3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

Art of Problem Solving AoPS Online Beast Academy AoPS Academy

AMC 12 Problem Series (3115)

Aaron Doman

Friday
Jun 3, 2022 - Aug 19, 2022
7:30 - 9:00 PM ET (4:30 - 6:00 PM PT)

Overview
Lesson 6 (Jul 8) Class Transcript - Triangles
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ddot1 2022-07-08 19:30:13
AMC 12 Problem Series
Week 6: Triangles

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:30:16

Say hello to Andi Gabriel Brojbeanu (Andi Brojbeanu) who will be helping us today!

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:30:19

Andi has been perusing the Art of Problem Solving forums since 2009. As a elementary school and high school student, he took part in the Romanian National Olympiads for maths, physics, and chemistry where he
returned home with prizes or medals and, more importantly, valuable learning experiences. In 2010 he got a Bronze Medal in the 7th International Junior Science Olympiad and in 2014 he attended the PROMYS program
Boston and the Oxford Masterclasses, focusing on Number Theory and Geometry, respectively. He has started working as a grader for AoPS in August 2021 and is a Masters student in Mathematics at the University of
Bonn. Among his hobbies, he enjoys long walks, tennis, studying languages such as Japanese and German, over listening to all kinds of music and most of all, video games, both old and new. He likes all (nice) things
internet.

MIRB16 2022-07-08 19:30:40

hello!

m1025 2022-07-08 19:30:40

hello...again

Andi Brojbeanu 2022-07-08 19:30:49

Hello!

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:30:55

This week, we'll be doing some geometry. You may want to have some paper handy so you can copy and label diagrams as you go.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:31:03

A solid understanding of geometry begins with knowing how to work with one of the most basic figures in geometry, namely the triangle. Today, we will look at the properties of triangles and how to use them effectively
solve problems in geometry.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:31:09

I'll be assuming that you know a few theorems from geometry. As we go, if you have any questions about that background, please do ask! One of us will be sure to answer you.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:31:16

RIGHT TRIANGLES

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:31:22

In many geometry problems, building right triangles is an important step, because right triangles give us a way of computing distances via the Pythagorean theorem. It is also important to recognize special right triangl
such as the 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 right triangles.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:31:30

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
In rectangle ABCD, angle C is trisected by CF and CE , where E is on AB , F is on AD, BE = 6, and AF = 2. Which of the following is closest to the area of the rectangle ABCD?

(A) 110 (B) 120 (C) 130 (D) 140 (E) 150
ddot1 2022-07-08 19:31:33

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:31:39

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We are given that CE and CF trisect right angle BCD. What does this mean?

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:32:39

the angles equal 30 degrees

bzofsv 2022-07-08 19:32:39

BCE, CEF, FCD are all 30 degrees

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

DZL1 2022-07-08 19:32:39

mDCF = mFCE = mECB = 30˚

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 19:32:39

three 30 degree angles

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:32:39

Angles DCF, FCE, and ECB are all 30 degrees

andy_lee 2022-07-08 19:32:39

30-60-90 triangles

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:32:47

It means that angles BCE , ECF , and F CD all measure 30∘ .

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:32:58

What length can we fill in right away using that?

DZL1 2022-07-08 19:33:54

BC = 6√3

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:33:54

CB = 12 and EC = 6√3

bzofsv 2022-07-08 19:33:54

CB is 6sqrt3

NINNINM 2022-07-08 19:33:54

CE and CB

diakenxu 2022-07-08 19:33:54

CB

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 19:33:54

CE = 12

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 19:33:54

6√3 is CB

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:33:54

CB = 6√3 and EC = 12

nvt23 2022-07-08 19:33:54

BC

blueink 2022-07-08 19:33:54

length BC, which equals 6sqrt3

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:33:54

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
and CB

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 19:33:54

CB

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:34:15

Let's look at right triangle BCE . Since BE = 6, we know that BC = 6√3.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:34:31

That gives us one side of the rectangle, but we still need the other side.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:34:52

Let's look at triangle CDF now.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:35:05

Are there any lengths in that triangle that we can find?

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 19:35:37

DF = 6√3 -2

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:35:37

DF = 6√3 - 2

andy_lee 2022-07-08 19:35:37

DF=6sqrt(3)-2

NINNINM 2022-07-08 19:35:37

DF is 2 less than BC

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 19:35:37

DF = 6sqrt(3) - 2

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:35:37

DF = 6√3 − 2
chz3369 2022-07-08 19:35:37
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
DF
Du2018 2022-07-08 19:35:37
DF

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:35:38

Since quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle, AD = 6√3, so DF = 6√3 − 2.

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:35:42

And what is DC ?

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 19:36:29

DF = 6√3 − 2, CD = 18 − 2√3

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:36:29

18-2√3

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:36:29

18 − 2√3
Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 19:36:29
18 - 2sqrt(3)

robonyan28 2022-07-08 19:36:29

DC = 18 - 2sqrt3

NINNINM 2022-07-08 19:36:29

18 - 2sqrt3

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:36:29

18 − 2√3
nvt23 2022-07-08 19:36:29
18 - 2rt3

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 19:36:29

18-2√3

Du2018 2022-07-08 19:36:29

18 − 2√3
andy_lee 2022-07-08 19:36:29
18-2(sqrt(3))

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:36:33

We have DC = DF √3 = (6√3 − 2)√3 = 18 − 2√3.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:36:37

So the area of rectangle ABCD is

BC ⋅ CD = 6√3 ⋅ (18 − 2√3).

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:36:45

What does this simplify to?

