Desi gn and Devel opment of

Quadr at ur e Hybr i d Coupl er at

18-40 GHz
Ext er nal Gui de : Int er nal Gui de : Pr esent ed by :
M r. Syed Sadul l ah Hussai ni M r s.K.Ch.Sr i Kavya M r. B.V.Raj Gopal a Rao
Sci ent i st C Associ at e Pr of essor M .Tech ( C& R)
DLRL-Hyder abad K.L.Uni ver si t y 10102157
Obj ect i ve
The aim of t he pr oj ect i s t o desi gn and devel op hybr i d coupl er w i t h di f f er ent
conf i gur at i ons at 26.0 40.0 GHz and 18.0 40.0 GHz.
Fol l ow i ng conf i gur at i ons have been i nvest i gat ed and t he ef fect of DGS has been st udi ed
(As DGS makes t he desi gn compact and shar pens t he cut of f ).
Si ngl e sect i on Br anch l i ne coupl er
Cascaded Br anch l i ne coupl er .
5 Sect i on br anch l i ne coupl er.
5 Sect i on br anch l i ne coupl er w i t h DGS ef fect .
Re ent r ant mode Coupl er or Hopfer Coupl er.
M i cr owave Tool s used :
Advanced Desi gn syst em (ADS)
ANSOFT Desi gner
Mi cr owave Component s
Mi cr owave component s can be cat egor i zed by t he t ype of ci r cui t el ement s
whi ch ar e used: di scr et e ( or l umped) ver sus di st r i but ed
Lumped el ement s i n gener i c el ect r oni c ci r cui t such as i nduct or s and
capaci t or s ar e gener al l y avai l abl e onl y f or a l i mi t ed r ange of val ues and ar e
di f f i cul t t o i mpl ement at mi cr owave f r equenci es
Di st r i but ed el ement s ar e f or med usi ng sect i ons of t r ansmi ssi on l i ne.
Dependi ng on t he l ayout (l i ne wi dt h, geomet r y, et c. ) sect i ons of l i ne can
behave ver y much l i ke capaci t or s, i nduct or s, or a combi nat i on of bot h
Advant ages of di st r i but ed component s:
At hi gh f r equenci es hi gh per f or mance di scr et e el ement s must be ver y smal l
and can be di f f i cul t t o manuf act ur e and assembl e
Desi gns usi ng di st r i but ed el ement s can of t en be made mor e cheapl y, and may
per f or m bet t er at hi gh f r equenci es
Cont i nued. .
The key di f f er ence bet ween ci r cui t t heor y and t r ansmi ssi on l i ne t heor y l i es i n
el ect r i cal si ze.
A ver y gener al di st i nct i on bet ween l umped and di st r i but ed i s:
Lumped el ement s have a physi cal si ze <<<<<<
Di st r i but ed el ement s have a physi cal si ze comparable to
Thus we can say t hat a t r ansmi ssi on l i ne i s a di st r i but ed- par amet er net wor k
wher e vol t ages and cur r ent s can var y i n magni t ude and phase over t he l engt h
of t he net wor k.
Her e we wi l l f ocus on mi cr ost r i p Tr ansmi ssi on l i ne mi cr owave ci r cui t s
One dr awback t o di st r i but ed el ement s i s t hat t he char act er i st i cs ar e hi ghl y
f r equency-dependent
Anot her di sadvant age of usi ng di st r i but ed el ement s at l ower f r equenci es i s
l ar ger si zes( because of l ar ger wavel engt hs at l ower f r eq. 's)
Tr ansmi ssi on Li ne Revi ew
Tr ansmi ssi on Li ne Ter mi nat ed wi t h Zo
Hi gh-Fr equency Devi ce Char act er i zat i on
Ref l ect i on Par amet er s
Tr ansmi ssi on Par amet er s
Low-Fr equency Net wor k Char act er i zat i on
Why use S-par amet er s??
Measur i ng S-par amet er s
Mi cr ost r i p Tr ansmi ssi on l i ne
It s an i nhomogeneous Tr ansmi ssi on Li ne
st r uct ur e
Empl oys a hi gh di el ect r i c subst r at e, t he
EM f i el d i s concent r at ed ver y t i ght l y near
t he conduct or i n t he f r ee- space r egi on,
avoi di ng excessi ve r adi at i on l oss.
