!

" #$

% " " " # ( )=& (ω − φ )'

% ( )=& (ω − φ% ) φ (

−φ% φ% ( π )% − φ ) % ( π )% + φ ) %

" #$
*+ #$ & -& (ω −σ )=& ./ − ( ω − ) =& (ω − φ − ./, )
+ ( )=& (ω − φ% )

" " − 0/, ( ) 0/,

−φ + φ% − ./ = − 0/, φ = ./ + φ%

1
2
( $
" #$
3 −3
*+ #$ -
3
→ 3
→ 3
→ & ( 3
→ & "

4 " "
566

()
/7

87

/ / % %/
−87 ( )

47 87 07 /7
" #$
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written permission.
*+ #$ 566 "

7 =

× / × / − 8 × % + 0 × 8 × / −1
%
= = 47
%/ × /−1

8 + $ $
− 1 / 8
9= : / − 0 /
8 / − 1

& " " (

π$ " ;'
%
4 % /
" #$

*+ #$ = %
+ % + 1 + %
+ 1
=%
% % % %
%1
+ %
=%
% %
1
+ %1
=%
% %
5 = 5 + 5% − 5< ( 4/ = %/ + 5% − % ) 5% = %% 6!
5 = %/ =% = %%

> & + = ( )1) − ( )% ) ' 2, ?$

?$ "

< @ <1 < @ <

1 1 %

< @ <1 < @

% 1
" #$
−

*+ #$ + ( ) = − + ( ) = ( )+ (− ) − ( )
1 % 1 1 %

+( )= ( ) + (1 ) ( − ) − ( )
1 %

2, # @ > @ <1 @ >

1 %
2, # < @ <1
%

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written permission.
A & ( B'9'?) = (%'1'4'8)'
B9'B9 B9'B9?'B9?
B9?'B9?'B9 B9?'B9?'B9?'B9?
" #$
*+ #$
@
+ // / /

/
= + C+
+ C

D(
( %
)
+ . ( + %)
0 " )= + (ω )
( + )( + 1) ( + 4 )
$ @
ω= ) ω=% )
ω=1 ) ω=4 )
" #$

D(
(.− ω )
%
4 + ω%
*+ #$ ) = = /=ω% = .=ω-1 )
ω +
%
ω +. >+ω
% %

. ; %

8/ Ω // Ω 8;Ω / ;Ω

" #$
*+ #$

( & + .. ) &
;

.. + + +
.; .;Ω 7 7% //Ω 7
− − .. −
//Ω

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written permission.
 7
7 8/&
2 == = 8/Ω
& &
7 = 7% ( /;) ( − )= // ( & + .. + )=
$ //// = //& + // × // = //& + ////
// &
−%//// = //& =− &= −
%//// %//
−&
7 = // & + .. + = // & + // = 8/&
%//

/ & " "'

%
+:

−
+:

+:

" #$

*+ #$

Ω :Ω

/
/7 /7
/7 :Ω Ω
− + + −

/
− :Ω Ω

&< = /× =
+: +:

%
D (@) = @ + −
@+1
& ;" @$

@+ = '
%π:
(@) @

E% E %
" #$
© All rights reserved by Gateforum Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission.
 @
*+ #$ (@ ) @= @− @
%π %π @+ @+1
& &%

@=− @-$1
@
C &% = @=/
@+1
∴& = @ = =& − &% =
@+

% " B 9
F
E 'G +F
B'9G )
%
1)
4 .) > )
4 %)
1
" #$

*+ #$ H B'9 $ ' = (+) = ( )=

%

5 + ( +' ) ≤ = 5 B= '$ ≤ 9≤ 5 $ ≤ B ≤ '9=

% % % % %
)% )%
1 1 .
= + = × =
− % − % 4 4 >

1 I " ' +
( )=* (ω ) + * 1 (1ω ) () =& (ω − φ ) + &1 (1ω − φ1 ) + &8 (8ω )
" !

*& φ
%

*& φ + * &1 φ1 + * &8

%

*& φ + *1&1 φ1
%

*& φ + *1& φ
%
" #$
*+ #$ υ( ) '1 8 @

5 = * φ + *1&1 φ1
%

4 & += − ' ++
−π )
% π)
%
+
" #$

© All rights reserved by Gateforum Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission.
 ( )
−
*+ #$ D '+- $ =+ + = − =
π
θ π π
! ; " = θ+ θ %
= + =
% %
∴ () = ( π )%
) = −π )%

8 %/
8/ %/ / /8
" #$

> $ $ 2$< &

α
"
α α α
−
% π %π π
" #$

A ( "#
& = :8 '
& = −:
/8 '&@ = −:

<D << <<D <<<D

" #$
*+ #$ & = &% + &/
<<D

0 " "$ 5 = 4/ 6!'