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108√3 - 36

nvt23 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108rt3 - 36

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108sqrt(3) - 36

dsk2016 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108sqrt(3)-36

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108√3 − 36
mathDigger 2022-07-08 19:37:35
108sqrt(3)-36

m1025 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108sqrt3-36

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108sqrt(3)-36

NINNINM 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108sqrt3 - 36

robonyan28 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108sqrt3 - 36

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108√3 - 36

DZL1 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108√3-36

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108rt3 - 36

czhou6 2022-07-08 19:37:35

108root3 - 36

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:37:42

This simplifies to 108√3 − 36. What is the answer?

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

DPX1 2022-07-08 19:38:26

E

nvt23 2022-07-08 19:38:26

E) 150

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 19:38:26

E

m1025 2022-07-08 19:38:26

about 150

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 19:38:26

E

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:38:26

E
robonyan28 2022-07-08 19:38:26
(E) 150

MIRB16 2022-07-08 19:38:26

E

mathDigger 2022-07-08 19:38:26

E

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 19:38:26

150, E

dsk2016 2022-07-08 19:38:26

E

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:38:28

Since the square root of 3 is about 1.73, 108√3 − 36 is approximately 108 ⋅ 1.73 − 36 = 150.84. The answer is E .

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:38:45

eee
ddot1 2022-07-08 19:38:50
E EE
NINNINM 2022-07-08 19:39:00
would you have to have the square root of 3 memorized

diakenxu 2022-07-08 19:39:00

do we need to memorize the approximations of sqrt 2 and 3?

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:39:00

would you need to have the square root of 3 memorized to do this without a calculator?

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 19:39:00

will we have to memorize any other square roots

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:39:26

It's probably good to know the first couple digits of √2 and √3, as well as the first 3 or 4 digits of π.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:40:20

In this problem, though, since we were multiplying √3 by about 100, getting it to the nearest tenth would be good enough to get the answer.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:40:39

Then we'd get 108√3 to the nearest 10 (roughly).

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:40:41

you can see which squares are close to 300, then you take that divide by 10

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:40:58

Right - 172 = 289, so √3 is roughly √2.89 = 1.7.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:41:02

Let triangle XOY be a right-angled triangle with ∠XOY = 90∘ . Let M and N be the midpoints of legs OX and OY , respectively. Given that XN = 19 and Y M = 22, find XY .

(A) 24 (B) 26 (C) 28 (D) 30 (E) 32

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:41:09
How should we start?

nvt23 2022-07-08 19:41:43

draw a diagram

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 19:41:43

we should draw it first

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 19:41:43

draw!

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:41:43

diagram

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:41:43

draw a picture

Du2018 2022-07-08 19:41:43

draw a diagram

mathDigger 2022-07-08 19:41:43

draw a picture

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:41:43

draw it out

math6619 2022-07-08 19:41:43

diagram!

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:41:49

Good idea!

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:41:51

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:42:15

Any ideas for what to do next?

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:43:25

write two equations>

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 19:43:25

equations relating the sides of the two small right triangles

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:43:25

variables

math6619 2022-07-08 19:43:25

variables for ON and OM?

blueink 2022-07-08 19:43:25

assign variables and note down known lengths

factoria 2022-07-08 19:43:25

assign variables to the parts of the legs of the triangle

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:43:44

Using variables is a good idea here, since we can write down some equations using the Pythagorean theorem.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:43:54

Let x = OM = MX and y = ON = NY .

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:43:57

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:44:10

What equation do we get from triangle XON ?

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:45:34

4x^2 + y^2 = 19

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:45:34

4x2 + y 2 = 192
pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 19:45:34
y^2 + 4x^2 = 361

mathDigger 2022-07-08 19:45:34

4x^2+y^2 = 361 and x^2+4y^2=484

Agudede123 2022-07-08 19:45:34

4x^2+y^x=361

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 19:45:34

4x^2+y^2=361

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:45:34

y 2 + 4x2 = 361
Agudede123 2022-07-08 19:45:34
4x^2+y^2=361

dangercat 2022-07-08 19:45:34

4x^2+y^2=19^2

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:45:36

By Pythagoras on right triangle XON , (2x)2 + y 2 = 192 , or 4x2 + y 2 = 361.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:45:42

What does right triangle Y OM give us?

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:46:14

x2 + 4y 2 = 484
khsu221 2022-07-08 19:46:14
4y^2 + x^2 = 22^2

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:46:14

x2 + 4y 2 = 484
nvt23 2022-07-08 19:46:14
4y^2 + x^2 = 484

math6619 2022-07-08 19:46:14

4y 2 + x2 = 484
blueink 2022-07-08 19:46:14
4y^2 + x^2 = 22^2

dangercat 2022-07-08 19:46:14

4y^2+x^2=22^2

factoria 2022-07-08 19:46:14

4y 2 + x2 = 484
mmjguitar 2022-07-08 19:46:14
4y 2 + x2 = 484
diakenxu 2022-07-08 19:46:14
x^2+4y^2=484

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:46:14

4y^2 + x^2 = 484

Konanchen 2022-07-08 19:46:14

4y^2 + x^2 = 22^2

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:46:15

By Pythagoras on right triangle Y OM , x2 + (2y)2 = 222 , or x2 + 4y 2 = 484.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:46:30

Now we want XY . How can we find that?

nvt23 2022-07-08 19:47:07

XY^2 = 4x^2 + 4y^2

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 19:47:07

4x^2 + 4y^2 = (XY)^2

math6619 2022-07-08 19:47:07

4y 2 + 4x2 = XY 2
ddot1 2022-07-08 19:47:08
By Pythagoras on right triangle XOY , XY 2 = (2x)2 + (2y)2 = 4x2 + 4y 2 . What's a quick way of computing that?

