Peter Bernus Laszlo Nemes Giinter Schmidt

Editors

Handbook on Enterprise Architecture

Springer

Contents

Preface V 1 Introduction Peter Bernus, Laszlo Nemes 1.1 Enterprise Architecture 1.2 The Business Process Perspective 1.3 Extended, Virtual Enterprises 1.4 Enterprise Integration Methods 1.5 The Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture And Methodology (The GERAM Enterprise Architecture Framework) . . References Part I Architecture Frameworks - Organising Enterprise Architecture Knowledge 2 GERAM - The Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology IFIP-IFAC Task Force on Architectures for Enterprise Integration 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Framework for Enterprise Engineering and Enterprise Integration 2.3 Description of GERAM Framework Components 2.4 Historical Note References 3 A Mapping of Individual Architecture Frameworks (GRAI, PERA, C4ISR, CIMOSA, ZACHMAN, ARIS) onto GERAM Ovidiu Noran 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Life Cycle Phases 1 1 9 10 12 13 17

22 22 24 28 60 62

65 65 68

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Contents 81 95 122 140 151 167 185 199 203 204

3.3 Life History: The Timeline Aspect in Methodologies 3.4 The Modelling Frameworks of Reference Architectures 3.5 Modelling Languages 3.6 Methodologies 3.7 Reference Models 3.8 Other Relevant Constructs 3.9 Enterprise Engineering Tools 3.10 The Big Picture and Conclusions 3.11 Glossary of Terms Used in this Chapter References

Part II Strategy Making and Business Planning 4 Strategy as a Creation of Corporate Future
Brane Kalpic, Krsto Pandza, Peter Bernus 4.1 Introduction 4.2 What is Strategy and Why it Matters? 4.3 Resources and Capabilities 4.4 The Strategy Process 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Leadership: Better Relationships through Better Communication Hugh Mackay 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Changing People's Minds 5.3 Defending the Cage 5.4 Attitudes and Behaviour: Which Causes Which ? 5.5 Is It Really People's 'Minds' that We Want to Change? 5.6 How Do We Change People's Behaviour? 5.7 What is the Role of Communication in all This ? 5.8 What if We Can't Change the Environment? 5.9 Consultation: The Key to Managing Change References 6 Capability Improvement Ted Goranson 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Problems and a New Role for Enterprise Modelling 6.3 Agile Virtual Enterprise and Fluid Supply Chains 6.4 Dimensions of Capability Improvement 6.5 Conclusion 213 213 214 221 233 250 251

255 255 256 259 262 265 267 273 274 276 278 281 281 282 284 286 290

Contents XVII 7 Developing the Business Model - A Methodology for Virtual Enterprises
Martin T0lle, Johan Vesterager 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Introducing the VE Concept 7.3 VERAM 7.4 Life History Example 7.5 VE Methodology (VEM) 7.6 Conclusion References 8 Analysing the Present Situation and Refining Strategy Greg Uppington, Peter Bernus ~. 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Importance of a Clear Direction: The Identification Phase . . . . 8.3 Significant Events and Change Initiatives 8.4 Organisational Performance Assessment 8.5 Determining the Scope of Change in Enterprise Entities Involved in the Company's Business Model - What Enterprise Entities Will Be Affected ? 8.6 Foundations of Change 8.7 The Function of the Identification Activity 8.8 Assessing the Present Situation and the Feasibility of the Intended Change References 9 Developing the Enterprise Concept - The Business Plan Arturo Molina 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Strategy Schools Revised 9.3 Framework for Enterprise Concept Definition 9.4 Methodology for Enterprise Concept Definition 9.5 Creation of the Business Concept: Mission, Vision and Intended Set of Cultural Attributes 9.6 Development of Strategy: A Decision-making Process 9.7 Definition of an Action Plan 9.8 Conclusion References 291 291 292 294 296 300 306 307 309 309 309 312 314

315 318 319 320 331 333 333 334 335 341 341 347 355 364 365

XVIII Contents

Part III Defining the Requirements for Enterprise Change 10 Enterprise Modelling - The Readiness of the Organisation Ron Hysom 10.1 Introduction - The Enterprise Problem Space 10.2 Perspective Dimensions 10.3 Stages of the Enterprise Improvement Life Cycle 10.4 Enterprise Dimensions 10.5 Structure Dimensions 10.6 Behaviour Dimensions 10.7 Value Dimensions 10.8 Knowledge Dimensions 10.9 Assessment of the Capability to Use Enterprise Modelling Technology 11 Modelling Function and Information Peter Bernus 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Modelling the Function of the Enterprise Entity 11.3 Modelling Information 11.4 Reference Models for Function and Data Modelling 11.5 Conclusion References 373 373 374 375 376 377 379 380 381 383 417 417 419 426 429 432 432

