ASSIGNMENT 2025

II-MCA-T204-OOP USING JAVA

TEXT BOOKS
1. Herbert Schildt, “Java The complete reference”, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2011.
2. Cay S. Horstmann, Gary cornell, “Core Java Volume –I Fundamentals”, 9th Edition, Prentice
Hall, 2013.

REFERENCES
1. Paul Deitel, Harvey Deitel, “Java SE 8 for programmers”, 3rd Edition, Pearson, 2015.
2. Steven Holzner, “Java 2 Black book”, Dreamtech press, 2011.
3. Timothy Budd, “Understanding Object-oriented programming with Java”, Updated Edition,
Pearson Education, 2000.

INTRODUCTION TO OOP AND JAVA FUNDAMENTALS

Object Oriented Programming - Abstraction – objects and classes - Encapsulation- Inheritance -
Polymorphism- OOP in Java – Characteristics of Java – The Java Environment - Java Source
File -Structure – Compilation. Fundamental Programming Structures in Java – Defining classes
in Java – constructors, methods -access specifiers - static members -Comments, Data Types,
Variables, Operators, Control Flow, Arrays, Packages - JavaDoc comments.

QUESTIONS
Q.N
O
1. Define Objects and classes in java.

Class is a template for a set of objects that share a common structure and a common
behaviour. A class is a blueprint, or prototype, that defines the variables and the methods
common to all objects of a certain kind.

An object is a software bundle of variables and related methods. An instance of a

class depicting the state and behavior at that particular time in
real world. Object is an instance of a class. It has state, behaviour and identity. It is also called
as an instance of a class.
2. How does one import a single package?
It is easily achieved using an import statement in which the import keyword is followed by the
fully qualified name of the member you wish to use. Consider the example given previously,
but revised to use this method:

import java.util.Vector;
class Test {
Vector vector;
Test() {
vector = new Vector();
}
}
3. What is the default access to a member in a class?
Default is no access specifier. For classes, and interface declarations, the default is package
private. This falls between protected and private, allowing only classes in the same package access.
(protected is like this, but also allowing access to subclasses outside of the package.

For interface members (fields and methods), the default access is public. But note that the
interface declaration itself defaults to package private.

4. What is a package?
A package is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces. Conceptually
can think of packages as being similar to different folders on our computer.

Because software written in the Java programming language can be composed of hundreds or
thousands of individual classes, it makes sense to keep things organized by placing related classes
and interfaces into packages.

5. Define class.
Class is a template for a set of objects that share a common structure and a common behaviour. A
class is a blueprint, or prototype, that defines the variables and the methods common to all objects
of a certain kind.

6. List any four Java Doc comments.

Javadoc is a program shipped with JDK that you can use to run over your source code to produce
documentation of your classes in the same type of HTML files
that Sun Microsystems has used for its Java API documentation. To use javadoc
 on your source code, you have to tag your code with a certain type of comment formats. A simple
example of Javadoc comments looks like this:

/**Class MyButton implements java.io.Serailizable, extends java.awt.Button

*/ public class MyButton

{ /**

Javadoc utility enables you to keep the code and the documentation in sync easily. The
javadoc utility lets you put your comments right next to your code, inside your ".java"
source files.

All you need to do after completing your code is to run the Javadoc utility to create your
HTML documentation automatically.

7. What is meant by private access specifier?

Java offers four access specifiers, listed below in decreasing accessibility:

● public
● protected
● default (no specifier)
● private

Private

Private methods and fields can only be accessed within the same class to which the methods
and fields belong. private methods and fields are not visible within subclasses and are not inherited by
subclasses. So, theprivate access specifier is opposite to the public access specifier. It is mostly used
for encapsulation: data are hidden within the class and accessor methods are provided. An example, in
which the position of the upper-left corner of a square can be set or obtained by accessor methods, but
individual coordinates are not accessible to the user.

public class Square { // public class

private double x, y // private (encapsulated) instance variables public
setCorner(int x, int y) { // setting values of private fields this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
 public getCorner() { // setting values of private fields return Point(x, y);
}
}

8. What is the need for javadoc multiline comments?

Javadoc comments are any multi-line comments ("/** ... */") that are placed before class, field,
or method declarations. They must begin with a slash and two stars, and they can include special tags to
describe characteristics like method parameters or return values. The HTML files generated by Javadoc
will describe each field and method of a class, using the Javadoc comments in the source code itself.

9. What do you mean by instance variables?

● Instance variables are declared in a class, but outside a method, constructor or any block.When
a space is allocated for an object in the heap a slot for each instance variable value is created.
● Instance variables are created when an object is created with the use of the key word 'new' and
destroyed when the object is destroyed.
● Instance variables hold values that must be referenced by more than one method, constructor or
block, or essential parts of an object.s state that must be present through out the class.
● Instance variables can be declared in class level before or after use.
● Access modifiers can be given for instance variables.
● Instance variables can be accessed directly by calling the variable name inside the class.
However within static methods and different class ( when instance variables are given
accessibility) the should be called using the fully qualified
name .ObjectReference.VariableName.

10. Mentions the purpose of finalize method.

The Object class provides a callback method, finalize(), that may be invoked on an
object when it becomes garbage.
Java provides a mechanism to run some code just before our object is deleted by the
Garbage Collector. This code is located in a method
named finalize().
When JVM trying to delete the objects, then some objects refuse to delete if they held any
resource. If our object opened up some resources, and we woluld like to close them before our object
is deleted. So before Garbage operation we have to clean up the resources which the object held on,
that clean up code we have to put in finalize() method.
- Can override finalize() to do cleanup, such as freeing resources. Any code that we put into
our Class's overridden finalize() method is not guarunteed to run, so don't provide essential code in
that method.
11. What are the key characteristics of objects?
Three key characteristics of objects are:

● The Object’s behaviour – What can you do with this object , or what methods can you
apply to it?
● The Object’s state – How does the object react when you apply those methods?
● The Object’s identity – How is the object distinguished from others that may have the
same behaviour and state

12. Define finalize method.

finalize( ) method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to
garbage collection.

13. Mention the features of JAVA.The features of JAVA are:

➢ Compiled and Interpreted

➢ Platform-Independent and Portable.
➢ Robust and secure
➢ Distributed
➢ Familiar, Simple and Small
➢ Multithreaded and Interactive
➢ High Performance
➢ Dynamic and Extensible.
14. List the access specifiers used in java ?