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 19:47:23

add the two equations and multiply by 4/5

factoria 2022-07-08 19:47:23

add both equations and multiply by 4/5

DZL1 2022-07-08 19:47:23

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

sum the two equations and multiply by 4/5

math6619 2022-07-08 19:47:23

4x2 + 4x2 = XY 2
blueink 2022-07-08 19:47:23
add the two equations together, divide by five, then multiply by four to get 4x^2 + 4y^2, which is XY^2

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:47:23

add the equations together, multiply by 4/5

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:47:31

We can add the two equations we have derived, to get 5x2 + 5y 2 = 845.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:47:37

Then we can multiply both sides by 4/5, to get 4x2 + 4y 2 = 4/5 ⋅ 845 = 676. So what is XY ?

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 19:48:25

26

DZL1 2022-07-08 19:48:25

26

mathDigger 2022-07-08 19:48:25

26 B

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:48:25

26

diakenxu 2022-07-08 19:48:25

B) 26

dsk2016 2022-07-08 19:48:25

26

factoria 2022-07-08 19:48:25

26

Konanchen 2022-07-08 19:48:25

B 26

andy_lee 2022-07-08 19:48:25

b 26

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 19:48:25

B

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 19:48:25

26, B

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 19:48:25

26

NINNINM 2022-07-08 19:48:25

26

robonyan28 2022-07-08 19:48:25

sqrt(676) = 26

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:48:26

Taking the square root of both sides, we get XY = √4x2 + 4y 2 = √676 = 26. The answer is BBB .
B BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 19:48:47

Bee

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 19:48:47

buzz buzz

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:48:47

B^B^B^B^B^B^B^B^B^B^B

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:48:47

dang

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:49:02

This kind of thing comes up often: we didn't need to know x or y, so we didn't waste time (and potentially introduce careless errors) solving for them.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:49:13

Keep your eye on what we're actually trying to find, and maybe there's a shortcut!

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:49:31

Are there any questions so far?

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 19:50:33

Are there ever multiple ways to draw a diagram based on what is said in the problem? Will a different drawing affect your answer?

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:50:51

Well, if the problem is written well (which it will be on the contest), then there's only one possible answer.

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:51:05

Sometimes, there may be multiple ways of drawing a diagram, but still, there should be only one answer.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:51:08

That's enough right triangles for now, so now some...

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:51:11

SIMILAR TRIANGLES

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:51:18

Another way to find lengths in a diagram is to build similar triangles, because if we have two similar triangles, then their corresponding side lengths are proportional. Similar triangles also help in finding angles in a
diagram.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:51:25

Through a point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle, lines are drawn parallel to the legs of the triangle such that the triangle is divided into a square and two smaller right triangles. The area of one of the two small righ
triangles is m times the area of the square. The ratio of the area of the other small right triangle to the area of the square is

1 1 1
(A) (B) m (C) 1 − m (D) (E)
2m + 1 4m 8m2
ddot1 2022-07-08 19:51:52
I have two solutions for this problem. Which would you prefer?

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:52:01

Doing it the real way Cheating

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:52:23

70

60
Percent of Students

50

40

30

20

10

0
Do Ch
ing ea
it t tin
he g
rea
lw
ay

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:52:42

This is the one situation where cheating is okay.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:52:47

Alright, we'll do the cheating solution first.

bc94459 2022-07-08 19:52:51

pfft the moral integrity of this class smh

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:52:57

Here's a possible diagram:

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:52:57

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:53:14

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

Does anyone see any answer choices we can eliminate just from thinking about the problem?

chz3369 2022-07-08 19:53:51

B
Du2018 2022-07-08 19:53:51
B

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 19:53:51

m?

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:53:57

Okay, why can we eliminate B?

mathDigger 2022-07-08 19:54:49

because the triangles are not congruent

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 19:54:49

triangles are obv different

nvt23 2022-07-08 19:54:49

because the two triangles are not always congruent

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:54:51

The two triangles definitely don't need to have the same areas, so they don't necessarily need to have the same area ratios.

math6619 2022-07-08 19:54:59

C

diakenxu 2022-07-08 19:54:59

C

mathDigger 2022-07-08 19:54:59

B and C

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:55:06

How do you know that C isn't right, either?

math6619 2022-07-08 19:55:50

It's negative

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 19:55:50

it can be negative

czhou6 2022-07-08 19:55:52

thats either negative or a fraction less than one

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:55:53

Good! It's possible (if we make AC have slope −10, for example) that triangle ADF has area bigger than the area of the square. Then m > 1, so 1 − m is negative.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:56:12

So now we're down to A, D, E .

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:56:35

Now we could just use a particular example to figure out which one if you want.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:56:49

Or there's a nice symmetry here that tells us which of A, D, E has to be right.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:56:54

Does anyone see it?

dangercat 2022-07-08 19:57:43

plug it into itself and you should get m

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:57:44

Very good! We aren't told which triangle has area m times the square. So we could flip the roles of the triangles, and we'd better get m out!

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:58:02

For example, let's take answer A.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:58:18

1
If that's right, then when one triangle has area m times the square, the other has area times the area of the square.
2m + 1
ddot1 2022-07-08 19:58:25
But now we can do the same trick again with the second triangle.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:59:04

1
So the first triangle must have area times the square.
1
2( )+1
2m + 1
ddot1 2022-07-08 19:59:11
But that isn't the same as m, so that's bad.