12 Modelling the Management System - Enterprise Management and Activities Cielito Olegario, Peter Bernus 435 12.1 Introduction: The Function of the Managament and Control System of Enterprise Entities 435 12.2 Modelling the Management and Control System - What Decisions and Controls are Needed ? 437 12.3 Models of the Mission Delivery Process as Used in the Design of the Decision System 444 12.4 The Nature of Decision Links - Useful Principles 448 12.5 Enterprise Building Transactions 454 12.6 A Reference Model for Creating and Sustaining Virtual Enterprises 464 12.7 Conclusion 496 References 497 13 Resource Requirements of Enterprise Management Martin Zelm 501 13.1 Introduction 501 13.2 Languages to Model Processes and Resources 505 13.3 Resource Requirements Determination in the Virtual Enterprise . . . 510 13.4 Outcomes of Resource Requirements Determination 512

Contents References 14 Enterprise Modelling Michael Grunninger 14.1 Applications of Enterprise Modelling 14.2 Ontologies 14.3 Desiderata for Enterprise Modelling Ontologies 14.4 Languages for Enterprise Modelling 14.5 Ontologies for Enterprise Modelling 14.6 Ontologies for Sets of Enterprise Modelling Concepts 14.7 Challenge Problems for Enterprise Modelling References

XIX 513 515 515 518 521 525 528 532 534 537

Part IV Developing the Master Plan - Architectural Design of the Changed Enterprise 15 Preliminary Design: Translating Requirements to Design Specifications David Chen, Bruno Vallespir, Guy Doumeingts 15.1 Preliminary Design and General Activity of Design 15.2 Main Characteristics of Preliminary Design 15.3 From Function & Data to Resource & Organisation: The Assignment Issue 15.4 Conclusion References 16 Organisational Design Peter Bernus 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Relationship Between the Decisional and Organisational Structures 16.3 Defining the Organisational Structure - Organisational Fit and Principles 16.4 Conclusion References 17 Application Reference Models and Building Blocks for Management and Control Michael Rosemann 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Types of Reference Models 17.3 An Example Application Reference Model: SAP 17.4 Some Limitations of Existing Application Reference Models 17.5 Configuration of Application Reference Models 17.6 Conclusion and Outlook

545 545 556 561 573 573 575 575 576 585 594 594

595 595 596 603 606 606 613

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Contents 614
617 617 618 630 641 662 675 676

References 18 Designing the Information Technology Subsystem

Part V Case Studies 19 Ford Motor Company's Investment Efficiency Initiative: A Case Study
James L. Nevins, Robert I. Winner, Danny L. Reed 19.1 Introduction 19.2 The Need for Investment Efficiency at Ford 19.3 The Investment Efficiency Process 19.4 Basic Targets of Investment Efficiency at Ford 19.5 Strategies of Investment Efficiency 19.6 Product and Process Compatibility Tools 19.7 Future Small Car Program Pilot 19.8 Organizational Changes at Ford 19.9 Lessons Learned 19.10Discussion Items 19.11 Glossary of Specific Terms Used in This Chapter 19.12Acronyms References 683 683 686 689 693 695 701 711 715 717 718 720 723 724

20 The Business Process (Quiet)Revolution; Transformation to Process Organization Meir Levi 725 20.1 Introduction 725 20.2 Process Classification 726 20.3 Process Management with FirstStep 728 20.4 The new Business Process Construct 728 20.5 FirstStep Methodology and Process Standards 730 20.6 Deploying Process Framework with the Enterprise Process Center . 731 20.7 Initial Case Report 734 20.8 Summary and Conclusion 736 References 736

[ Subsystem sh

614 617 617 618 630 641 662 675 676

21 Farley Remote Operations Support Sys John Mo 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Knowledge Representation and Process Mo< 21.3 Fundamentals of IDEF3 21.4 The Role of IDEF3 in Providing the Solutic 21.5 The'System Framework 21.6 Conclusion References 22 The use of G E R A M to support SMEs Mexico A. Molina, R. Carrasco 22.1 Introduction 22.2 The Use of the Concept of Life Cycle 22.3 Organizing SMEs Using GERA (Generic E Architecture) 22.4 Documentation of Processes and Methods i (Enterprise Engineering Methodologies) . . . 22.5 Conclusion References

piency Initiative: A eed 683 683 686 689 693

rd

ipter

701 711 715 717 718 720 723 724

Index

i; Transformation 725 725 726 728 728 ds 730 srprise Process Center . 731 734 736 736