15. Define the characteristics of objects?

An object has identity (each object is a distinct individual).

An object has state (it has various properties, which might change).

An object has behavior (it can do things and can have things done to it).
16. What is Abstract class?
Abstract class is a class that has no instances. An abstract class is written with the

expectation that its concrete subclasses will add to its

structure and behaviour, typically by implementing its abstract operations.

17. What is static and dynamic binding in java ?

static binding
When type of the object is determined at compiled time(by the compiler), it is known as static
binding.
If there is any private, final or static method in a class, there is static binding.
Dynamic binding
When type of the object is determined at run-time, it is known as dynamic binding.

18. Name any three tags used in Java Doc Comment

Java supports three types of comments. The first two are the // and the
/*. The third type is called a documentation comment. It begins with the character sequence /**.
It ends with*/.
In Java have javadoc tags
Tag Meaning
@author Identifies the author of a class
@deprecated Specifies that a class or member is deprecated @param
Documents a method’s parameter
@return Documents a method’s return value

19. What is method overloading and method overriding?

When a method in a class having the same method name with different arguments is said to be
method overloading. Method overriding : When a method in a class having the same method name
with same arguments is said to be method overriding.

20. Define arithmetic operators in java?

Arithmetic operators perform the same basic operations you would expect if you used them in
mathematics (with the exception of the percentage sign). They take two operands and return the
result of the mathematical calculation.
Java has five arithmetic operators:
+ to add two numbers together or concatenate two Strings.

- to subtract one number from another.

* to multiply one number by another.
/ to divide one number by another.
% to find the remainder from dividing one number by another.
21. Define bitwise operator.
Bitwise operators perform operations on the bits of their operands. The operands can only be byte,
short, int, long or char data types. For example, if an operand is the number 48, the bitwise
operator will perform its operation on the binary representation of 48 (i.e., 110000).
There are three binary logical operators: & performs a
logical AND operation.
| performs a logical OR operation.
^ performs a logical XOR operation.

22. Define Precedence order.

When two operators share an operand the operator with the higher precedence goes first.
For example, 1 + 2 * 3 is treated as 1 + (2 * 3), whereas 1 * 2 + 3 is treated as (1 * 2) + 3 since
multiplication has a higher precedence than addition.

23. What are methods and how are they defined?

Methods are functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are defined.
Objects can communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in
other classes. Method definition has four parts.

24. What are different types of access modifiers (Access specifiers)? Access specifiers
are keywords that determine the type of access to the member of a class. These
keywords are for allowing
privileges to parts of a program such as functions and variables. These are:
public: Any thing declared as public can be accessed from anywhere. Private: Any thing
declared as private can’t be seen outside of its class. Protected: Any thing declared as
protected can be accessed by classes in the same package
and subclasses in the other packages.
Default modifier: Can be accessed only to classes in the same package.

25. What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it?

Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that combines a structured set
of data with a set of operations for inspecting and manipulating that data.
When an object is
created using new operator, memory is allocated to it.

26. List the usage of Java packages.

This is a way to organize files when a project consists of multiple modules. It also

helps resolve naming conflicts when different packages have classes with the same names.
Packages access level also allows protecting data from being used by the non-
authorized classes.
27. What gives java it’s “write once and run anywhere” nature?
All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte
codes can be run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform
independent.

28. What is static variable and static method?

Static variable is a class variable which value remains constant for the entire class.
Static method is the one which can be called with the class itself and can hold only the static
variables.

29. Differentiate between a Class and an Object?

The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The Class is
used to represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded by a Java program.
The Class
class is used to obtain information about an object's design. A Class is only a definition or
prototype of real life object. Whereas an object is an instance or living representation of
real life object. Every object belongs to a class and every class contains one or more
related objects

30. How is polymorphism achieved in java?

Inheritance, Overloading and Overriding are used to acheive Polymorphism in java.

Q.NO QUESTIONS

31. (i) What is a constructor? What is the use of new method?

Refer page no: 144
(ii) Give the syntax for static method and its initialization.

Refer page no: 132

(iii) Explain arrays in java.
Refer page no:90
32. (i) What is class? How do you define a class in java?
Refer page no:107
(ii) Explain the following in Strings:

(1) Concatenation
(2) Substrings.
Refer page no:53
(iii) Explain any four methods available in string handling.
Refer page no: 53

(iv) What is a Package? How does a complier locate packages?

Refer page no:153
33. (i) Explain what is OOPS and explain the features of OOPS.
Refer page no: 106
(ii) Discuss about the usage of constructor with an example. Using Java. Refer page no: 144

34. (i) Define package. Explain the types of package with its importance.

(ii) What is package? How to add a class into a package? Give example. Refer page
no:153

35. (i) Explain briefly about object oriented programming concepts differ from structured
programming concepts.

(ii) How is OOP different from procedural programming language?

Refer page no: 106

36. Write a java program for push and pop operations in stack using arrays in classes and
object.
Refer page no:90

37. Write a java program to sort ten names in descending order.

38. (i) Describe the concept of OOP.

Refer page no: 106

(ii) What is meant by overriding method? Give example. Refer page no: 171

(iii) Write a JAVA program to reverse the given number. Refer notes
39. What is meant by package? How it is created and implemented in JAVA.
(ii) Write a JAVA program to find the smallest number in the given list. Refer page no:153

40. Write a Java program to sort the elements in increasing order?

41. i) Define class?

ii) Write short notes on Access specifiers.

iii) string in JAVA

iv) Explain the term static fields and methods and explain its types with examples.

42. Define array. What is array sorting and explain with an example?

43. State and explain documentation comments in java.

INHERITANCE AND INTERFACES

Inheritance – Super classes- sub classes –Protected members – constructors in sub classes- the
Object class – abstract classes and methods- final methods and classes – Interfaces – defining
an interface, implementing interface, differences between classes and interfaces and extending
 interfaces - Object cloning -inner classes, ArrayLists - Strings

QUESTIONS
Q.N
O
1. What is meant by parameter passing constructors? Give example. NOV/DEC
2013
Parameter passing constructors are called Parameterized Constructors. Parameterized
Constructor is a constructor with parameters.