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:59:19

So what's our answer?

robonyan28 2022-07-08 19:59:48

D

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 19:59:48

D

Agudede123 2022-07-08 19:59:48

D

dangercat 2022-07-08 19:59:48

1/4m

czhou6 2022-07-08 19:59:48

d

m1025 2022-07-08 19:59:48

D

DZL1 2022-07-08 19:59:48

D

ddot1 2022-07-08 19:59:49

1
The only answer choice out of A, D, E with the symmetry we need is (D) .
4m
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:00:06
Okay, but that was cheating. Now for the real solution.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:00:35

We're looking at lots of lengths in this diagram, so let's introduce some variables:

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:00:38

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:00:54

What is the area of △ADF ?

Konanchen 2022-07-08 20:01:16

ab/2

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:01:16

ab/2

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 20:01:16

ab/2

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:01:16

ab/2

diakenxu 2022-07-08 20:01:16

ab/2

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:01:16

ab/2

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:01:16

ab/2

khsu221 2022-07-08 20:01:16

ab/2

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:01:17

The area of △ADF is 12 ab. And the area of BDF E is b2 , so what's the ratio of their areas?

Konanchen 2022-07-08 20:02:10

a/2b

dsk2016 2022-07-08 20:02:10

a/(2b)

diakenxu 2022-07-08 20:02:10

a/2b

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:02:10

a/2b

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:02:10

a/2b = m

andy_lee 2022-07-08 20:02:10

a/2b

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:02:10

a/2b

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:02:10

a:2b

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:02:11

1
2
ab a
That ratio is = . And that's m. We'll come back to this in a bit!
b2 2b
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:02:31
Now we need the area of triangle F EC .

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:02:35

How can we find its dimensions?

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:03:09

similar triangles between ADF and FEC

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 20:03:09

they are similar

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:03:09

We know EF is b so we can use similar triangles to find EC

m1025 2022-07-08 20:03:09

well FE=b

khsu221 2022-07-08 20:03:09

similar triangles

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:03:09

AD/DF = FE/EC

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:03:09

using similar triangles?

andy_lee 2022-07-08 20:03:09

similarity

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:03:20

We know that F E = b, since BDF E is a square.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:03:24

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:03:37

AD FE
And the two right triangles are similar, so we know that = , or in other words,
DF EC
a b
= .
b EC
b2
Therefore EC = .
a
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:04:12
Now what's the ratio of the areas of F EC and BDEF ?

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:04:54

b/2a

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:04:54

b/2a

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:04:54

b:2a

math6619 2022-07-08 20:04:54

b
2a

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:04:54

b/2a

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:04:55

It's

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

b3 /(2a) b
= .
b2 2a
1
And that's .
4m
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:05:06
Are there any questions about that problem?

Konanchen 2022-07-08 20:05:14

1
what are we doing here?
1
2( )+1
2m + 1
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:05:33
The idea is that we're flipping the roles of the two triangles. Maybe it's easier with a specific example.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:05:52

Let's say that m = 1, so one triangle (say ADF ) has the same area as the square.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:06:09

1
If were the area ratio of F EC , we'd get 1/3.
2m + 1
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:06:17
But now we can do the same trick with m = 1/3 to F EC .

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:06:42

1 3
And that tells us that the area ratio for ADF is = .
2 5
+1
3
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:06:50
That doesn't match the original value of m, so that can't be right.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:07:12

So we want to be able to plug the function into itself and get m back out.

chz3369 2022-07-08 20:07:16

why do it the real way if you can cheat

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:07:51

They each have their advantages. Sometimes cheating is faster on the actual test, but it can also be easier to make mistakes. Besides, not every problem has a quick shortcut.

factoria 2022-07-08 20:07:55

didn't the real way take less effort than the cheating way tho?

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:08:19

Maybe, a lot of that had to do with explaining all the cheating tricks.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:08:42

If I saw this problem on the test, I could at least eliminate 2 or 3 choices almost immediately.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:09:11

If I wanted to be sure which was right, that might take more time, but if I'm okay with taking a guess, that's better than wasting time trying to figure out how to do it for real.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:09:22

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
In rectangle ABCD, points F and G lie on AB such that AF = F G = GB and E is the midpoint of DC . Also, AC intersects EF at H and EG at J . The area of rectangle ABCD is 70. Find the area of triangle

5 35 7 35
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D) (E)
2 12 2 8
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:09:25

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:09:39

Triangle EHJ is awkwardly placed in the diagram; it does not have any bases or heights that relate nicely to anything else in the diagram.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:10:05

Are there any triangles related to EHJ whose areas might be easier to find?

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:11:25

ECJ and EHC

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:11:25

CEH

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:11:43

There were lots of suggestions, but I think CEH and CEJ are the best choices.

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:11:57

Let's look at CEH . How could we try to find its area?

math6619 2022-07-08 20:13:03

EC as a base seems easy to work with
AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 20:13:03
call CE x

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:13:27

Okay, let's start with that. Let's say CD = x and AD = y. Those are the dimensions of the rectangle, so we know xy = 70.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:13:44

so CE = x/2.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:13:56

What about the height of CEH ? How might we find that?

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:14:40

similar triangles with AFH

dangercat 2022-07-08 20:14:40

Similar to AHF

mathDigger 2022-07-08 20:14:40

similar triangles

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:14:40

Use the fact that is it similar to AHF and AF is x/3, and the sum of their heights is y

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:14:40

ratio of AF/CE is the same as the ratio of AHF and CEH altitudes

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:14:40

use AFH ~ CEH

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:14:45

Time for similar triangles!

