Embedded Systems Project

Embedded Systems
Embedded Systems
Under the supervision of :
Dr / Farhat Farg
Farhat
Outline
● introduction
● What is an embedded system?
● Characteristics of Embedded Systems
● Categories of Embedded Systems
● Major Components in Embedded Systems
● Embedded Systems HW / SW
● Embedded Systems Applications
● Software Development Tools
● Examples of Embedded Systems
Introduction
Today’s embedded systems development ranges from microprocessor-based control
systems, to systems-on-chip (SoC) design, and device software development. A
myriad of implementations can be found in consumer electronics, medical devices,
and commercial and military applications.
This program looks at embedded systems engineering as a synergistic function

between hardware and software device design and development. Participants learn
the essential concepts of embedded systems development through a practical hands-
on approach utilizing industry design automation (EDA) tools and design kits.
Embedded systems are ubiquitous. They can be found in consumer

products such as washers, microwave ovens, and automobiles; industrial
process controllers; as well as cellular phones, and personal digital
assistants.
What is an Embedded Systems ?
● An embedded system
is some combination of computer hardware and software,
possibly with some mechanics, that is specifically designed
for a particular kind of application device.
An embedded system can be part of a larger system
90% of all computers are embedded computers!

• Anything that uses a microprocessor but isn't a general-
purpose computer
• Take advantage of application characteristics to optimize the
design ex:
• Personal digital assistant (PDA)
• Set-top boxes
• Televisions output analog
• Video Games
• Refrigerators
• Cars
CPU input analog
• Planes
• Elevators
• Remote Controls
• Alarm Systems memory
embedded
computer
Major Components in Embedded
Systems
Program
● Data acquisition and processing
● Communication
● System logic and control algorithm
● Interface Data
● Auxiliary units
■ display
■ storage
■ monitoring and protection
■ test and diagnosis.
Algorithm
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems
● 1.Device Programmability or Manageable
The functioning of a specific hardware part on a smart device can
be easily changed by simply changing the software associated
with it.
● 2.Multi-tasking
An embedded system employed in a modern refrigerator
performs door sense and temp sense at the same times, which
are two functions at the same time.
● 3.Real-time Response
It is the ability of an embedded system to respond to ambient
conditions suddenly. That is, a smart TV adjusts picture quality
suddenly in response to sudden environmental brightness
variations.
Embedded Systems: Applications
● Consumer electronics, cameras, camcorders, ....
● Consumer products, e.g., washers, microwave ovens, ...
● Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control, ...)
● Industrial process controllers & avionics/defense

applications
● Computer/Communication products printers, FAX machines,

...
● Emerging multimedia applications & consumer electronics
Categories of Embedded Systems
● 1. Stand-alone embedded systems

Embedded logic circuit placed in a stand-alone smart
device like a TV receiver
● 2. Real-time embedded systems
It can be again classified as hard real-time and soft
Real-time embedded systems Hard systems are
employed in biomedical smart devices, where real-time
response is crucial. Soft systems have less real-time
response than a hard system. Smart TV is an example for
soft system.
● 3. Networked embedded systems
Here a smart device is networked with other systems. The
networking may be wired or wire-less. Mobile phone is an
example for wire-less smart device.
EMBEDDED
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
◆ Any systems that contained a ‘Microcontroller’

are called as Embedded Systems.
● 1.Processor
It is the brain of the embedded logic circuit. The processor can be of
three types:
◆ 8b Microcontroller (MC)
For applications where space requirement is high but
processing power and memory requirements are low, like in
toys, smart cards, etc.
◆ 32b Microprocessor (MP)

For applications where space requirement is low but processing
power and memory requirements are high, like in handheld
computers.
◆ Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

For applications where signals are handled than Data, like
audio and video applications. DSP contain a MAC (Multiply-
Accumulate) unit, which performs all complex floating point
Fourier calculations. Of the worlds total processor production
94% holds for embedded systems.
Embedded systems design:
Major subtasks
● Modeling
■ the system to be designed, and experimenting with algorithms
involved;
● Refining (or “partitioning”)
■ the function to be implemented into smaller, interacting pieces;
● HW-SW partitioning: Allocating
■ elements in the refined model to either (1) HW units, or (2)
SW running on custom hardware or a general microprocessor.
● Scheduling
■ the times at which the functions are executed. This is important
when several modules in the partition share a single hardware
unit.
● Mapping (Implementing)
■ a functional description into (1) software that runs on a processor
or (2) a collection of custom, semi-custom, or commodity HW.
Characteristics of Embedded
Systems
• Application Specific
■ Applications are known a priori
■ Optimize for cost, area, power, and performance
• Digital Signal Processing