Ex: Class test // class name

{
int st.no;
char st.name;
int m1,m2,m3,total;
float avg;

test(no,name,t1,t2,t3) // parametized constructor

st.no = no;
st.name = name;
m1 = t1;
m2 = t2;
m3 = t3;
};

2. What is Constructor?
A constructor is a special method of a class or structure in object-oriented programming that
initializes an object of that type. A constructor is an instance method that usually has the same name
as the class, and can be used to set the values of the members of an object, either to default or to user-
defined values.

3. What is Abstract class?

Abstract class is a class that has no instances. An abstract class is written with the

expectation that its concrete subclasses will add to its

structure and behaviour, typically by implementing its abstract operations.

4. What is meant by Inheritance Hierarchy? Give an Example.

Definitions: A class that is derived from another class is called a subclass (also
a derived class, extended class, or child class). The class from which the subclass is derived is called
a superclass (also a base class or a parent class).

The idea of inheritance is simple but powerful: When you want to create a new class and there
is already a class that includes some of the code that you want, you can derive your new class from
the existing class. In doing this, you can reuse the fields and methods of the existing class without
having to write (and debug!) them.

5. In java what is the use of Interfaces?

In the Java programming language, an interface is a reference type, similar to a class, that can
contain only constants, method signatures, and nested types. There are no method bodies.
Interfaces cannot be instantiated—they can only be implemented by classes or extended by
other interfaces.

To use an interface, we have to write a class that implements the interface. When an instantiable
class implements an interface, it provides a method body for each of the methods declared in the
interface.

6. How to prevent inheritance?

To stop a class being extended, the class declaration must explicitly say it cannot be inherited. This
is achieved by using the "final" keyword:
public final class Account {
}

This means that the Account class cannot be a superclass and the OverdraftAccount class can no longer
be its subclass.

7. Define Inheritance Hierarchy.

The Collection of all classes extending from a common superclass is called an inheritance hierarchy.
The path from a particular class to its ancestors in the inheritance is its inheritance chain.

8. What is Interface?
An interface is basically a kind of class. Like classes, interfaces contain methods and
variables but but with a major difference.The difference is that interfaces define only abstract
methods and final fields. This means that interfaces do not specify any code to implement these
methods and data fields contain only constants
9. What is object cloning?How to object clone? What is meant by object cloning?
It is the process of duplicating an object so that two identical objects will exist in the memory at
the same time.

In Java, Assign an object to another variable, only the memory address of the object is
copied and hence any changes in the original object will be reflected in the new variable.

Cloning means creating a copy of the object. The precise meaning of "copy" may depend on
the class of the object. The general intent is that, for any object x, the expression:

10. Differentiate copying and cloning.

● clone - create something new based on something that exists.
● copying - copy from something that exists to something else (that also already
exists).

11. What are the conditions to be satisfied while declaring abstract classes?
An abstract class is a class that is incomplete, or to be considered incomplete.

12. Define inner classes. Why would you want to do that?

Inner class: classes defined in other classes, including

those defined in methods are called inner classes. An inner class can have any

accessibility including private.

13. Can we override a super class method which is throwing an unchecked exception with
checked exception in the sub class?

No. If a super class method is throwing an unchecked exception, then it can be overridden in the
sub class with same exception or any other unchecked exceptions but can not be overridden with
checked exceptions.
14. What is meant by an innerclass?

An inner class is a nested class whose instance exists within an instance of its enclosing
class and has direct access to the instance members of its enclosing instance
class <EnclosingClass>
{
class <InnerClass>
{

}
}

15. What is the use of ‘Super’ Keyword? Give an example.

Usage of ‘super’ keyword’

The first calls the superclass constructor
To access a member of the superclass that has been hidden by a member of a subclass
16. What is the difference between String and String Buffer?
a) String objects are constants and immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not.
b) String class supports constant strings whereas StringBuffer class supports growable
and modifiable strings.

17. What is the difference between this () and super ()?

This () can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class whereas super() can be
used to invoke a super class constructor.
18. What are interface and its use?
Interface is similar to a class which may contain method’s signature only but not
bodies and it is a formal set of method and constant declarations that must be defined
by the class that implements it. Interfaces are useful for:
a) Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement
b) Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship.
c) Determining an object’s programming interface without revealing the actual body of
the class.

19. Can you have an inner class inside a method and what variables can you access?
Yes, we can have an inner class inside a method and final variables can be
accessed.
20. What is the difference between abstract class and interface?
a) All the methods declared inside an interface are abstract whereas abstract class must have
at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or abstract.
b) In abstract class, key word abstract must be used for the methods whereas interface we
need not use that keyword for the methods.
c) Abstract class must have subclasses whereas interface can’t have subclasses.

21. What is the difference between a static and a non-static inner class? A non-static inner
class may have object instances that are associated with instances of the class's outer class.
A static inner class does not have any
object instances.
22. Define superclass and subclass?
Superclass is a class from which another class inherits. Subclass is a class
that inherits from one or more classes.
23. What is reflection API? How are they implemented?
Reflection is the process of introspecting the features and state of a class at runtime
and dynamically manipulate at run time. This is supported using Reflection API with builtin
classes like Class, Method, Fields, and Constructors etc. Example: Using Java Reflection
API we can get the class name, by using the getName method.

24. What is the useful of Interfaces?

a) Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement
b) Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship.
c) Determining an object’s programming interface without revealing the
actual body of the class.