Advant ages:
Sui t abl e f or et chi ng
ease of mount i ng component s
Accessi bi l i t y f or ci r cui t t uni ng
El ect r i c E and M agnet i c H f i el d l i nes f or f undament al
Quasi -TEM i n M i cr ost r i p
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Hybr i d Coupl er
A Hybr i d i s a passi ve devi ce w hi ch coupl es par t
of t he t r ansmi ssi on pow er usi ng t w o t r ansmi ssi on
l i nes.
Di f f er ence bet w een Di r ect i onal coupl er and
Hybr i d coupl er.
Appl i cat i ons
To desi gn a Hybr i d coupl er :
Pl anar M i cr ost r i p Conf i gurat i on
Wi de band of 26.0 40 GHz and 18.0-40.0GHz
Ti ght coupl i ng of -3dB
Ret ur n l oss > 20dB
Isol at i on >20dB
Appl i cat i ons of Hybr i d Coupl er s :
Bal anced Ampl i f i er s
Bal anced M i xer s
Image r ej ect i on mi xer s
Phase shi f t er s
At t enuat or s
Beam f or mi ng Net w or ks
Di r ect i on of Ar r i val (DOA)
Image Rej ect i on M i xer
Bal anced Ampl i f i er
Desi gn of -3dB Coupl er at 26 40 GHz
Z1 , Z2 Ser i es and br anch l i ne i mpedances.
Even and Odd mode Anal ysi s.
Convent i onal BLC has a l i mi t ed bandw i dt h of 15%.
Bandw i dt h can be enhanced by cascadi ng mul t i pl e sect i ons.
Si ngl e Sect i on Branch-l i ne Coupl er
3-Sect i on branch l i ne Coupl er
Even and Odd M ode Anal ysi s
.
Decomposi t i on of t he branch-l i ne coupl er i nt o even- and odd-mode exci t at i ons.
(a) Even mode (e). (b) Odd mode (o).
Pr oposed Desi gn
Por t 1 Input por t Por t 3 - Di r ect por t
Por t 2 i sol at i on por t Por t 4 - Coupl ed por t
Z1 = 35.35 , Z2 = 120.7
Ef f ect s of Hi gh Fr equenci es
Ef f ect s of Di scont i nui t i es
Si mul at i on Resul t s and Di scussi ons
Per f or mance was eval uat ed usi ng Ansoft Designer microw a ve Tool.
Subst r at e char act er i st i cs:
Di el ect r i c const ant r = 2.2
Hei ght H = 10mi l (0.254mm)
Loss t angent = 0.001
El ect r i cal char act er i st i cs:
Char act er i st i c i mpedance Z0 = 50 Physi cal Di mensi ons of t he st r uct ur e
El ect r i cal l engt h = 90 degr ees
Desi gn f r equency f 0 = 33GHz
Ret ur n l oss f or 1-Sect i on, 3-Sect i on and 5-sect i on
br anch l i ne coupl er s
26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
F [GHz]
-37.50
-35.50
-33.50
-31.50
-29.50
-27.50
-25.50
-23.50
-21.50
d
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Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 1
m5
m6
m7
m8
m9
Curve Inf o
dB(S(Port1,Port1))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
Name X Y
m5 26.0000 -20.0386
m6 28.2000 -37.1955
m7 32.4000 -20.9531
m8 37.4000 -28.2521
m9 40.0000 -23.9196
26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
F [GHz]
-32.50
-30.50
-28.50
-26.50
-24.50
-22.50
-20.50
-18.50
d
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Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 5
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
Curve Inf o
dB(S(Port1,Port2))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
Name X Y
m1 26.0000 -19.6803
m2 28.4000 -32.4312
m3 32.8000 -21.0107
m4 37.4000 -27.4584
m5 40.0000 -23.0166
26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
F [GHz]
-4.50
-4.25
-4.00
-3.75
-3.50
-3.25
-3.00
-2.75
-2.50
Y
1
Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 3
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
m7
Curve Info
dB(S(Port1,Port3))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
dB(S(Port1,Port4))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
Name X Y
m1 26.0000 -4.3967
m2 29.6000 -3.4670
m3 35.8000 -2.9964
m4 40.0000 -2.8619
m5 26.0000 -2.7304
m6 35.8000 -4.1515
m7 40.0000 -4.4356
26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
F [GHz]
-300.00
-250.00
-200.00
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
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Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 4
m1
m2 m3 m4
m5
m6 m7
Curve Inf o
ang_deg(S(Port1,Port3))-ang_deg(S(Port1,Port4))
Setup 1 : Sw eep 1
Name X Y
m1 31.2000 -268.5467
m2 34.8000 91.5605
m3 37.8000 92.3388
m4 40.0000 92.6918
m5 30.4000 -268.4030
m6 26.8000 90.9216
m7 26.0000 90.0890
Pl ot f or Ret ur n l oss (S11) Plot f or Isol at i on (S12)
Pl ot f or Coupl i ng bet ween S13 & S14 Pl ot f or Phase Di f f erence bet ween S13 & S14
Def ect i ve Gr ound St r uct ur e ( DGS )
DGS i s an et ched per i odi c or non-per i odi c st r uct ur e.
