory usually by treaty from one state to another; it may
also be in the form of exchange of territory or in the form gift or donation or devise.
b.5 Accretion – adding portions of territory through human labor or natural activity
(avulsion).

3. Government A mechanism of the state, through which the will of the people is
expressed, formulated, and carried out; it is the <working arm= of the state.

4. Sovereignty The ability of the state to self-rule or to govern itself and is free
from any foreign control.

Types of Sovereignty:

1 Internal Sovereignty (Domestic) – ability to enforce rules and policies within its
territory or jurisdiction.

2 External Sovereignty (International) – also known as independence, it is the

freedom of the state from external control.

Elements of Sovereignty:

1 Dominium – The ability of the state to own and acquire lands and resources within
its territory.

2 Imperium – The ability of the state to enforce its will on the people.
Theories On the Origin of The State

1. Divine Origin Theory – The oldest theory of the state; believes that the state
was God’s creation and the leaders of the state (such as the kings) were appointed
by God. It is the basis of the divine rights of the monarchs.

2. Force Theory – Asserts that the state was a product of continuous warfare and
conquest; the conquerors become the leaders while the conquered become the
subordinates.

3. Evolution Theory – Believes that the state came from families that group into
bigger groups of people such as tribes and community.

4. Social Contract Theory – Stipulates that the state is create as a result of man’s
entering into a contract which lessens his freedom and privileges and in return will
provide the man of what he needs.

Inherent Powers of State

Police Power

The power of promoting the public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of
both liberty and property of all the people. It is considered to be the most all-
encompassing of the three powers. Police power can be exercised only by the
government and is justified by the philosophy of these maxims:

a. Salus populi suprema lex – the welfare of the people is the supreme law.

b. Sic utere ut alienum non laedas – use your property in such a manner as not to
injure that of another.

Power of Eminent Domain

The power of taking property, upon payment of just compensation, for conversion
of such property to public use or purpose. It may be exercised by the government
and some private persons or corporations who are authorized to exercise functions
of public character. The power of eminent domain can be exercised under the
following conditions:
a. Presence of private property – the power of eminent domain concerns the
things owned by individuals and not by the state.

b. Necessity of taking – the taking of the private property must be justified by

the purpose of public use or utility.

c. Having just compensation – the property taken from its owner must be paid
with fair and adequate equivalent.

Power of Taxation

the power by which the sovereign, through its lawmaking body, raises revenue
to defray the necessary expenses of government. It is a way of apportioning
the costs of government among those who in some measure are privileged to enjoy
its benefits and must bear its burdens

Taxes – are the enforced proportional contributions from persons and

property, levied by the State by virtue of its sovereignty, for the support of
government and for all the public needs

Nation’s lifeblood through which government agencies continue to operate and with
which the State discharges its functions for the welfare of its constituents

Taxation – method by which these contributions (taxes) are exacted.

Globalization as a context of relations among nation-states

Globalization also creates a sense of interdependence among nations, which could

create an imbalance of power among nations of differing economic strengths. The
role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief
factor in global interdependence. A state is a form of political organization in which
a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a
particular area under one government.

In political science, a "nation" refers to a group of people who feel bound into a
single body by shared culture, values, folkways, religion and/or language. A "state"
just refers to a patch of land with a sovereign government. States often coincide
with nations (and are called "nation-states," but not always.

Globalization
Globalization the increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the
growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture. Globalization is
primarily an economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects. It
involves goods and services, and the economic resources of capital, technology, and
data. The steam locomotive, steamship, jet engine, and container ships are some of
the advances in the means of transport while the rise of the telegraph and its
modern offspring, the Internet and mobile phones show development in
telecommunications infrastructure. All of these improvements we enjoy in the
modern era have been major factors in globalization and have generated further
interdependence of economic and cultural activities.

How Globalization Influences Nation-States

Since the beginning of the 1990s, globalization has become a high frequency word
in our daily life. Actually, globalization is not a strange word since the 16thcentury
and Europe as the original source of globalization. It has some simple international
trade at that time. People realize the importance of multinational communication
and trade; therefore make globalization become the main trend in today's world. In
21st century, globalization has become more and more common in the whole world,
no matter people, organizations, or government, both can see the changes which
globalization brings them. Globalization has deeply influence people's life and
working style, globalization makes world integrity closely and makes people's life
become more and more convenient, it brings many benefits to people. Not only
have deeply impact on people's life, but also influence the nation-state more or less.
It influences the nation-state's sovereignty integrity, impact on their economic
development and their national culture.

The Effect of Globalization on Nation State

It is generally accepted that globalization describes the fast change and

transformation (Capra, 2003: 113) in the world size and wide. Although it has a long
history, it emerged after the industrial revolution and globalization process fastened
after 1980’s when new forms, rhythms and relations (Hall, 1991: 19) developed in
international system. Main characteristics of globalization is that individuals,
images, technologies, technics and similar objects are in a permanent move and
they are always mobile without being bounded by any boundaries (see,
Appadurai,1999: 229-238). Time saving developments in transportation and
communication means on the one hand resulted in the signing of the act of
Westphalia which was a turning point in securing sovereign rights of states. On the
other hand, those developments paved the way for a new international system that
somewhat started to erode the sovereignty rights and area of the states. Hence,
nation state is to go beyond its boundaries. European Union is one of the most
important regional economic organizations because it slowly eroded the boundaries
between European Nations without demolishing or humiliating the nation state.
Nation states are still important and indispensable actors of today’s world as long as
they stay open to the world and integrated to regional (continental) or international
economic system. This will secure the nation states and at the same time eliminate
any danger to the nation state and to the international system. Thus, the term
“nation state” itself neither is to be proud of nor is it something to be ashamed of.
Problem is how to design or how and under which conditions open and non-
dangerous nation state will emerge instead of closed and authoritarian ones. The
next section will try to analyze the effect of globalization on nation state and seek
an answer to the question mentioned above.

Political Impact of Globalization on the Nation-States

Conditions are set in a straight-forward manner, in order for the nation-states to sit
at the globalization table, firstly there is need to liberalize democracy (in a sense
they have to subscribe to the capitalist philosophy of governance), which, in turn,
would ascertain that the liberalization of the markets becomes a smooth transitional
process. Simply put, global changes dictate terms under which the national
government should function. As earlier hinted, the formulation of the local
administrative policies should be so that they are in line with the prescriptions of
globalization. The nation-states have limited powers to challenge the hegemonic,
unjust and plethoric economic injustices pursued by institutions such as the IMF, WB
(World Bank) as well as the WTO. Under globalization, the nation-states’ sovereignty
remains in limbo as power steadily shifts to the most powerful financial and
corporate institutions. Adams et al. (1999, p. 1) charged that globalization has
subjected the national governments to an atmosphere where they have seen their
sovereignty and control over domestic political and economic affairs rapidly
diminish, whatever sovereignty governments in the developing world managed to
obtain with decolonization are now rapidly eroding.