25. Define Protected members

Protected Access Modifier - Protected. Variables, methods, and constructors, which are declared
protected in a superclass can be accessed only by the subclasses in other package or any class within
the package of the protected members' class. The protected access modifier cannot be applied to class
and interfaces.
26. What is object cloning in java?
clone() is a method in the Java programming language for object duplication. In java, objects are
manipulated through reference variables, and there is no operator for copying an object—the
assignment operator duplicates the reference, not the object. The clone() method provides this missing
functionality.
27. Write short notes on final classes and methods?
the final keyword in a method declaration to indicate that the method cannot be overridden by
subclasses. The Object class does this—a number of its methods are final.
class ChessAlgorithm {
enum ChessPlayer { WHITE, BLACK }
...
final ChessPlayer getFirstPlayer() { return
ChessPlayer.WHITE;
}
...
}

28. Difference between interface and extending interface?

Any interface that implements a particular interface should implement all methods defined in the
interface, or should be declared as an abstract class. In short, Implements keyword is used for a class
to implement a certain interface, while Extends keyword is used for a subclass to extend from a super
class.
29. List out the types of inheritance in java

● Single Inheritance.
● Multiple Inheritance (Through Interface)
● Multilevel Inheritance.
● Hierarchical Inheritance.
● Hybrid Inheritance (Through Interface)

30 List out the types of Constructor?

There are two type of constructor in Java: No-argument constructor: A constructor that has no
parameter is known as default constructor. If we don't define a constructor in a class, then compiler
creates default constructor(with no arguments) for the class

Q.No Questions

31. Explain with an example the following features of Constructors:

(i) Overloaded constructors

(ii) A Call to another constructor with this operator
(iii) An object initialization block
(iv) A static initialization block
Refer page no: 144
32. How Strings are handled in java? Explain with code, the creation of Substring,
Concatenation and testing for equality. Refer page no: 53
33. (i) Explain any four string operations in Java. With suitable examples.
Refer notes
Explain string handling classes in Java with examples. Refer page no: 53

34. Write down the techniques to design good classes.

Refer notes

ii) Explain about java building string functions with an example. Refer page no: 53

35. What is meant by constructor? Describe the types of constructors supported by Java with
example?
Refer page no: 144

36. (i) Explain Inheritance and class hierarchy.

Refer page no:171 & 179
(ii) Define Polymorphism.
Refer page no:179
(iii) Write briefly on Abstract classes with an example.
Refer page no:186

37. (i) Explain the following with examples:

a. The clone able interface
b. The property interface. Refer page no:242
(ii) What is a static Inner class? Explain with example.
Refer page no:258

38. (i) Explain interfaces with example. Refer page no:242

(ii) Compare interfaces and abstract classes. Refer page no:186 & 242

39. (i) Explain interfaces with example.

Refer page no:242
(ii) Compare interfaces and abstract classes.
Refer page no:186 & 242
40. (i) What is meant by object cloning? Explain it with an example.

Refer page no:249

(ii) Discuss in detail about inner class, with its usefullness. Refer page no:258
EXCEPTION HANDLING AND I/O
Exceptions - exception hierarchy - throwing and catching exceptions – built-in exceptions,
creating own exceptions, Stack Trace Elements. Input / Output Basics – Streams – Byte streams
and Character streams – Reading and Writing Console – Reading and Writing Files

Questions
Q.N
o
1. What is the use of final keyword?
The final keyword is used in several different contexts to define an entity which cannot later be
changed. the keyword final is a simple but powerful tool that allows us to write code that is
more readable, enables the compiler to catch some
logic errors, and prevents accidental misuse of classes and member functions.

2. How will create throw exception in exception handling?

Throwing Exceptions

If a method needs to be able to throw an exception, it has to declare the exception(s) thrown
in the method signature, and then include a throw-statement in the method. Here is
an example:
public void divide(int numberToDivide, int numberToDivideBy) throws
BadNumberException{
if(numberToDivideBy == 0){
throw new BadNumberException("Cannot divide by 0");
}
return numberToDivide / numberToDivideBy;
}
3. What is an exception?
Exceptions are such anomalous conditions (or typically an event) which changes the normal flow of
execution of a program. Exceptions are used for signaling
erroneous (exceptional) conditions which occur during the run time processing.

Exceptions may occur in any programming language

Occurrence of any kind of exception in java applications may result in an abrupt

termination of the JVM or simply the JVM crashes which leaves the user unaware of the causes
of such anomalous conditions. However Java provides mechanisms to handle such situations
through its superb exception handling mechanism. The Java programming language
uses Exception classes to handle such erroneous conditions and exceptional events.
4. Mention the different ways to generate an Exception? There are two
different ways to generate an Exception.

1. Exceptions can be generated by the Java run-time system.

Exceptions thrown by Java relate to fundamental errors that violate the rules of the Java language or
the constraints of the Java execution environment.
2. Exceptions can be manually generated by the code.
Manually generated exceptions are typically used to report some error condition to the caller of a
method.
5. Can we keep other statements in between try, catch and finally blocks?

No. We shouldn’t write any other statements in between try, catch and finally blocks.
They form a one unit.

try{ // Statements to be monitored for exceptions

}
//You can't keep statements here catch(Exception ex)
{
//Cathcing the exceptions here
}
//You can't keep statements here finally
{
// This block is always executed
}

6. What is Re-throwing an exception in java?

Exceptions raised in the try block are handled in the catch block. If it is unable to handle that
exception, it can re-throw that exception using throw keyword. It is called
re-throwing an exception.
7. what are checked and unchecked exceptions in java?

Checked exceptions are the exceptions which are known to compiler. These exceptions are checked at
compile time only. Hence the name checked

exceptions. These exceptions are also called compile time exceptions. Because, these exceptions
will be known during compile time.

Unchecked exceptions are those exceptions which are not at all known to compiler. These exceptions
occur only at run time. These exceptions are also called as run time exceptions. All sub classes of
java.lang.RunTimeException and java.lang.Error are unchecked exceptions.
8. What are run time exceptions in java. Give example?

The exceptions which occur at run time are called as run time exceptions. These exceptions are
unknown to compiler. All sub classes of java.lang.RunTimeException and java.lang.Error are run
time exceptions. These exceptions are unchecked type of exceptions. For example,
NumberFormatException, NullPointerException, ClassCastException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException, StackOverflowError etc.

9. There are three statements in a try block – statement1, statement2 and statement3. After that
there is a catch block to catch the exceptions occurred in the try block. Assume that exception
has occurred in statement2. Does statement3 get executed or not?

No. Once a try block throws an exception, remaining statements will not be executed. control comes
directly to catch block.
10. Can we write only try block without catch and finally blocks?

No, It shows compilation error. The try block must be followed by either catch or finally
block. You can remove either catch block or finally block but not both

11. What are Byte Stream in Java?

The byte stream classes provide a rich environment for handling byte-oriented I/O. List of Byte
Stream classes
ByteArrayInputStream ByteArrayOutputStream
FilteredByteStreams
BufferedByteStreams

12. How to read strings of text from a file ?

Open the file for reading by creating an object of the class FileReader and an object of the class
BufferedReader associated to the FileReader object we have just created;
2. Read the lines of text from the file by using the readLine() method of the BufferedReader

object;
3.close the file when we are finished reading from it.