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:15:03

What's the similarity ratio?

mathDigger 2022-07-08 20:15:55

2:3

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:15:55

2/3

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:15:55

or 3/2

Hughma 2022-07-08 20:15:55

3:2

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 20:15:55

x/3:x/2

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 20:15:55

2:3

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:15:55

EH/FH = 3/2

dangercat 2022-07-08 20:15:55

2/3

NINNINM 2022-07-08 20:15:55

CE : AF = 3 : 2

Du2018 2022-07-08 20:15:55

3/2

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:15:55

2:3::AF:CE

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:15:55

2:3

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:15:55

x/3 : x/2 --> 2:3

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:15:56

We see that AF = x/3, which is 2/3 of CE . So the similarity ratio is 2/3, and that means that the ratio of their heights is also in a ratio of 2 : 3. So what is the height of CEH in terms of y?

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:16:36

3/5 the height of the rectangle

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:16:36

3y/5

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:16:36

3/5y

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:16:36

3y/5

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:16:37

The height of triangle CEH is 3y/5 (and the height of triangle AF H is 2y/5).

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:16:43

So what is the area of triangle CEH ?

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:17:35

21
2

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:17:35

3xy/20

czhou6 2022-07-08 20:17:35

3xy/20

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:17:35

so 21/2

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:17:35

(3/20)xy =21/2

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:17:35

(1/2)(x/2)(3y/5) = 3xy/20 = 21/2

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:17:35

3xy/20 = 21/2

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:17:36

The area of triangle CEH is

1 x 3y 3xy 210
⋅ ⋅ = = = 10.5.
2 2 5 20 20

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:17:51

Now for triangle CEJ .

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:17:58

Its base is again x/2.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:18:04

How can we find its height?

Hughma 2022-07-08 20:18:38

jag

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:18:38

similar triangles wth AGJ

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:18:38

using AGJ

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 20:18:38

CEJ is similar to AJG

dangercat 2022-07-08 20:18:38

similar to AJG

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:18:38

CEJ ~ AGJ

factoria 2022-07-08 20:18:38

similar triangles with AJG

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:18:38

Use its similarity to AJG whose base is 2x/3, the sum of the altitudes of the triangles is again y

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:18:44

Note that triangles CEJ and AGJ are similar.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:18:48

What's the similarity ratio?

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:19:35

4/3

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:19:35

3/4

andy_lee 2022-07-08 20:19:35

4/3

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:19:35

CE:AG --> x/2 : 2x/3 --> 3:4

NINNINM 2022-07-08 20:19:35

EC : AG = 3 : 4

mathDigger 2022-07-08 20:19:35

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

4 to 3

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:19:36

1/2 3
The bases are x/2 and 2x/3, so the similarity ratio is = .
2/3 4
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:19:53
And their heights add up to y, so what's the height of CEJ ?

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:21:22

the altitude is 3y/7

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:21:22

3y/7

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:21:22

3y/7

czhou6 2022-07-08 20:21:22

3y/7

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:21:22

3
7
y

mathDigger 2022-07-08 20:21:22

3/7y

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 20:21:22

3y/7

andy_lee 2022-07-08 20:21:22

3y/7

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:21:22

3y/7

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:21:22

3y/7

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:21:23

The height of triangle CEJ is 3y/7, and the height of triangle AGJ is 4y/7.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:21:27

So what's the area of CEJ ?

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:22:19

7.5

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:22:19

15/4

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:22:19

3y/28 = 15/2

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:22:19

15/2

czhou6 2022-07-08 20:22:19

7.5

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:22:19

15
2

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:22:26

The area of triangle CEJ is

1 x 3y 3xy 210
⋅ ⋅ = = = 7.5.
2 2 7 28 28

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:22:35

And finally, what's the area of EHJ ?

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:23:03

3

andy_lee 2022-07-08 20:23:03

3

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:23:03

3 (C)

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 20:23:03

C

mathDigger 2022-07-08 20:23:03

03

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:23:03

3

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:23:03

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

(21/2) - (15/2) = 6/2 = (C) 3

mathDigger 2022-07-08 20:23:03

C

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:23:04

It's 10.5 − 7.5 = 333 .

3

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:23:24

LAW OF SINES AND COSINES

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:23:40

We can use Pythagoras to find lengths in right triangles, but of course, not all triangles are right. In such cases, we can use the law of sines and cosines to work with the side lengths and angles of triangles.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:23:50

Law of Sines
In triangle ABC , let the sides opposite angles A, B, and C have lengths a, b, and c respectively. Then

a b c
= = ,
sin A sin B sin C

and moreover, each of these quantities is equal to the diameter of the circle through A, B, and C .

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:24:07

That is,

a b c
= = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
where R is the radius of the circumcircle (AKA the circumradius).

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:24:43

1
The law of sines actually follows from finding the area of a triangle in two different ways. In general, the area of a triangle with sides a and b and angle θ between them is ab sin θ.
2
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:25:06
If you do that for each pair of sides and angle in the triangle, you get the law of sines.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:25:11

Law of Cosines
In triangle ABC , let the sides opposite angles A, B, and C have lengths a, b, and c respectively. Then

c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:25:30

This one can be derived by dropping an altitude and using the Pythagorean theorem a few times to find c.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:25:43

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Equilateral triangle ABC has been creased and folded so that vertex A now rests at A′ on BC as shown. If BA′ = 1 and A′ C = 2 then the length of crease P Q is

8 7√21 1 + √5 13
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) √3
5 20 2 8
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:26:13

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:26:30

First, what is the side length of equilateral triangle ABC ?

diakenxu 2022-07-08 20:27:00

3

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 20:27:00

3

math6619 2022-07-08 20:27:00

3
m1025 2022-07-08 20:27:00
3

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:27:00

3

NINNINM 2022-07-08 20:27:00

3

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:27:00

3.0 because i can't send "3" again

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:27:00

3

Du2018 2022-07-08 20:27:00

3

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:27:06

The side length of equilateral triangle ABC is BC = BA′ + A′ C = 1 + 2 = 3.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:27:14

Any ideas for how we can figure out some of the side lengths in the diagram?