%

D D% #
(5 ) =
D /'
/// 2 )6! % (5 ) =
D% %8// 2 )6!

( ) = / 8 5 ( ) '"
%
5 D
// 67
" 6!
5D = %/'5D% = %% 5D = %%'5D% = %/

5D = %/'5D% = %/ 5D = /'5D% = 4/
" #$
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written permission.
*+ #$ λ = λ%
λ = /'
/// = λ% = %8//
/'///
4= = %8//
∂5< −5 −5
−
∂5
/' /// %8//
− =5 =
%8// %8// 8

5< = × // = %/ 6!
8
%
/8 /8
5< = / 8 = = × // = % 6!
8 %8 %8
5 = 5 + 5% − 5< 4/ = %/ + 5% − % 5% = %%6!

& '
, " <J - /
, " <J - - -
, " <J - - -/

" #$
*+ #$
K

K + = <JK
= <J+ K
K + = <J+ K
& <J - -
K + =
3
K + =
& <J - - -/
K + =K
3
K + =K

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written permission.
%/ 9 %$ " %$
%$ "
'
4 > 0 /
" #$

*+ #$
=
=
/
/
} L +
C / / C

/ /

/ / /

C / /
/ /
/

( )( / /
)
C / / /
/

% $ "
−/ A
' ≥ / A7
= 8//
/ ' < / A7

/
.1
> >A
>%
" #$
/// ( − / A )
*+ #$ /= ( /// ) + = + = % ( − / A) +
8//
=% − 4+% =1 − 4=% -% 4 -/ 07
7$/ A
- =>%
8//

%% & " ' % %

7 " -/
?

" #$
*+ #$ -2
& '2-/

∴ 2 - /=

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written permission.
%1 " (4 − :
1) Ω
8 ( //π + // )

44 % ! 8/ ! >% 8 ! %8 !
" #$
*+ #$ ? = 4 − :
1 = 2< − M
B =2 < = 4=& - 8 ( //π N // ) = & (ω + α)

5= & %2 < = × 8% × 4 = 8/!

% %

%4 < () %
+ +
<

% + % +
− −
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
% % % %
%
+ + %
+ + %
+ + %
+ +

" #$
I( ) − (% + ) % +
*+ #$ < () = I( )= =< () = (− ) = (− ) =
%
+ + %
+ + %
+ +

%8 ! + - / 8' (
+
++ =

%
+= − += %
− += +=
% % % %
" #$
+ + +
*+ #$ D * ++= + =

&I= = = = + ( &I) = ( &I)

%
+ = ⋅ + = + =D +( ) = / 8 /8= + =/
% %
%
∴ ( +- +=
% %

%> %%/ 7' 8 ;!' /// " / %8 Ω '

>0 %%
+ ( >// " " 8% 0
0
0 0O 0 0O
1> 1>O 1> 1>O
" #$

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written permission.
 3 * φ%
*+ #$ = ×
3% * % φ
2 = / %8 =& = > − % % = >8 0 =& % = 8% 0 − 0=8
/// %%/ − >8 0 × / %8 φ
= × %
>// %%/ − 8 × / %8 φ
φ%
= / >1>4
φ

φ − φ% φ%
O - × // = − × // = 1> 1>O
φ φ

%A & " ' " // ; @ "

8/O D ∆ > ;$ $ ; &/ 8 ' ;

>>
8/
80
4%
" #$
∆ >
*+ #$ 5 ; -& + =8+ =80
% %

%0 /8 " $
/8 $
8
8 6!− )67
$
' ' $

81 8 >/ % A/ 0 A.>
" #$
= µ
*+ #$
P
/8
*= 8
+ =

8×
5 + = =
8
5 = /8

5 =5 + δ, 0/ = 1/, =δ + = 0/ − 0/ = 8/,

δ = −
δ/ ( π − %0/ ) + +

− π
= /8 π− + 8/ = A.>,
1

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written permission.
 &2< = 71 θ
1> × / 48
&= = % %4
8
5 = 7& θ= 1> × % %4 × / 48 ≅ A8/ !