13 Write a note on char Array Reader

The CharArrayReader allows the usage of a character array as an InputStream. The usage of
CharArrayReader class is similar to ByteArrayInputStream. The constructor is given below:
public CharArrayReader(char c[ ])
14. What are Character Stream in Java?
The Character Stream classes provide a rich environment for handling character-
oriented I/O.
List of Character Stream classes FileReader
FileWriter CharArrayReader
CharArrayWriter

15. What are the different states of a thread?

The different states of a thread are
.New
.Runnable
.Waiting
.TimedWaiting
.Terminated
16. What is meant by checked and unchecked exception? All predefined
exceptions in java are either checked exception or an unchecked exception
checked
exception must be caught using try() and catch() block.
17. How is custom exception created?
By extending the exception class or one of its subclasses Example
Class MyException extends Exception
{
Public MyException(){super();}
Public MyException(String s){super(s);}
}

18. Mention the stream I/O operations.

Stream I/O operations involve three steps:
1. Open an input/output stream associated with a physical device (e.g., file, network,
console/keyboard), by constructing an appropriate I/O stream instance.
2. Read from the opened input stream until "end-of-stream" encountered, or write
to the opened output stream (and optionally flush the buffered output).
3. Close the input/output stream.

19. What is stream?

A stream is a sequential and contiguous one-way flow of data.Java does not differentiate
between the various types of data sources or sinks (e.g., file or network) in stream I/O.
20. Mention the different ways to generate an Exception?
There are two different ways to generate an Exception.
1. Exceptions can be generated by the Java run-time system.
Exceptions thrown by Java relate to fundamental errors that violate the rules of the
Java language or the constraints of the Java execution environment.
2. Exceptions can be manually generated by the code.
Manually generated exceptions are typically used to report some error condition to
the caller of a method.

21. What is OutOfMemoryError in java?

OutOfMemoryError is the sub class of java.lang.Error which occurs when JVM runs out
of memory.

22. Give some examples to checked exceptions?

ClassNotFoundException, SQLException, IOException

23. Give some examples to unchecked exceptions?

NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException,
NumberFormatException

24. What are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream?

These two are general purpose classes used by the programmer very often to copy file to file. These
classes work well with files containing less data of a few thousand bytes as by performance these
are very poor. For larger data, it is preferred to use BufferedInputStream (or BufferedReader) and
BufferedOutputStream (or BufferedWriter)

25. What is File class?

It is a non-stream (not used for file operations) class used to know the properties of a file like when it
was created (or modified), has read and write permissions, size etc.
26. What is a IO stream?
It is a stream of data that flows from source to destination. Good example is file copying. Two
streams are involved – input stream and output stream. An input stream reads from the file and
stores the data in the process (generally in a temporary variable). The output stream reads from the
process and writes to the destination file.
27. Define stack trace elements
the stack trace is encapsulated into an array of a java class called java.lang.StackTraceElement .
The stack trace element array returned by Throwable.getStackTrace() method. Each element
represents a single stack frame.
28. What is the difference between error and exception in java?

Errors are mainly caused by the environment in which an application is running. For example,
OutOfMemoryError happens when JVM runs out of memory. Where as exceptions are mainly caused
by the application itself. For example, NullPointerException occurs when an application tries to
access null object.
29. Give example for built in exception ?

Arithmetic exception : It is thrown when an exceptional condition has occurred in an

arithmetic operation.

// Java program to demonstrate

// ArithmeticException
class ArithmeticException_Demo { public static void
main(String args[])
{
try {
int a = 30, b = 0;
int c = a / b; // cannot divide by zero System.out.println("Result
= " + c);
}
catch (ArithmeticException e) { System.out.println("Can't divide a
number by 0");
}
}
}

30. Give any two methods available in Stack trace Element .

public final class StackTraceElement

extends Object implements

Serializable

An element in a stack trace, as returned by Throwable.getStackTrace(). Each element represents a

single stack frame. All stack frames except for the one at the top of the stack represent a method
invocation. The frame at the top of the stack represents the execution point at which the stack
trace was generated. Typically, this is the point at which the throwable corresponding to the
stack trace was created.
 QUESTIONS
Q.NO
31. (ii) Explain the exception hierarchy.

Refer page no:553

(i) Explain the concept of throwing and catching exception in java.

Refer page no:557 - 559

32. (i) Explain the concept of throwing and catching exception in java.
Refer page no:557 - 559

(ii) State the situations where assertions are not used.

Refer page no:571

(iii) Give an overview of logging.

Refer page no:575

33. Explain briefly about user defined exceptions and stack trace elements in exception handling
mechanisms.

34. Discuss on Exception handling in detail. Refer page no:559

35. What is meant by exceptions? Why it is needed?Describe the exception hierarchy. Write note
on Stack Trace Elements. Give example.

36. I)Define exception and explain its different types with example
Refer page no:553

What is final keyword? Explain with an example?

Refer page no:559

 UNIT IV MULTITHREADING AND GENERIC PROGRAMMING
Differences between multi-threading and multitasking, thread life cycle, creating threads,
synchronizing threads, Inter-thread communication, daemon threads, thread groups. Generic
Programming – Generic classes – generic methods – Bounded Types – Restrictions and
Limitations.

Questions
Q.N
o
1. What are the different states in thread? NOV/DEC 2010
● New: A new thread begins its life cycle in the new state. It remains in this state until
the
program starts the thread. It is also referred to as a born thread.

● Runnable: After a newly born thread is started, the thread becomes runnable. A
thread in this state is considered to be executing its task.

● Waiting: Sometimes a thread transitions to the waiting state while the

thread waits for another thread to perform a task.A thread transitions back to the runnable
state only when another thread signals the waiting thread to continue executing.

● Timed waiting: A runnable thread can enter the timed waiting state for a specified interval
of time. A thread in this state transitions back to the runnable state when that time interval
expires or when the event it is waiting for occurs.