NINNINM 2022-07-08 20:28:03

we know some of the angles?

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:28:12

We have lots of 60 degree angles... What does that suggest we use?

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:29:20

law of cosines

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 20:29:20

law of cosines

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:29:32

Law of cosines to the rescue!

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:29:38

Let's introduce some variables first, though.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:29:51

For example, we can set x = AP . Then what other lengths can we express in terms of x?

factoria 2022-07-08 20:30:21

A'P

robonyan28 2022-07-08 20:30:21

BP = 3-x

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:30:21

AP and BP

AdvaiytSane 2022-07-08 20:30:21

PA'

factoria 2022-07-08 20:30:21

PB

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:30:21

A'P

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:30:21

BP = 3-x

m1025 2022-07-08 20:30:21

A'P=x also

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:30:21

A'P = x

Du2018 2022-07-08 20:30:21

A'P, BP

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:30:22

We can say A′ P = x, and BP = 3 − x. Then what can we do?

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:30:53

use LoC on A'BP

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:30:54

Then we know the side lengths of A′ BP (x, 3 − x, and 1). What do we get when we apply the law of cosines?

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:32:02

I'll give you the unsimplified version:

A′ P 2 = A′ B2 + BP 2 − 2 ⋅ A′ B ⋅ BP cos ∠A′ BP ,

or

x2 = 1 + (3 − x)2 − 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ (3 − x) ⋅ cos 60∘ .

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:32:08

How does that simplify?

factoria 2022-07-08 20:33:46

x=7/5

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:33:54

Since cos 60∘ = 1/2, this simplifies to

x2 = 1 + 9 − 6x + x2 − (3 − x),

or 5x = 7.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:33:58

So x = 7/5.

dangercat 2022-07-08 20:34:03

couldn't we have called PB x instead?, it would have simplified things, and led to the same conclusions

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:34:08

Sure, that works, too.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:34:31

Okay, so A′ P = 7/5. That's good, because it will help us eventually get P Q.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:34:42

We can do the same with triangle A′ CQ. First, let y = AQ. Then what other lengths can we express in terms of y?

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:35:29

CQ = 3-y

factoria 2022-07-08 20:35:29

A'Q and CQ

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:35:29

AQ = y, QC = 3-y

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 20:35:29

A'Q = y

QC = 3-y

diakenxu 2022-07-08 20:35:29

A'Q and QC

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:35:35

We can say A′ Q = y, and CQ = 3 − y.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:35:40

Then we can apply the law of cosines again!

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:35:45

By the law of cosines on triangle A′ CQ,

A′ Q2 = A′ C 2 + CQ2 − 2 ⋅ A′ C ⋅ CQ cos ∠A′ CQ,

or

y 2 = 22 + (3 − y)2 − 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (3 − y) ⋅ cos 60∘ .

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:35:53

What does that simplify to?

factoria 2022-07-08 20:36:56

y=7/4

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:36:56

7
y= 4

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:36:56

y=7/4

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:36:56

y = 7/4

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:36:57

Since cos 60∘ = 1/2, this simplifies to

y 2 = 4 + 9 − 6y + y 2 − 2(3 − y),

or 4y = 7. So y = 7/4.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:37:15

Okay, so A′ P = 7/5 and A′ Q = 7/4. How can we find P Q?

bc94459 2022-07-08 20:37:37

law of cosines again

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:37:37

law of cosines again

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:37:38

Law of cosines AGAIN!!!!!!!!!!!!

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:37:42

At least this is the last time.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:38:00

By the law of cosines on triangle A′ P Q,

P Q2 = A′ P 2 + A′ Q2 − 2 ⋅ A′ P ⋅ A′ Q ⋅ cos ∠P A′ Q.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:38:22

Now the really fun part. How does that simplify?

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:39:26

PQ^2 = (49 *21)/400

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:39:26

B

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:39:33

This simplifies to

7 2 7 2 7 7
P Q2 = ( ) + ( ) − 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ cos 60∘
5 4 5 4
49 49 49 1
= + −2⋅ ⋅
25 16 20 2
16 ⋅ 49 25 ⋅ 49 20 ⋅ 49
= + −
400 400 400
21 ⋅ 49
= .
400

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:40:02

We get

21 ⋅ 49 7√21
PQ = √ = ,
400 20
B
BB
so that's answer BB .
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:40:23
That was a lot of computation, but the idea was fairly simple: We introduced variables and then used the law of cosines on each of the 60∘ angles.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:40:37

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
In triangle ABC , we have AB = 1 and AC = 2. Side BC and the median from A to BC have the same length. What is BC?

1 + √2 1 + √3 3
(A) (B) (C) √2 (D) (E) √3
2 2 2
ddot1 2022-07-08 20:40:51
Here's a diagram:

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:40:53

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:41:08

Again, let's introduce some variables.

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 20:41:34

AM = BC = x

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:41:38

Let's say that x = BM = MC , and then AM = BC = 2x.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:41:46

Just so that we don't have to divide by 2 everywhere.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:42:09

Now we have all the sides lengths of the triangles, but no angles!