■ Signals are represented digitally
Reactive
■ Reacts to changes in the system’s environment
Real-time
■ Compute certain tasks before deadline
Distributed, Networked, …
● Reliability
■ Probability of system working correctly provided that
is was working
● Maintainability
■ Probability of system working correctly d time units
after error occurred.
Safety
■ Not harmful for user
● Security
■ Confidential and authentic communication
Traditional Design Challenges
● Low cost ● Mixed digital/analog
requirements
● Light weight
● Shrinking time-to-market
● Reliability
● Short product lifetime
● Low power
● Real-time processing
● Portable
● Inherent concurrency
● Complexity
● HW/SW co-design
● Ease of use
Recent Design Challenges
● Design Complexity
● Ultra low power
■ Highly adaptive
■ Active power management (voltage scaling, etc.)
■ Alternative energy source (scavenge, solar, etc.)
● Internet aware
■ Incorporate RF technologies
■ Networking capabilities
◆ Larger OS, middleware, etc.
◆ Understanding of many/changing protocols
■ Co-operative operation (trashcan & refrigerator)
● Verification
● Security
Classification of Embedded
Systems
Multi-dimensional classifications:
● Hard versus software systems

● Fail-safe versus fail-operational systems
● Guaranteed-response versus best-effort
● Resource-adequate versus resource-inadequate
● Event-triggered versus time-triggered.
Software Development Tools
● Compiler: compiles C/C++ and in-line assembly language
● Linker: links compiled application code, OS, and runtime

libraries
● Memory Image tools: places code in non-volatile memory at a

given physical memory address
● Debugger: debugs OS and application programs

● Loader: loads OS at power on and applications
● Also a tool to download new code from the development

system is typically provided
Examples of Embedded Systems
Example ES (II): Digital Camera
Digital camera chip

CCD
CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor D2A
A2D
lens
JPEG codec Microcontroller Multiplier/Accum
DMA controller Display ctrl
Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl
• Single-functioned -- always a digital camera

• Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast
• Reactive and real-time -- only to some extent
toothbrush
• Product: Sonic are

Elite toothbrush
• Microprocessor: 8-bit
• Has a programmable
speed control, timer,
and charge gauge
23
Example: BMW 745i
● 2, 000, 000 LOC

● Windows CE OS
● 53 8-bit µP
● 11 32-bit µP
● 7 16-bit µP
● Multiple Networks
● Buggy! Example:
By 2010, electronics & software in cars will account
for up to 40% of their value
Wireless parking management
Street line networks

NASA's Twin Mars Rovers
• Product: NASA's Twin

Mars Rovers
• Microprocessor:
Radiation Hardened
20Mhz PowerPC
• Commercial Real-time
OS
• Software and OS was
developed during multi-
year flight to Mars and
downloaded using a
radio link
Any PC Mouse, Keyboard, or USB
Device
• Product: Any PC
Mouse, Keyboard, or
USB Device
• Microprocessor:
8-bit Microcontroller
Inside view of a Microsoft Mouse

Gas Pump
• Product: Dresser Wayne

Ovation iX Gas Pump
• Microprocessor:
Marvel Xscale (ARM)
• OS: Windows CE
• Displays video ads &
is networked to a gas
station’s back office
computer system. Also has
remote maintenance
features
Pocket PC Phone
• Product:
Pocket PC Phone
• Microprocessor:
TI OMAP (ARM+DSP)
• OS: Windows Mobile 5.0

(Windows CE OS)
Robotic
• Product: Sony Aibo

ERS-7 Robotic Dog
• Microprocessor: 64-
bit MIPS R7000
• OS: Aperios - Sony’s

Real Time OS
30
Embedded Systems Topics
• Introduction to embedded systems
• Design of embedded systems
• Input/output (I/O) activities common to embedded systems
• Architectures common to embedded systems
• Memory concepts important to embedded systems
• Real-time concepts important to embedded systems

For Further Information URLs :
http://www.scribd.com/search?l=1&page=1&query
http://www.embedded.com
http://www.techonline.com
http://www.embeddedliinks.com/chipdir/
 www.info.com/Embedded-System
http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms
N.N.M

Embedded Systems Project

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What is an embedded system?

What is an embedded system?

What are the major components in embedded systems?

What are the major components in embedded systems?

Embedded Systems

Under the supervision of :

This program looks at embedded systems engineering as a synergistic function

Embedded systems are ubiquitous. They can be found in consumer

An embedded system can be part of a larger system

90% of all computers are embedded computers!

● Consumer electronics, cameras, camcorders, ....

● Consumer products, e.g., washers, microwave ovens, ...

● Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control, ...)

● Industrial process controllers & avionics/defense

● Computer/Communication products printers, FAX machines,

● 1. Stand-alone embedded systems

◆ Any systems that contained a ‘Microcontroller’

◆ 32b Microprocessor (MP)

◆ Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

• Digital Signal Processing

● Hard versus software systems

● Linker: links compiled application code, OS, and runtime

● Memory Image tools: places code in non-volatile memory at a

● Debugger: debugs OS and application programs

● Also a tool to download new code from the development

Digital camera chip

DMA controller Display ctrl

Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl

• Single-functioned -- always a digital camera

• Product: Sonic are

● 2, 000, 000 LOC

Street line networks

• Product: NASA's Twin

Inside view of a Microsoft Mouse

• Product: Dresser Wayne

• OS: Windows Mobile 5.0

• Product: Sony Aibo

• OS: Aperios - Sony’s

• Introduction to embedded systems

• Design of embedded systems

• Input/output (I/O) activities common to embedded systems

• Architectures common to embedded systems

• Memory concepts important to embedded systems

• Real-time concepts important to embedded systems

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