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    CMC Unit-Ii

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    Satya Narayana
    Frequency reuse is a core concept in cellular systems that allows a limited number of channels to serve many users. It involves allocating different channel groups to neighboring cells to avoid interference. Key aspects of frequency reuse include assigning channels to cells, managing interference through techniques like sectoring and cell splitting, and improving capacity. Frequency planning determines the optimal cluster size and channel assignment strategy based on a tradeoff between capacity and transmission quality.

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    CMC Unit-Ii

    Uploaded by

    Satya Narayana
    77 views21 pages
    Frequency reuse is a core concept in cellular systems that allows a limited number of channels to serve many users. It involves allocating different channel groups to neighboring cells to avoid interference. Key aspects of frequency reuse include assigning channels to cells, managing interference through techniques like sectoring and cell splitting, and improving capacity. Frequency planning determines the optimal cluster size and channel assignment strategy based on a tradeoff between capacity and transmission quality.

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    CMC UNIT-II

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    Frequency reuse is a core concept in cellular systems that allows a limited number of channels to serve many users. It involves allocating different channel groups to neighboring cells to avoid interference. Key aspects of frequency reuse include assigning channels to cells, managing interference through techniques like sectoring and cell splitting, and improving capacity. Frequency planning determines the optimal cluster size and channel assignment strategy based on a tradeoff between capacity and transmission quality.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    77 views21 pages

    CMC Unit-Ii

    Uploaded by

    Satya Narayana
    Frequency reuse is a core concept in cellular systems that allows a limited number of channels to serve many users. It involves allocating different channel groups to neighboring cells to avoid interference. Key aspects of frequency reuse include assigning channels to cells, managing interference through techniques like sectoring and cell splitting, and improving capacity. Frequency planning determines the optimal cluster size and channel assignment strategy based on a tradeoff between capacity and transmission quality.

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    of 21

    Unit- II

    Fundamentals of Cellular Radio


    System Desigm
    By
    T.Satyanarayana
    DVRCET
    2.1 Concept of Frequency Reuse in Cellular Systems
    Solves the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity.
    Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum without major
    technological changes.
    Reuse of radio channel in different cells.
    Enable a fix number of channels to serve an arbitrarily large number of
    users by reusing the channel throughout the coverage region.
    2.2 Frequency Reuse
    Frequency reuse is the core concept of the cellular mobile radio system
    Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels within
    a small geographic area called a cell.
    Neighboring cells are assigned different channel groups.
    By limiting the coverage area to within the boundary of the cell, the
    channel groups may be reused to cover different cells.
    Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
    Frequency reuse or frequency planning
    seven groups of channel from A to G
    footprint of a cell - actual radio coverage
    omni-directional antenna v.s. directional
    antenna

    Consider a cellular system which has a total of S duplex channels.
    Each cell is allocated a group of k channels, .
    The S channels are divided among N cells.
    The total number of available radio channels

    The N cells which use the complete set of channels is called cluster.
    The cluster can be repeated M times within the system. The total
    number of channels, C, is used as a measure of capacity

    The capacity is directly proportional to the number of replication M.
    The cluster size, N, is typically equal to 4, 7, or 12.
    Small N is desirable to maximize capacity.
    The frequency reuse factor is given by

    S k <
    kN S =
    MS MkN C = =
    N / 1
    Hexagonal geometry has
    exactly six equidistance neighbors
    the lines joining the centers of any cell and each of its neighbors are
    separated by multiples of 60 degrees.
    Only certain cluster sizes and cell layout are possible.
    The number of cells per cluster, N, can only have values which satisfy


    Co-channel neighbors of a particular cell, ex, i=3 and j=2.

    2 2
    j ij i N + + =
    2.3 Channel Assignment Strategies
    Frequency reuse scheme
    increases capacity
    minimize interference
    Channel assignment strategy
    fixed channel assignment
    dynamic channel assignment
    Fixed channel assignment
    Each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channel
    Any new call attempt can only be served by the unused channels
    The call will be blocked if all channels in that cell are occupied
    Dynamic channel assignment
    Channels are not allocated to cells permanently.
    Allocate channels based on request.
    Reduce the likelihood of blocking, increase capacity.
    2.4 Interference and System Capacity
    Sources of interference
    another mobile in the same cell
    a call in progress in the neighboring cell
    other base stations operating in the same frequency band
    noncellular system leaks energy into the cellular frequency band
    Two major cellular interference
    co-channel interference
    adjacent channel interference
    2.4.1 Co-channel Interference and System
    Capacity
    Frequency reuse - there are several cells that use the same set of
    frequencies
    co-channel cells
    co-channel interference
    To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cell must be separated
    by a minimum distance.
    When the size of the cell is approximately the same
    co-channel interference is independent of the transmitted power
    co-channel interference is a function of
    R: Radius of the cell
    D: distance to the center of the nearest co-channel cell
    Increasing the ratio Q=D/R, the interference is reduced.
    Q is called the co-channel reuse ratio
    For a hexagonal geometry