%
= % =%
%

%. I " "' % + "

% & 7% = ' 7 2 (K )D%

/% / %>0 /1 % /4
" #$

7 = /
*+ #$ 7% = −1/
&%

@ = :
/8
D

5
= 5%
=

< D = + % = + =%
5 " $$%
7 7% ×
∴ - ( θ − θ% ) = ( θ − θ% ) = ( θ − θ% ) = / 8
B% /8
θ − θ% = −
/ 8 = 1/=θ = / {7 = /} = ∴ θ% = −1/Q=7% = −1/

7 − 7% / − −1/
& % = = = −: / %00
% :
/8
% = −1/= KD% = −1/ − − : / %>0 = / %>0 − %/
7 2 - 7% &K ( 7% &% ) = × / %>0 × ( +./) = / %>0

1/ "

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written permission.
 < " " = )
1
(2 + 2% )

" 1 = )
2

< " " 1 = )

2

" = )
1
(2 + 2% )

" #$
7 2% 2%
*+ #$ =− =− =& 5I
7 2 +
2 +

1 < FG FG FG
'" = ( )% )
FG ( & F
/G- F G- R' FG (
/ )
% 1)
%
" #$

*+ #$ = ( ) = (/) = ' ( )=
% %
∞
( ) = ( )S ( ) = ( ) ( − )
=−∞

( ) (/) ( ) ( ) )%
)4

/ / %

(− ) )%
(− ) )%
)4 )4

−% − / − /

( ) ($ ) = ( / ) = ×/+ ×/+ × (/)

4 %
( )= = (/ ) + ( ) ( )=/
% %

1% "

© All rights reserved by Gateforum Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission.
 " #$
*+ #$
5 (K ) 3 +
= = /
/ / =
/
/ / K = / K =
/ = /

11 " "

≈ %// ≈ // ≈ %/ ≈ /
" #$
7
*+ #$

//; %;

/;
//;
−

J7< ' 1 A$ ( & + & ) %;− //;( & ) − / A = /

& = ..µ =& = β& = / .. =&* =
∴ =
%>
= %>Ω=@ = β = % >;Ω= ∴ =
( //;TT %;) = 4 %
&* %>
//; @C %%
@ C= @ T T = %% Ω= = = ( 4 %)
+4 % +
@ C2 %% + /;
≈ /

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written permission.
14 & 7 − 7 = >7' 7 −7

E87 %7 17 >7
" #$
7 −7 >
*+ #$ & = %
= =1 =
%
" ;
7 −7 &-1

2 7 %Ω 7 2

2
2
2 − /7
2 Ω
+
2
+ −
87 7 7
%

7 7
≡ 7
− + 1
7

% %7

7 = % + 1 + 7 = 8 + 7 =7 − 7 = −87

18 + (+) = + 1
− .+% + %4+ + 8 F '>G

% %8 4 4>
" #$
*B5#$ D ' ( + ) = +1 − .+% + %4+ + 8

C(+) = / 1+% − 0+ + %4 = / +-%'

4
( ) = >+ − 0= U%
U+ ( ) = % − 0 < /= U4 ( ) = %4 − 0 > /
(+) + +-%
∴ + %1 − .× %% + %4 × % + 8 = %8
" + '>
∴ ( > ) = >1 − .× >% + %4 × > + 8 = 4

−8 − 1 /
1> D = &= ' 1

% / /
8 + %& . + 1/& A + 8& A +% &
" #$

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written permission.
 $8 $1
*+ #$ D # - =
% /

−8 − λ −1
( $&λ = / =/
% /−λ
( −8 − λ ) ( −λ ) + > = /
8λ + λ% + > = /
λ = −8λ − >
%
λ = −8λ% − >λ = −8 ( −8λ − > ) − >λ
1
( λ% = −8λ − > )
λ1 = %8λ − >λ + 1/ = .λ + 1/
* + ( ∴ 1
= . + 1/&

1A / ;7 '8/ @ " ;7 " " /8

88 !' ( '
" %
;
"
& % ;7 8/ @
' " ' '
/A 'AA 0 ! /A ' 88 > !
' /! '%%/ !
" #$

( %) ( %)
1 1
*+ #$ ∝ =5 % = =5 = × 88 = 88!