It i s a sl ot i n t he gr ound pl ane whi ch i ncr eases ef f ect i ve capaci t ance and
i nduct ance.
It act s as sl ow wave st r uct ur e and al so i ncr eases t he charact er i st i c
i mpedance.
It s equi val ent ci r cui t i s paral l el LC ( Tank ckt ).
Di sadv : Radi at i on f r om t he per i odi c et ched st r uct ur es.
DGS i n ground pl ane
DGS equi val ent ci rcui t
5-Sect i on BLC w i t h DGS
5-Sec BLC 3-D Top vi ew
5-Sec BLC 3-D si de
vi ew
5-Sec BLC wi t h DGS Layout
Compar i son of physi cal di mensi ons of 5-Sect i on BLC wi t h and wi t hout DGS
Resul t s and Di scussi ons
26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
F [GHz]
-4.40
-4.20
-4.00
-3.80
-3.60
-3.40
-3.20
Y
1
Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 2
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
Curve Info
dB(S(Port1,Port4))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
dB(S(Port1,Port2))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
Name X Y
m1 26.0000 -3.8344
m2 32.0000 -3.6520
m3 40.0000 -4.3821
m4 26.2000 -3.3252
m5 32.0000 -4.1423
m6 40.0000 -4.3194
26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
F [GHz]
-37.50
-35.00
-32.50
-30.00
-27.50
-25.00
-22.50
-20.00
-17.50
-15.00
Y
1
Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 1
m3
m4
m5
m6
m7
m8
Curve Info
dB(S(Port1,Port1))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
dB(S(Port1,Port3))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
Name X Y
m3 26.0000 -19.6597
m4 32.6000 -36.3321
m5 40.0000 -18.6091
m6 26.0000 -20.1005
m7 32.8000 -34.6351
m8 40.0000 -18.8491
26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
F [GHz]
-300.00
-250.00
-200.00
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
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Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 4
m1
m2 m3
m4 m5 m6
Curve Inf o
ang_deg(S(Port1,Port2))-ang_deg(S(Port1,port4))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
Name X Y
m1 30.0000 92.1833
m2 40.0000 -263.4659
m3 40.0000 -263.4659
m4 26.4000 90.8551
m5 26.0000 90.7005
m6 26.0000 90.7005
26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
F [GHz]
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
d
B
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Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 5
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
Curve Inf o
dB(S(Port1,Port2))-dB(S(Port1,Port4))
Setup 1 : Sw eep 1
Name X Y
m1 26.0000 -0.5483
m2 29.2000 0.2055
m3 32.4000 0.4987
m4 37.0000 0.2384
m5 40.0000 -0.0628
Coupl ed l i ne t heor y
When t wo unshi el ded l i nes ar e pl aced cl ose t oget her, power can be
coupl ed bet ween t he l i nes due t o t he i nt eract i on of t he EM f i el ds.
Coupl ed l i nes has per f ect mat chi ng and di r ect i vi t y.