● Terminated: A runnable thread enters the terminated state when it completes its task or
otherwise terminates.
2. What do you mean Synchronization?
When two or more threads need access to a shared resource, they need some way to ensure that the
resource will be used by only one thread at a time.

The process by which this synchronization is achieved is called thread synchronization. The
synchronized keyword in Java creates a block of code referred to as a critical section.

Every Java object with a critical section of code gets a lock associated with the object. To

enter a critical section, a thread needs to obtain the corresponding object's lock. This is
the general form of the synchronized statement:

synchronized(object) {

// statements to be synchronized

3. Mention the two mechanisms for protecting a code block from concurrent access.
Java 5 introduces general purpose synchronizer classes, including semaphores, mutexes,
barriers, latches, and exchangers, which facilitate coordination between threads. These classes
are a apart of the java.util.concurrent package

4. What do you mean by Threads in Java?

A thread is a program's path of execution. Most programs written today run as a single thread,
causing problems when multiple events or actions need to occur at the

same time. Let's say, for example, a program is not capable of drawing pictures while reading
keystrokes. The program must give its full attention to the keyboard input lacking the ability to
handle more than one event at a time. The ideal solution to this problem is the seamless execution of
two or more sections of a program at the same time.

5. What is multithreading.
Multithreading enables us to write very efficient programs that make maximum use of the CPU,
because idle time can be kept to a minimum.

The Java Virtual Machine allows an application to have multiple threads of execution running
concurrently

Multithreaded applications deliver their potent power by running many threads concurrently within
a single program. From a logical point of view, multithreading means multiple lines of a single
program can be executed at the same time,
6. What is meant by notify methods in multithreading?
Used for Inter thread Communication:

To avoid polling, Java includes an elegant interprocess communication mechanism via the following
methods:

 wait( ): This method tells the calling thread to give up the monitor and go to sleep until
some other thread enters the same monitor and calls notify( ).

 notify( ): This method wakes up the first thread that called wait( ) on the same object.

 notifyAll( ): This method wakes up all the threads that called wait( ) on the same object.c The
highest priority thread will run first.

7. Name any four thread constructors.

1) public Thread()
2) public Thread(String name)
3) Thread t1=new Thread();
4) Thread t2=newThread(“MYTHREAD”);

8. What is the need for threads

Need of threads: thread priorities, daemon threads,
thread groups, and handlers for uncaught exceptions.

9. How will interrupt threads in multiple windows?

An interrupt is an indication to a thread that it should stop what it is doing and do something else.
It's up to the programmer to decide exactly how a thread responds to an interrupt, but it is very
common for the thread to terminate. This is the usage emphasized in this lesson.

A thread sends an interrupt by invoking interrupt on the Thread object for the thread to be
interrupted. For the interrupt mechanism to work correctly, the interrupted thread must support
its own interruption.

10. Write the life cycle of thread.

1. Newborn state.
2. Runnable state.
3. Running state.
4. Blocked state.
5. Dead state.
11. What is meant by event-driven programming?
Event-driven programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is
determined by events such as user actions (mouse clicks, key presses), sensor outputs, or messages
from other programs/threads. Event-driven programming is the dominant paradigm used in
graphical user interfaces and other applications (e.g. JavaScript web applications) that are centered
around performing certain actions
in response to user input

12. What are the properties of a thread ?

runnable: the object whose run() method is run on the thread

name: the name of the thread (used mainly for logging or other diagnostics)

id: the thread's id (a unique, positive long generated by the system when the thread was created)

threadGroup: the group to which this thread belongs

daemon: the thread's daemon status. A daemon thread is one that performs services for other
threads, or periodically runs some task, and is not expected to run to completion.

contextClassLoader: the classloader used by the thread

priority: a small integer between Thread.MIN_PRIORITY and Thread.MAX_PRIORITY inclusive

state: the current state of the thread

interrupted: the thread's interruption status

13. List out the motivation needed in generic programming.

The motivation needed in generic programming are :
 To motivate generic methods, that contains three overloaded print Array methods
 This methods print the string representations of the elements of an integer array, double
array and
character array
 Choose to use arrays of type Integer, double and character to setup our generic methods
14. How is throw exception created in exception handling?
Throw method is used to throw an exception manually. It has to declare the exceptions
thrown in the
method signature and then include a throw statement in the method throw new
ExceptionName (“Value”);
15. List out the advantages of multithreading.
The advantages are as follows
▪ Can be created faster
▪ Requires less overheads
▪ Inter-process communication is faster
▪ Context switching is faster
▪ Maximum use of CPU time

16. How Generics works in Java ? What is type erasure ?

This is one of better interview question in Generics. Generics is implemented using Type
erasure, compiler erases all type related information during compile time and no type
related information is available during runtime. for example List<String> is represented by
only List at runtime. This was done to ensure binary compatibility with the libraries which
were developed prior to Java 5. you don't have access to Type argument at runtime and
Generic type is translated to Raw type by compiler during runtime.

17. How to write a generic method which accepts generic argument and return Generic
Type?

writing generic method is not difficult, instead of using raw type you need to use Generic
Type like T, E or K,V which are well known placeholders for

Type, Element and Key, Value. Look on Java Collection framework for examples of generics
methods. In simplest form a generic method would look like:

public V put(K key, V value) { return

cache.put(key, value);
}
18. Can we use Generics with Array?
This was probably most simple generics interview question in Java, if you know the fact
that Array doesn't support Generics and that's why Joshua Bloch suggested in Effective
Java to prefer List over Array because List can provide compile time type-safety over
Array.
19. List out the Advantage of Java Generics
There are mainly 3 advantages of generics. They are as follows:
1) Type-safety : We can hold only a single type of objects in generics. It doesn’t
allow to store other objects.
2) Type casting is not required: There is no need to typecast the object
20. What is meant by multithreading? (M/J- 12) [2 Marks]
Multithreading extends the idea of multitasking into applications where you can subdivide
specific operations within a single application into individual threads. Each of the threads
can run in parallel. The OS divides processing time not only among different applications,
but also among each thread within an application.