    A small value of Q provides large capacity
    A large value of Q improves the transmission quality - smaller level of
    co-channel interference
    A tradeoff must be made between these two objectives

    N
    R
    D
    Q 3 = =
    Let be the number of co-channel interfering cells. The signal-to-
    interference ratio (SIR) for a mobile receiver can be expressed as



    S: the desired signal power
    : interference power caused by the ith interfering co-channel cell base
    station
    The average received power at a distance d from the transmitting
    antenna is approximated by


    or


    n is the path loss exponent which ranges between 2 and 4.
    0
    i

    =
    =
    0
    1
    i
    i
    i
    I
    S
    I
    S
    i
    I
    n
    r
    d
    d
    P P

    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =
    0
    0
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =
    0
    0
    log 10 ) dBm ( ) dBm (
    d
    d
    n P P
    r
    close-in reference point
    TX
    0
    d
    0
    P :measued power
    When the transmission power of each base station is equal, SIR for a
    mobile can be approximated as



    Consider only the first layer of interfering cells
    ( )

    =
    0
    1
    i
    i
    n
    i
    n
    D
    R
    I
    S
    ( )
    0 0
    3 ) / (
    i
    N
    i
    R D
    I
    S
    n
    n
    = =
    Example: AMPS requires that SIR be
    greater than 18dB
    N should be at least 6.49 for n=4.
    Minimum cluster size is 7
    6
    0
    = i
    For hexagonal geometry with 7-cell cluster, with the mobile unit being
    at the cell boundary, the signal-to-interference ratio for the worst case
    can be approximated as
    4 4 4 4 4
    4
    ) ( ) 2 / ( ) 2 / ( ) ( 2

    + + + + + +
    =
    D R D R D R D R D
    R
    I
    S
    2.4.3 Power Control for Reducing
    Interference
    Ensure each mobile transmits the smallest power necessary to maintain
    a good quality link on the reverse channel
    long battery life
    increase SIR
    solve the near-far problem
    2.5 Trunking and Grade of Service
    Erlangs: One Erlangs represents the amount of traffic density carried
    by a channel that is completely occupied.
    Ex: A radio channel that is occupied for 30 minutes during an hour carries
    0.5 Erlangs of traffic.
    Grade of Service (GOS): The likelihood that a call is blocked.
    Each user generates a traffic intensity of Erlangs given by

    H: average duration of a call.
    : average number of call requests per unit time
    For a system containing U users and an unspecified number of
    channels, the total offered traffic intensity A, is given by

    For C channel trunking system, the traffic intensity, is given as
    H A
    u
    =

    u
    UA A =
    c
    A
    C UA A
    u c
    / =
    u
    A
    2.7 Improving Capacity in Cellular Systems
    Methods for improving capacity in cellular
    systems
    Cell Splitting: subdividing a congested cell into
    smaller cells.
    Sectoring: directional antennas to control the
    interference and frequency reuse.
    Coverage zone : Distributing the coverage of a
    cell and extends the cell boundary to hard-to-
    reach place.
    2.6.1 Cell Splitting
    Split congested cell into smaller cells.
    Preserve frequency reuse plan.
    Reduce transmission power.

    microcell
    Reduce R to R/2
    Illustration of cell splitting within a 3 km by 3 km square
    Transmission power reduction from to
    Examining the receiving power at the new and old cell boundary



    If we take n = 4 and set the received power equal to each other


    The transmit power must be reduced by 12 dB in order to fill in the
    original coverage area.
    Problem: if only part of the cells are splited
    Different cell sizes will exist simultaneously
    Handoff issues - high speed and low speed traffic can be
    simultaneously accommodated

    1 t
    P
    2 t
    P
    n
    t r
    R P P

    1
    ] boundary cell old at [
    n
    t r
    R P P

    ) 2 / ( ] boundary cell new at [
    2
    16
    1
    2
    t
    t
    P
    P =
    2.6.2 Sectoring
    Decrease the co-channel interference and keep the cell radius R
    unchanged
    Replacing single omni-directional antenna by several directional antennas
    Radiating within a specified sector

    Interference Reduction

    position of the mobile
    interference cells
    2.6.3 Microcell Zone Concept
    Antennas are placed at the outer edges of the cell
    Any channel may be assigned to any zone by the base station
    Mobile is served by the zone with the strongest signal.

    Handoff within a cell
    No channel re-
    assignment
    Switch the channel to a
    different zone site
    Reduce interference
    Low power transmitters
    are employed

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