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:42:32

Any ideas for how we can work around that problem?

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:43:07

Of course, we can use the law of cosines to find the cosines of the angles in the diagram...

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:43:16

But what can we do with that once we have those angles?

mathDigger 2022-07-08 20:43:52

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

law of sines then

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:43:52

use the law of sines

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:43:52

law of sines

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 20:43:52

law of sines

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:44:01

We could do that, but I think it would get pretty messy.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:44:13

What nice angle relationships do we have?

Agudede123 2022-07-08 20:44:26

stewart's theorem

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:44:37

Stewart's theorem works, but that's a consequence of the law of cosines!

Hughma 2022-07-08 20:44:49

<bma + <amc = 180

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:44:59

Good! We have supplementary angles at M .

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:45:03

What does that tell us about their cosines?

DZL1 2022-07-08 20:46:00

they're negative to each other

Du2018 2022-07-08 20:46:00

negatives

dangercat 2022-07-08 20:46:00

they are negatives of echother

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 20:46:00

they're opposites

factoria 2022-07-08 20:46:00

they're opposites?

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:46:06

Their cosines are negatives of each other!

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:46:27

Okay, now it's clear where to go: We use the law of cosines to find the cosines of ∠BMA and ∠CMA, then compare them.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:46:42

Remember, AB = 1, BM = x, AM = 2x.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:46:51

By the law of cosines on triangle AMB,

AM 2 + BM 2 − AB2 (2x)2 + x2 − 12 5x2 − 1

cos ∠AMB = = = .
2 ⋅ AM ⋅ BM 2 ⋅ 2x ⋅ x 4x2

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:47:04

In terms of x, what is the cosine of angle AMC ?

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:48:17

The sides of that are AC = 2, AM = 2x, MC = x.

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:49:04

(5x^2 - 4)/(4x^2)

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:49:09

By the law of cosines on triangle AMC ,

AM 2 + CM 2 − AC 2 (2x)2 + x2 − 22 5x2 − 4
cos ∠AMC = = = .
2 ⋅ AM ⋅ CM 2 ⋅ 2x ⋅ x 4x2

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:49:25

What equation does this give us?

NINNINM 2022-07-08 20:50:16

-(5x^2-1) = 5x^2 - 4

factoria 2022-07-08 20:50:16

-(5x^2-1)=5x^2-4

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:50:16

5x2 − 4 = 1 − 5x2
pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:50:16

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

(5x^2 - 1)/4x^2 = -(5x^2 - 4)/4x^2

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:50:18

This gives us

5x2 − 1 5x2 − 4
+ = 0.
4x2 4x2

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:50:36

So 10x2 = 5 and x = √1/2.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:50:40

Finally, what is BC ?

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:51:18

√2

m1025 2022-07-08 20:51:18

c

Hughma 2022-07-08 20:51:18

sqrt(2) -> c

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:51:18

C) rt2

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 20:51:18

C

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 20:51:18

2sqrt(1/2)

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:51:18

(C)√2
bc94459 2022-07-08 20:51:18
√2

mathDigger 2022-07-08 20:51:18

C

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:51:19

We know that

BC = 2x = √2 .

mathDigger 2022-07-08 20:51:38

do as many squares for us please

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:51:56

That's C .

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:52:07

Are there any questions so far?

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 20:52:27

we need to scientifically find how many squares we can have before the classroom crashes

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:52:33

I'll do that after the summary.

Hughma 2022-07-08 20:52:49

Any general tips for figuring out what other thing we should look at to find what we want

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:53:19

I'd start with filling in what you know, and then gradually figure out more and more things in the diagram until you get to where you need to be.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:53:39

I know that's vague, but a lot of it is practice!

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:53:44

how do we know when to use the law of cosines vs law of sines?

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:54:30

Law of cosines is useful if you know multiple side lengths but maybe only one angle or no angles.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:54:32

Law of sines is more useful if you know several angles.

m1025 2022-07-08 20:54:38

this felt like it took a long time, much longer than most of the algebra problems we've done, why do you think that is?

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:55:04

Geometry problems can take longer than algebra problems, for sure. But it also depends on what you're more comfortable with.

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 20:55:09

Are we typically going to get nice angles like 45-45-90 and 30-60-90, or do not so nice angles show up too?

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:55:31

∘
Every once in a while, there's a 15∘ or 75 angle, too, but those aren't too common.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:55:35

TRIANGLE CENTERS

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:55:40

When working with triangles, we will inevitably meet up with the major centers of a triangle, namely the centroid, the orthocenter, the circumcenter, and the incenter.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:55:49

The centroid, for example, is the point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle. The orthocenter is the point of concurrency of the altitudes of a triangle, and so on. But these centers are not just significant as points
concurrency; they have many important properties attached to them.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:56:01

Medians BD and CE of triangle ABC are perpendicular, BD = 8, and CE = 12. The area of triangle ABC is

(A) 24 (B) 32 (C) 48 (D) 64 (E) 96

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:56:18

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:56:37

What do we know about medians and centroids?

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 20:57:58

Is this the 1:2 property? BG is twice GD

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 20:57:58

CG is two times GE

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:57:58

There's a 2:1 ratio between CG and EG and also between BG and GD

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:57:58

1:2 ratio

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:58:06

We know that the centroid G divides medians BD and CE in the ratio 2 : 1. So what is BG?