21. What are the different identifier states of a thread? [2 Marks]

The different identifiers of a thread are: R - Running or runnable thread S - Suspended
threads CW -
Thread waiting on a condition variable MW - Thread waiting on a monitor
lock MS - Thread suspended waiting on a monitor lock
22. What method must be implemented by all threads? [2 Marks]
All tasks must implement the run() method, whether they are a subclass of thread or
implement the runnable interface.
23. Define Multitasking
Multitasking is a process of executing multiple tasks simultaneously. We use multitasking to
utilize the CPU. Multitasking can be achieved by two ways:
● Process-based Multitasking(Multiprocessing)
● Thread-based Multitasking(Multithreading)

24. Define Inter-thread communication?

Inter-thread communication or Co-operation is all about allowing synchronized threads to
communicate with each other.
Cooperation (Inter-thread communication) is a mechanism in which a thread
is paused running in its critical section and another thread is allowed to enter

(or lock) in the same critical section to be executed.It is implemented by following methods
of Object class:
● wait()
● notify()
● notifyAll()
25. Difference between wait and sleep?

Let's see the important differences between wait and sleep methods.

wait() sleep()

wait() method releases the lock sleep() method doesn't release the

is the method of Object class is the method of Thread class

is the non-static method is the static method

is the non-static method is the static method

should after the specified amount of time

be notified by notify() or notifyAll() methods
completed.

26. What about isInterrupted and interrupted method?

The isInterrupted() method returns the interrupted flag either true or false. The method
returns the interrupted flag afterthat it sets the flag to false if it is true.

27. What if we call run() method directly instead start() method?

● Each thread starts in a separate call stack.
● Invoking the run() method from main thread, the run() method goes ont stack rather
than at the beginning of a new call stack.

28. Define daemon thread?

A daemon thread is a thread that does not prevent the JVM from exiting when the program
finishes but the thread is still running. An example for a daemon thread is the garbage collection.
You can use the setDaemon(boolean) method to change the Thread daemon properties before the
thread starts.
29. List out the different Methods for Java Daemon thread by Thread class

The java.lang.Thread class provides two methods for java daemon thread.
 No. Method Description

public is used to mark the current thread as daem

1) void setDaemon(boolean status)
thread.

2) public boolean isDaemon() is used to check that current is daemon.

30. How to perform single task by multiple threads?

If you have to perform single task by many threads, have only one run() method. For example:

1. class TestMultitasking1 extends Thread{

2. public void run(){
3. System.out.println("task one");
4. }
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. TestMultitasking1 t1=new TestMultitasking1();
7. TestMultitasking1 t2=new TestMultitasking1();
8. TestMultitasking1 t3=new TestMultitasking1(); 9.
10. t1.start();
11. t2.start();
12. t3.start();
13. }
14. }
15.

Q.No Questions

31. (i) What is a thread? Explain its states and methods.

Refer page no:716
(ii) Explain thread properties. Refer page no:733

32. (i) Explain the methods of interrupting threads in java.

(ii) What is Event-driven programming? Explain. Refer page
no:728
33. Explain the procedure for running a task in a separate thread and running multiple
threads. Refer page no:731
 34. Explain the states of threads and how the thread is interrupted? Refer page no:728

35. (i) Explain how threads are created in Java

(ii) Write about various threads states in Java.

Refer page no:730

36. Explain briefly about thread synchronization in multithreading concepts.

37. Explain the following (i) States of a thread with a neat diagram.
(ii) Thread priorities.
Refer page no:716 & 733
38. i) How to implement runnable interface for creating and starting threads?
ii) Define threads. Describe in detail about thread life cycle.

EVENT DRIVEN PROGRAMMING

Graphics programming - Frame – Components - working with 2D shapes - Using color, fonts,
and images - Basics of event handling - event handlers - adapter classes - actions - mouse
events - AWT event hierarchy - Introduction to Swing – layout management - Swing
 Components – Text Fields , Text Areas – Buttons- Check Boxes – Radio Buttons – Lists-
choices- Scrollbars – Windows –Menus – Dialog Boxes.

Questions
Q.N
o
1. What is virtual machine in generic programming?

• the JVM has no instantiations of generic types

• a generic type definition is compiled once only, and a corresponding
raw type is produced
– the name of the raw type is the same name but type variables removed

2. Define generic class

A generic class declaration looks like a non-generic class declaration, except that the class

name is followed by a type parameter section. As with generic methods, the type parameter
section of a generic class can have one or more type parameters separated by commas.
These classes are known as parameterized classes or parameterized types because they
accept one or more parameters.
3. Define the term virtual machine.

The fundamental idea behind a virtual machine is to abstract the hardware of a single computer (the
CPU, memory, disk drives, network interface cards, and so forth) into several different execution
environments, thereby creating the illusion that each separate execution environment is running its own
private computer.

4. What is meant by generic classeses? Give example.

A generic class is a class with one or more type variables. This class allows to focus on
generics without being distracted by data storage details.

Ex: public class Pair<T>

public Pair() { first = null; second = null; } public Pair ( T first,

T second )

{ this.first = first; this.second = second; }

5. What is the need for generic programming?
Generic programming means to write code that can be reused for objects of many different
types. The single class ArrayList collects objects of any class.

6. Write about simple generic class with an example.

Java Generic methods and generic classes enable programmers to specify, with a single method
declaration, a set of related methods or, with a single class declaration, a set of related types,
respectively.

Generics also provide compile-time type safety that allows programmers to catch invalid types at
compile time.

Using Java Generic concept we might write a generic method for sorting an array of objects, then
invoke the generic method with Integer arrays, Double arrays, String arrays and so on, to sort
the array elements.

7. What are Wildcard Types?

The wildcard ? in Java is a special actual parameter for the instantiation of generic
(parameterized) types. It can be used for the instantiation, not in the definition of a generic unit

8. Why generic programming is required?

Important goal in implementing generic programming in Java is to respect the spirit of the
language and not make it conform to the way generic programming is implemented in other
languages. Three notions essential to the practice of programming in Java are:
Using OO techniques for system design
Using compile time checks to catch obvious errors and allowing the runtime system to catch
the rest
Using reflection to create flexible system architectures

9. State the features of Swing

Swing is the next-generation GUI toolkit that Sun Microsystems has developed for
the Java language. It is essentially a vast component framework built over parts of the older
AWT component libraries used in Java 1.0 and 1.1.

