What is Arduino?

•Arduino is like a mini-

computer that you can
use to control lights,
sounds, and even
robots!
•It helps us learn how to
create cool electronic
projects.
•Think of it as a tool to
bring your ideas to life!
Parts of an Arduino Board
 Microcontroller (ATmega328P)
• This is the brain of the
Arduino Uno.
• It runs the code you write
and controls the connected
devices.
• Think of it as the decision-
maker for your projects.
 Power Supply
• The Arduino Uno
needs 5-12 volts of
input power, but it
works best at 9V.
• It can also be
powered via USB (5V).
• The board consumes
around 50-200 mA of
current depending on
the project.
 Digital Pins
• There are 14 digital
pins (labelled 0-13).
• These can be used to
control devices like
LEDs or read button
presses.
• Some pins support
Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM)
for simulating analog
output.
 When to Use Digital Pins
• Use digital pins when you need to turn something ON or OFF, like
lights or a motor.
• They are great for devices that have two states (e.g., ON/OFF,
HIGH/LOW).
• Example: Controlling an LED to blink.
 Analog Pins
• There are 6 analog pins
(labelled A0-A5).
• These read data like
temperature, light
intensity, or sound
levels.
 When to Use Analog Pins
• Use analog pins when you need to measure a range of values, like
temperature or light intensity.
• They are used to read data from sensors that provide varying outputs.
• Example: Reading the brightness of light using a light sensor.
 What is PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
• PWM is a way to simulate analog
output using digital pins.
• Digital pins can only be HIGH (5V)
or LOW (0V). PWM creates a signal
that switches between HIGH and
LOW very quickly.
• By adjusting the time the signal
stays HIGH vs. LOW, we can control
the brightness of an LED or the
speed of a motor.
• Example:
• If the signal is HIGH 50% of the time and
LOW 50% of the time, the LED will appear
dim.
• If the signal is HIGH 90% of the time, the
LED will appear brighter.
• Pins with PWM capability are
marked with a tilde "~" symbol on
the Arduino board.
 USB Port
• Used to upload
your code to the
Arduino.
• It also powers
the Arduino when
connected to a
computer.
 Reset Button
• If something
goes wrong,
press this
button to
restart the
program on
your Arduino.
 Voltage Regulator
• Ensures that the
power supply to
the Arduino stays
safe and stable.
• Protects the board
from receiving too
much voltage.
 Power Pins
• VIN Pin: For connecting
external power sources.
• 3.3V Pin: Provides 3.3
volts to sensors and
modules.
• 5V Pin: Provides 5 volts
to other components.
• GND Pins: Connect to
the ground of your
circuit.
 Built-in LEDs
• The "L" LED is
connected to pin 13
and can be used to
test simple
programs.
• The power LED
shows if the board is
ON.
 Crystal Oscillator
• Keeps the Arduino’s timing accurate for running programs.
 What Can You Do With Arduino?
• Light Control: Turn lights ON and OFF automatically.
• Smart Alarms: Create alarms that buzz when someone enters a
room.
• Weather Sensors: Measure temperature, rain, or light.
• Robots: Make robots that move and follow commands.
• Games: Design simple games like reaction timers.
 How is Arduino Used in Real Life?
• Smart Homes: Control lights, fans, and appliances automatically.
• Schools: Create science projects like plant watering systems.
• Hospitals: Monitor heartbeats and other health signals.
• Factories: Automate machines and track production.
• Everyday Fun: Build toys, musical instruments, or even your own
gadgets.
 How Does Arduino Work?
1.Write instructions on a
computer (called
coding).
2.Send the code to the
Arduino using the USB
cable.
3.Connect wires,
sensors, or lights to the
Arduino.
4.Watch your project
come to life!
 What is Arduino IDE?
• To program Arduino, we
use special software
called Arduino IDE.
• IDE stands for "Integrated
Development
Environment."
• It's a software where you
write the code for Arduino.
• It helps to upload the code
to the Arduino board.
Structure of an Arduino Program
 void setup()
• This is where you write the code that runs once when the Arduino
starts.
• Use it to set things up, like telling the Arduino which pins are
inputs or outputs.
 void loop()
• This is where you write the code that runs over and over again.
• Use it to make your Arduino do things repeatedly, like turning a
light on and off.
 Important Commands
• pinMode
• digitalWrite
• digitalRead
• delay
 pinMode(pin, mode)
• Sets a pin as INPUT or OUTPUT.
 digitalWrite(pin, value)
• Sends a HIGH (on) or LOW (off) signal to a pin.
 digitalRead(pin)
• Reads the value from an input pin (HIGH or LOW).
 What Do HIGH and LOW Mean?
• HIGH: Turns something ON (5 volts).
• LOW: Turns something OFF (0 volts).
 What Are INPUT and OUTPUT?
• INPUT: To receive data, like a button press.
• OUTPUT: To send data, like turning on an LED.
 Variable
• In Arduino, variables can store numbers, letters, or even true/false
information that your Arduino uses to perform tasks.
• Think of a variable as a container or a drawer where you can store
things.
• Variables help your Arduino remember and use information
• If you’re controlling an LED’s brightness, you can use a variable to
store the brightness level.
• If you’re making a robot, variables can help it keep track of time or
distance.
 Data Types
• int (integer)
• float (floating-point number)
• char (character)
• String
• bool (boolean)
 int (integer)
• Stores whole numbers (no decimals).
• It’s like a counting jar where you can only store whole candies, not
broken ones.
 float (floating-point number)
• Stores numbers with decimals.
• Imagine measuring water in a bottle. You can have 3.5 liters, not
just whole numbers.
 char (character)
• Stores a single letter or symbol.
• Think of writing initials on a box to label what’s inside. Only one
letter fits.
 String
• Store words or multiple characters.
• It’s like writing a full name on a tag.
 bool (boolean)
• Can only have two values: true or false
• It’s like a light switch. It can either be ON(true) or OFF(false)
Which is variable, data type and value?

int: This is the data type of the variable.

ledPin: This is the name of the variable.

= 1: This assigns the value 1 to the variable

ledPin. It means the pin number 1 is stored in
ledPin.
Points to remember
 Blink an LED
• Connect +ve of LED to pin 13 and –ve to GND.
 Uploading Code

Make sure the correct board

and port are selected in the
Arduino IDE before uploading
your code.