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:58:45

16/3

mtqchen 2022-07-08 20:58:45

16/3

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:58:45

16/3

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:58:45

16
3

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 20:58:45

16/3

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:58:46

We see that BG = 2/3 ⋅ BD = 2/3 ⋅ 8 = 16/3. What is CG?

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 20:59:16

8

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 20:59:16

8

nvt23 2022-07-08 20:59:16

8

mtqchen 2022-07-08 20:59:16

8

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 20:59:16

8

Du2018 2022-07-08 20:59:16

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:59:17

We see that CG = 2/3 ⋅ CE = 2/3 ⋅ 12 = 8.

ddot1 2022-07-08 20:59:44

Okay, so we know CG, GE, DG, and BG. How can we use that to find some areas?

mtqchen 2022-07-08 21:00:25

we can find the area of each little triangle

nvt23 2022-07-08 21:00:25

use the right angle

bc94459 2022-07-08 21:00:25

BCG, CDG, and BGE are right triangles

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:00:37

Since angle BGC is right, the area of triangle BGC is

1 1 16 64
⋅ BG ⋅ CG = ⋅ ⋅8= .
2 2 3 3

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:00:50

We could find the areas of the other right triangles, too, but I think that's all we need.

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:01:01

How can we find the area of ABC now?

DZL1 2022-07-08 21:01:34

multiply that by 3

nvt23 2022-07-08 21:01:34

multiply by 3

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:01:35

The area of ABC is exactly 3 times as large as that of BGC . Why?

mtqchen 2022-07-08 21:02:03

height ratio of BGC and BAC

bc94459 2022-07-08 21:02:03

because the last median must also be in a 2:1 ratio

nvt23 2022-07-08 21:02:03

because the medians split the larger triangle into 6 triangles of equal area and BGC contains two of them

mtqchen 2022-07-08 21:02:03

height ratio of BGC to BAC is 1:3

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:02:07

If we draw all three medians of triangle ABC , then they divide triangle ABC into six smaller triangles of equal area.

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:02:09

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:02:43

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
For example, the median from A to BC is cut in a 2 : 1 ratio, so if we use BC as the base, the altitude of BGC is 1/3 that of ABC .

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:02:51

And what's our answer?

mtqchen 2022-07-08 21:03:34

D

VarshaNara 2022-07-08 21:03:34

D

nvt23 2022-07-08 21:03:34

D

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 21:03:34

D 64

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 21:03:34

(D)64
Du2018 2022-07-08 21:03:34
64

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

andy_lee 2022-07-08 21:03:34

d 64

ThunderBear 2022-07-08 21:03:34

D) 64

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 21:03:34

D

factoria 2022-07-08 21:03:34

64

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:03:42

The area of triangle ABC is three times the area of triangle BGC , which is 3 ⋅ 64/3 = 64. The answer is (D).

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:03:59

Sorry, I meant D .

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:04:15

Any last questions for today?

nvt23 2022-07-08 21:04:48

how many of the triangle incenters and their properties are absolutely key to know?

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 21:04:48

what are the cool properties for the orthocenter, incenter, and circumcenter?

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:05:12

I don't think you'll have to know anything too fancy. Here are some of the main properties:

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:05:31

Medians are split in a 2 : 1 ratio by the centroid, and they make 6 triangles of congruent area.

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:06:02

The incenter is the center of the largest circle that can fit in the triangle. It's the intersection of the angle bisectors (draw a diagram and figure out why!).

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:06:38

The circumcenter is the center of the circle passing through the vertices of the triangle. It's the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides. (Again, draw a diagram and use some circle properties to figure ou
why!).

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:07:19

Finally, the orthocenter is the intersection of the altitudes. That makes lots of right triangles, of course. As for other simple properties of the orthocenter, I don't really know of any.

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:07:24

SUMMARY

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:07:39

In today's class, we saw how to use triangles and their properties to solve geometry problems. We saw how to use right triangles, similar triangles, and the law of sines and cosines to work with the side lengths and angl
of triangles.

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:08:04

We also saw some of the major centers of a triangle, such as the centroid and the circumcenter of a triangle. These centers appear frequently when working with triangles, so it is important to know how they arise, and
properties associated with them.

m1025 2022-07-08 21:08:11

are there any AMC geo problems that need some crazy formula to be solved or can all of them be solved with the basic rules we learned in this class?

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:08:48

Maybe for some of the problems at the very end of the test, but most of the problems don't require anything too crazy.

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:08:58

Alright, now to see how many boxes the classroom can handle!

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:09:32

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:09:38

That's 30.

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 21:09:54

underwhelming

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 21:09:54

MORE

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 21:09:54

no crash

Flapjackpants23 2022-07-08 21:09:54

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3115 AMC 12 Problem Series 2022-10-23, 1:38 PM

not crashed yet

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 21:09:54

yet

YuliaVasyura 2022-07-08 21:09:54

more!

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:10:21

Ah, there we go. 60 made me crash when I tried to preview it.

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:10:26

Okay, here we go!

NINNINM 2022-07-08 21:11:44

that was so bad

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 21:11:44

CRASHED

pen1121 2022-07-08 21:11:44

it crashed for me

dsk2016 2022-07-08 21:11:44

yea that did it

pulipakaa24 2022-07-08 21:11:44

yup that did it

factoria 2022-07-08 21:11:44

IT CRASHED

mmjguitar 2022-07-08 21:11:44

crashed

anvithkotha 2022-07-08 21:11:44

omg

Unicorn78 2022-07-08 21:11:44

Was that 60?

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:11:48

Yes, that was 60.

ddot1 2022-07-08 21:11:55

Next time, I'll try 61.

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