10. What are the steps needed to show a Frame?

First Step: JFrame
Second Step: WindowListener
Third Step: Adding a Panel
Fourth Step: Fonts in Panels
Fifth Step: Basic Graphics
6th Step: Basic Event Handling
7th Step: Window Events
 8th Step: Event Classes and Listener Interfaces
9th Step: Focus Event
10th Step: KeyBoard Events and Sketch Demo
11th Step: Mouse Events and Mouse Demo
12th Step: Action Interface
11. What is adapter class?
An adapter class provides the default implementation of all methods in an event listener
interface. Adapter classes are very useful to process only few of the events that are handled by a
particular event listener interface. Define a new class by extending one of the adapter classes and
implement only those events relevant.

12. Define frame.

In graphics and desktop publishing applications, a rectangular area in which text or graphics can
appear.

In video and animation, a single image in a sequence of images.

In HTML, refers to dividing the browser display area into separate sections, each of which is really a
different Web page.

13. Mention any four event names of a button component. getAccessibleContext()

Gets the AccessibleContext associated with this JButton.

getUIClassID()

Returns a string that specifies the name of the L&F class that renders this component.

isDefaultButton()

Gets the value of the defaultButton property, which if true means that
this button is the current default button for its JRootPane.

isDefaultCapable()

Gets the value of the defaultCapable property.

paramString()

Returns a string representation of this JButton.

14. How do you manage the color and font of a graphics in applet?
To draw an object in a particular color, you must create an instance of the Color class
to represent that color. The Color class defines a set of standard color objects, stored in class
variables, to quickly get a color object for some of the more popular colors. For example,
Color.red returns a Color object representing red (RGB values of 255, 0, and 0), Color.white
returns a white color (RGB values of 255, 255, and 255)

15. What is meant by window adapter classes?

The adapter which receives window events. The methods in this class are empty; this class is
provided as a convenience for easily creating listeners by extending this class and overriding
only the methods of interest.

public abstract class WindowAdapter

extends Object

implements WindowListener

16. Differentiate GridBagLayout from GridLayout

GridLayout class lays all components in a rectangular grid like structure of container. The
container is divided into an equal sized rectangles and each component is placed inside a
rectangle.

The GridBagLayout class is a flexible layout manager that aligns components vertically and
horizontally, without requiring that the components be of the same size. Each GridBagLayout
object maintains a dynamic, rectangular grid of cells, with each component occupying one or
more cells, called its display area.

17. How are frames created in Java?

A Frame is a top-level window with a title and a border. The size of the frame includes any area
designated for the border. The dimensions of the border area may be obtained using the
getInsets method. Since the border area is included in the overall size of the frame, the border
effectively obscures a portion of the frame, constraining the area available for rendering and/or
displaying subcomponents to the rectangle which has an upper-left corner location

of (insets.left, insets.top), and has a size of width - (insets.left + insets.right)

by height - (insets.top + insets.bottom).

A frame, implemented as an instance of the JFrame class, is a window that has decorations such
as a border, a title, and supports button components that close or iconify the window.
Applications with a GUI usually include at least one frame
18. Give the value for the following predefined actions.
(a) SMALL-ICON - Place to store small icon, The icon for the action used in the tool bar or on a
button. You can set this property when creating the action using the AbstractAction(name, icon)
constructor.
(b) MNEMONIC-KEY - The mnemonic abbreviations, for display in menu items.

19. List the AWT controls?

 Label Button Checkbox

TextComponent Choice
List Scrollbar

20. What method is used to distinguish between single, double and triple mouse clicks?

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)

21. What is a JPanel object?

JPanel is a generic lightweight container. For examples and task-oriented documentation
for JPanel,
All Implemented Interfaces:
ImageObserver, MenuContainer, Serializable, Accessible
Direct Known Subclasses:
AbstractColorChooserPanel, JSpinner.DefaultEditor

22. What is the function of

a. Set Layout - The SetLayout function changes the layout of a device context
(DC).
b. Flow Layout

23. Write a note on push Button Control?

A push button is a component that contains a label and that generates as event when it is
pressed. Push buttons are objects of type Button. Button defines these two constructors.

Button( )
Button( String str)

The first version creates an empty button. The second creates a button that contains str as a
label.
24. Distinguish between component and container
Component is an abstract class that encapsulates all of the attributes of a visual component.
All user interface elements that are displayed on the screen and that interact with the user
are subclasses of Component.
The container class is a subclass of Component. It has additional methods that allow other
Component objects to be nested within it. Other Container objects can be stored inside of a
container.

25. Write a note on Borderlayout?

The BorderLayout class implements a common layout style for top-level windows. It has
four narrow, fixed-width components at the edges and one large area in the center. The four
sides are referred to as north, south, east, and west. The middles area is called the center.
Here are the constructors defined by BorderLayout

BorderLayout( ) BorderLayout(int horz, int

vert)

26. What is the difference between the ‘Font’ and ‘FontMetrics’ class?

The Font Class is used to render ‘glyphs’ - the characters you see on the screen.
FontMetrics encapsulates information about a specific font on a specific Graphics
object. (width of the characters, ascent, descent)

27. How would you create a button with rounded edges?

There’s 2 ways. The first thing is to know that a JButton’s edges are drawn by a Border. so
you can override the Button’s paintComponent(Graphics) method and draw a circle or
rounded rectangle (whatever), and turn off the border. Or you can create a custom border
that draws a circle or rounded rectangle around any component and set the button’s border
to it.

28. Difference between Swing and Awt?

AWT are heavy-weight componenets. Swings are light-weight components. Hence swing
works faster than AWT.

29. What is an event and what are the models available for event handling?

An event is an event object that describes a state of change in a source. In other words,
event occurs when an action is generated, like pressing button, clicking mouse, selecting a
list, etc. There are two types of models for handling events and they are: a) event-
inheritance model and b)event-delegation model
30. What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane?

A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a Conatiner and

handles its own events and perform its own scrolling.

Q.N QUESTIONS
O
31. Explain about the concepts of creating and positioning of frame

32. Define Event handling write a program to handle a button event.

33. Explain the classes under 2D shapes. Working with 2D Shapes

34. Explain event handling with examples.

35. Write action event with an example.

36. What are the swing components? Explain. Swing Component
37. Describe the AWT event hierarchy.

38. Give the methods available in graphics for COLOR and FONTS.