( %) 88
1
&% = ×& =% % =/ 88
///
88
&% = = / /88 =
///
6 @ '&φ = & % − & % = / 8% − / /88% = / 4.>.
2 /// %///
3 " 2% = =φ = φ % = = %φ
% %π 3 %π 3
&φ 3 &φ%3 %&φ 3
φ = = = = φ % = %φ =
2 2% 2
(%&φ ) = %&φ = % × / 4.>.= / A/%
2%
∴ &φ% =
2

10 ; 1$ ' 8 ;!'4$ '%1/ 7'8/

@ 8/ 3 @
' + ; " "
%1> 7'8A @
80 8 48 / 48 A 88 >
" #$
*% *% *% *%
*+ #$ &% = = = -
@% 2% + B
% % B% ω%< %
%

*% 8/ %1/ 8A
&% ∝ = = × &% = 48
% &% 8/ %1>

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written permission.
1. + !
%/ ;Ω' 44/ 7 $" 0/ ;Ω 18% 7 I
4/ ;Ω '
1A 7 101 7 1.4 7 4/> 7
" #$
*+ #$ < 2 ;Ω

%/;Ω 0/

+ + + +
7 44/7 7 18%7
2;Ω 2
− − − −

44/ 18%
7- %/ + 44/ ( ) =7-18%N 0/ (% )
2 2
40/
'7-40/=2-%%/=7< = × %%/ = 4/>7
4/ + %%/

4/ + V ( )= + ( τ) (1τ ) τ
−∞

$ $
$ $
" #$

*+ #$ = + τ 1τ τ
−∞

+ " ' $

< + ;

= J 1τ τ < ∞
−∞

4 ; " " % )"

J= % = / A8 J= 1 = / A8
J= 4 =/8 J= % =/8
" #$

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written permission.
*+ #$ ( ND( ) ( )=/
;( + )
+ = /= 1
+ %
+ (;+ %) + (;+ ) = /
1
+ %
+% +
1
;+ %
%
;+
(;+ %) − (;+ )
/

%
+ (;+
) = /= -:=
ω % = −ω% =ω = %
− ω% + (;+ ) = /= ω% = ;+ =4 -;N =I ';-%' -/ A8

4% I () ( :ω) = (% ω) ( %ω) )ω
/
)
4 )
% %
" #$
*+ #$
%ω
% ()
= C
ω
−% %
%ω
ω
%
ω ( )= ( −
C ) + C( + )
ω −:
ω %ω
:
+
ω
%
−1 1

41 < &
+ / / + /
+% = / / % +% + /
+1 1 / / +1
+
= ( / / ) +%
+1
"
≠ /' % = /' 1 ≠ / = /' % = /' 1 ≠/
= /' % = /' 1 =/ ≠ /' % ≠ /' 1 =/
" #$
/ / / / %

*+ #$ K = %
= - / / % = - / = - % =% = /
1 / / / /

© All rights reserved by Gateforum Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission.
 / / %

K = / % / =& ; K =1= +' K

/ /
≠/
% ≠/ K ≠/
1 =/

44 ' 2 "
+ "

/ 0Ω 4Ω %Ω % 0Ω
" #$
A > + /2 4% + A/2
*+ #$ 5 " - 7&- =
2 +% (2 + % )
%
2N%

/−1 A A2 > + /2
&= = =7-1N&2-1N =
%+2 %+2 %N2 %+2
5 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =/
%
2 + % A/ − 4% + A/2 % 2 + %
=
(2 + % )
4
2