Exi t s t wo t ypes of pr opagat i on modes :
Even mode : Cur r ent s wi t h same ampl i t ude and i n same di r ect i on.
odd mode : Cur r ent s wi t h same ampl i t ude and i n opposi t e di r ect i on.
Even mode :
Odd mode :
Desi gn of -3dB coupl er at 18-40 GHz
Conf i gurat i ons :
Edge Coupl ed l i nes .
Br oad si de coupl ed l i nes.
Ver t i cal l y i nst al l ed pl anar coupl ed l i nes.
Of f set paral l el coupl ed l i nes.
Pr obl ems :
Ti ght coupl i ng r equi r es nar r ow spaci ng bet ween coupl ed l i nes whi ch i s
pract i cal l y unr eal i zabl e.
In M i cr ost r i p , even and odd mode phase vel oci t i es ar e not equal whi ch
ef f ect s t he di r ect i vi t y ,r et ur n l oss and i sol at i on
Hi gh f r equency ef f ect s
-3dB Coupl er conf i gurat i ons:
Lange Coupl er s
Tandem coupl er s
Re-ent rant coupl er s
Phase vel oci t y compensat i on t echni ques f or M i cr ost r i p l i nes :
By addi ng l umped capaci t ances at t he ends of t he coupl ed l i nes.
By addi ng a di el ect r i c over l ay on t op of t he coupl ed l i nes.
By usi ng Wi ggl y l i nes.
Coupl er wi t h t i ght coupl i ng of -3dB has been desi gned usi ng r e-ent rant
conf i gurat i on wi t h mul t i pl e di el ect r i c l ayer s t o compensat e nar r ow
spaci ng bet ween t he coupl ed l i nes and al so t o equal t he even and odd
mode phase vel oci t i es of M i cr ost r i p coupl ed l i nes.
Re-ent r ant coupl er ( Hopf er Coupl er ) desi gn
A , B --- i nner coaxi al conduct or s
C --- Out er conduct or
The conduct or C i s at f l oat i ng pot ent i al w i t h r espect t o t he conduct or s A, B and t he
out er conduct or D.
The t ransmi ssi on l i ne bet ween C and D i s i n ser i es w i t h t he t wo coaxi al l i nes
cont ai ned i n C, act i ng as a mut ual coupl i ng medi um.
Zo1 ---- Impedance bet ween out er conduct or C and gr ound pl ane D.
Z02 ---- Impedance bet ween i nner conduct or s A , B and gr ound pl ane D.
Re- ent rant cr oss sect i on usi ng coaxi al l i nes
Desi gn r el at i ons
Even mode i mpedance
Odd mode i mpedance
Over al l i mpedance
wher e k -- coupl i ng f act or
c -- coupl i ng (dB)
Desi gn usi ng M i cr ost r i p l i nes
The M i cr ost r i p ver si on of a r e-ent rant coupl er consi st s of a coupl ed l i ne on t he
mi ddl e l ayer sandw i ched bet ween t he f l oat i ng conduct or on t he t op l ayer and a
f l oat i ng conduct or i n t he r ect angul ar gr ound pl ane sl ot under neat h t he coupl ed
l i nes at t he bot t om l ayer .
