Process of Industrialization: The Growth of Cities

1.
Process of Industrialization
Industrialisation (or industrialization) is the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialisation also introduces a form of philosophical change where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous rationalisation. There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development. Key positive factors identified by researchers have ranged from favourable political-legal environments for industry and commerce, through abundant natural resources of various kinds, to plentiful supplies of relatively low-cost, skilled and adaptable labour. As industrial workers incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. The first country to industrialise was the United Kingdom during the Industrial Revolution commencing in the eighteenth century. By the end of the 20th century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world .
The Growth of cities

Across Europe, landowners took part in what historians call the enclosures movement they fenced off more and more farmland to create grazing areas for sheep, the source of wool for the thriving textile mills. Without land, countless terabit farmers had little choice but to head to the cities in search of work in the new factories. Before discussing the factories which combined to produce an Industrial Revolution, the net botton-line result of the process should be described. Hartwell defines the Industrial Revolution succinctly as the sustained increase in the rate of growth of total and per capita output at a rate which was revolutionary compared with what went before. This increase in output is mainly identified with the growth in an urban, industrial manufacturing sector that produces for both domestic and foreign markets. Much emphasis has been placed on the role of trade in the Atlantic economy of the 1700s as a spur to
industrial growth. However, the discussion will be restricted to that set of process generated entirely within Britain, under the assumption (shared by others) that the home market was the decisive one in determining growth. The international economic and political conditions that existed should therefore be considered outside the boundary of the social system in question. The industrial revolution is thus defined as self-generated boo, in the output of manufacturers that radically changed British society. While it is important for an understanding of the industrial revolution to trace out the effects of technology on production and indirectly on demand it is equally important to examine these social and economic forces that provided the incentive to innovate in the first place. Technology and society are intertwined by feedback loops which can cause explosive growth of the economy. The social changes that accompanied the great increase in output and technology will be examined here, with special attended given to (1) the dramatic shift out of agricultural and into industry (2) the connection between labor supply and consumption demand (3) the importance of raw materials (4) the process of innovation in a scientistific society. Values and institutions that developed largely prior to the 18th century (such as science, individualisms, rationality, laissez-faire and tradition of an positive regard for commerce and enterprise), are outside the country of consideration here, because of the long intervals of time over which these developed. Such factors played important roles in the development of a favourable climate for industrial change and are taken to be preconditions of radical change, as Rostov puts it.
Conflict Theory
Karl Marx, who developed conflict theory, witnessed the industrial Revolution that transformed Europe. He saw that peasants who had left the land to seek work in urbanizing areas had to work at wages that barely provided enough to eat. The average worker died at age 30, the wealthy at age [Edgerton 1992:87]. Shocked by this suffering and exploitation, Marx began to analyze society and history. As he did so, he developed conflict theory, concluding that the key to all human history is class struggle. In each society; some small group controls the means of production and proletariat, the mass of workers exploited by the bourgeoisie. The capitalisms also control politics, so that when workers rebel the capitalists are able to call on the power of the state to that control them [Angell 1965].
REFERANCE:
http://europetransformed.blogspot.com/2007/08/process-of-industrialization.html
HARTWELL,r.m.,1967a,introducation in the causes of the industrial revolution in England (R.M Hartwell,editor), Methuen and co., ltd

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The Growth of cities

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