%Ω 2 % 2
&
+
+ + + +
/7 − :Ω
−
17 ≡ /7 7
−
17
− −
−

A/ (2 + % ) = ( 4% + A/2 ) % (2 + % ) =8 (2N% ) = % ( 1 + 82 )
%

82 + / = > + /2=4-82=2-/ 0Ω

48 (
%
( ) +% ( )+
% ( ) = δ( ) " () =/
= −% =/
= /−

= /+

E% E /

© All rights reserved by Gateforum Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission.
 " #$
%
( )+% ( )+
*+ #$ % ( ) = δ( )
− '
%
( )− ( /) − C( /) + % ( ) − (/ ) + ( )=
%
+% + ( )+% +4 =
−1 − %
( )=
( %
+% + )
I
( ) = −% − − −
()
( ) =% − + −
− −

() =%− =
= /+

4> " ' "

=; " %
= +% + %
+ @% ; "
∇ =/
E% % /
" #$

*+ #$ ! ; " '∇ = %
∂
∂
( %
)
∇
3 "' = %
∂
∂
( %
)
= %
∂
∂
(; ) = % ;
%
( + %) +

=; ( + %) +

∴ I '∇ = /' ( + %) = / = −%

4A
( '
)
1 )
% %)
1 1)
4
" #$
*+ #$ 5 ( ) = 5( ) +5( ) +5( )+
1 8 % 4

= + + + = + + +
% % % % % %
%
4 %
= + + + = = × =
% 4 4 % % 1 1
−
4
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written permission.
 ! " # "
$ % &

! /7 " $ " ;
" "' " " #
Ω " 1
% 8Ω " %

40 I " ;'" >7 ' Ω

" A)
1 & 07 '
>7 A7 07 .7
" #$

4. ! /7 ' " AΩ
1)
A 8)
A .)
A
" #$

! " # "
$ % &

& 1$ " '

0/ $ "

8/
/> 7 4 47 % %%7 %0% 0 7
" #$
%
*+ #$ 26 - 7< = 7
1
7< % %
26 - = 7 = × 1// = 4 4%7
1 1 1

© All rights reserved by Gateforum Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission.
8 & 7 = 1// 7' " 1$
8 ;! % / ;! % 8 ;! 1 / ;!
" #$
( 4 4% )
% %
7
*+ #$ 5 = 1 ⋅ = 1× = 1///!
2 %/

'$ () # "
$ % "

*" " "+ '$ () # "

$ % &

& " ' 7 = %%/7'7% = %%7'

71 = 1>7

8% "
/ 48 / 8/ / 88 / >/
" #$
%
− %
− %
%%/% − %%% − 1>%
*+ #$ θ= % 1
= = / 48
% % % × %% × 1>

81 & 2 < = 8Ω' + "

A// ! A8/ ! 0// ! 08/ !
" #$
2< 8
*+ #$ θ= =/ 48- @=
@ @
71 1>
&= = = % %4 =5< = &%2 < = % %4% × 8 = A8/!
@

*" " "+ '$ () # "

$ % &

+
D ( )= +

84 D ( )
= ' =% = 1' = % = −1' = − = 1' =
© All rights reserved by Gateforum Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission.
 " #$
− ω − ω
*+ #$ φ = −
β
φ +

− ω − ω
>
β
<

" @
2 $
,

88 +
% ) 1 ) > ) )1 )
" #$
*+ #$ I 'W '( 2 5)

=∴ - ' -%'ω + = = % )

8> ! " "

"X
'"
$"#(
* I
6
" #$

8A "
" #

,+" "$( -($ "(" -

$ ( . ///////// " "
" #"
" 0-
; ;
; " ;
" #$

80 , ' ' ' " *22,2

! " , 11 X
, 2# " ( " "" #-
( 0 3$
4 " ($
4$ 3 " "" ( $ " ( +
"
(
"
" #$
© All rights reserved by Gateforum Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission.
8. " "
" #

5$
4 " $# +" $
"#"
$ " " (" + . $ //
$6 $4
:

" #$

>/ & ( // ) %8. = 1 8% ( // )%/>% = A 08' ( // )11% =

% %1 4 %1 1A %A >4
" #$
*+ #$ // - +
+ %8.
= 1 8% +%/>% = A 08
+11% = + %8.
+%/>% = 1 8% + A 08 = %A >4

> " @

"3 ) # "71 8
I 4///
%//
2 %///
8//
, + 0//

+
/O 4O 0 O 0>O
" #$
*+ #$ - /'
8//
*+ - .///
9000
' = 86%
10500

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