Longi t udi nal vi ew
Cr oss sect i onal vi ew
Hopf er Coupl er Desi gn i n ANSOFT Desi gner
3 Di mensi onal Vi ews
Resul t s and Di scussi ons
17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00
F [GHz]
-50.00
-45.00
-40.00
-35.00
-30.00
-25.00
-20.00
Y
1
Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 1
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
m7
m8
m9
m10
m11
m12
Curve Info
dB(S(Port1,Port1))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
dB(S(Port1,Port4))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
Name X Y
m1 18.0000 -28.7634
m2 22.0000 -46.5821
m3 27.0000 -24.6444
m4 31.0000 -27.8985
m5 39.0000 -26.2331
m6 40.0000 -25.3202
m7 18.0000 -31.0848
m8 20.0000 -48.8893
m9 24.0000 -25.5915
m10 30.0000 -28.8321
m11 39.0000 -22.7021
m12 40.0000 -21.3070
17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00
F [GHz]
-4.40
-4.20
-4.00
-3.80
-3.60
-3.40
-3.20
-3.00
Y
1
Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 5
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
m7
m8
m9
Curve Info
dB(S(Port1,Port3))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
dB(S(Port1,Port2))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
Name X Y
m1 18.0000 -3.0992
m2 27.0000 -3.5284
m3 33.0000 -3.8893
m4 39.0000 -3.9161
m5 40.0000 -4.3700
m6 18.0000 -3.4219
m7 22.0000 -3.1247
m8 33.0000 -3.4766
m9 40.0000 -4.2945
17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00
F [GHz]
-300.00
-250.00
-200.00
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
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m1 m2
m3
m4
m5 m6 m7
m8
m9 m10
m11
m12
Name X Y
m1 18.0000 -269.6665
m2 19.0000 -269.6717
m3 23.0000 90.2467
m4 26.0000 -270.0887
m5 27.0000 90.0366
m6 28.0000 90.0617
m7 29.0000 89.8954
m8 32.0000 -271.1468
m9 36.0000 89.1182
m10 37.0000 88.9733
m11 39.0000 -272.6546
m12 40.0000 85.8222
17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00
F [GHz]
-0.50
-0.30
-0.10
0.10
0.30
0.50
d
B
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Ansoft Corporation PlanarEM1
XY Plot 8
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
Curve Info
dB(S(Port1,Port2))-dB(S(Port1,Port3))
Setup 1 : Sweep 1
Name X Y
m1 18.0000 -0.3228
m2 22.0000 0.4239
m3 27.0000 -0.0113
m4 33.0000 0.4127
m5 39.0000 -0.4180
m6 40.0000 0.0756
Concl usi on
A 3-dB f i ve sect i on branch l i ne hybr i d i n wi de f r equency band usi ng a
pl anar M i cr ost r i p conf i gurat i on.
Desi gn sat i sf i ed t he bandwi dt h ef f i ci ency of 42%.
Hopf er coupl er i n a f r equency band of 18-40 GHz wi t h a bandwi dt h
ef f i ci ency of 75%.
Ret ur n l oss of 20dB t hr oughout t he f r equency band.
A t i ght coupl i ng of 31dB.
Isol at i on gr eat er t han 15dB.
Phase i mbal ance of bet t er t han 3.
Ampl i t ude i mbal ance of 0.5dB.
Ref er ences
[ 1] D. M . Pozar , M i cr ow ave Engi neer i ng , 3
r d
edi t i on. New yor k: Wi l ey, 1998.
[ 2] Andr ei Gr ebenni kov, Pow er combi ner s, i mpedance t r ansf or mer s and di r ect i onal coupl er s , Summi t Techni cal medi a, LLC , 2008.
[ 3] Raj esh M ongi a,Inder Bahl ,Pr akash Bhat i a, Rf and M i cr ow ave Coupl ed l i ne Ci r cui t s ,Ar t ech House Publ i cat i ons.
[ 4] S.Kumar , C.Tannous, and T.Danshi n , A M ul t i sect i on Br oadband Impedance Tr ansf or mi ng Br anch-Li ne Hybr i d ,IEEE Tr ans.M i cr ow ave
Theor y Tech vol .M TT-43,pp.2517-2523,Nov.1995
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t echnol ogy Let t er s vol 50, No.9, Sep 2008.
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[ 11] Seymour B. Cohn, The r e-ent r ant cr oss sect i on and w i de-band 3-dB hybr i d coupl er s, IEEE Tr ans. on M TT, vol . M TT-
11, pp.254-258, Jul y 1963.
[ 12] L. Lavendol and J. J. Taub, Re-ent r ant di r ect i onal coupl er usi ng st r i p t r ansmi ssi on, IEEE Tr ans. on M TT, vol . M TT-24, pp.700-
701, Sept ember 1965.
[ 13] Pavi o, A. M ., and Sut t on, S. K., A M i cr ost r i p r e-ent r ant mode Quadr at ur e coupl er f or hybr i d and monol i t hi c ci r cui t appli cat i ons, IEEE
M TT-S Symp., Di g., pp. 573-576, 1990. Aut hor i zed
T hank you..
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