Lets Review

TEST 01

The Industrial Revolution Approx. 17501850 The Victorian Era Approx. 18251900 Early Photography Approx. 1825

The Industrial Revolution

The capitalist replaced the landowner as the most powerful force in Western countries; investment in machines for mass manufacture became the basis for change in industry. Demand from a rapidly growing urban population with expanding buying power stimulated technological improvements. Urban populations exploded, and cities across the nation became centers of commerce, culture, and capitalism.

The Industrial Revolution Lewis W. Hine

1874 1940 Hine was an American sociologist and photographer. Hine used his camera as a tool for social reform. His photographs were instrumental in changing the child labor laws in the United States.

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Larger scale, greater visual impact, and new tactile and expressive characters were demanded, and the book typography that had slowly evolved from handwriting did not fulfill these needs. The early decades of the nineteenth century saw an outpouring of new type designs without precedent.

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Robert Thorne, one of Thomas Cotterells students and successors, was a major innovator in fat-face type design. It is generally thought that Thorne designed the first fat faces in 1803.

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography In 1845 William Thorowgood and Company copyrighted a modified Egyptian called Clarendon. Similar to the Ionics, these letterforms were condensed Egyptians with stronger contrasts between thick and thin strokes and somewhat lighter serifs.

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography In 1845 William Thorowgood and Company copyrighted a modified Egyptian called Clarendon. Similar to the Ionics, these letterforms were condensed Egyptians with stronger contrasts between thick and thin strokes and somewhat lighter serifs.

Vincent Figgins, two-line Great Primer Sans-serif, 1832. Awkward black display fonts in Figginss 1832 Specimens of Printing Types launched both the name and wide use of sans-serif typography.

1876

1906

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Hatch Show Print exemplifies the creative fervor evident in the late nineteenth century. Although, the golden age of Hatch was from the mid-1920s to 50s.

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Hatch Show Print exemplifies the creative fervor evident in the late nineteenth century. Although, the golden age of Hatch was from the mid-1920s to 50s.

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Hatch Show Print exemplifies the creative fervor evident in the late nineteenth century. Although, the golden age of Hatch was from the mid-1920s to 50s.

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Hatch Show Print exemplifies the creative fervor evident in the late nineteenth century. Although, the golden age of Hatch was from the mid-1920s to 50s.

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Darius Wells An American printer who experimented with hand-carved wooden types and, in 1827, invented a lateral router that enabled the economical mass manufacture of wood types for display printing.

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Ottmar Mergenthaler demonstrates the Blower Linotype, the first line-casting keyboard typesetter, to editor Whitelaw Reid on 3 July 1886.

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Ottmar Mergenthaler demonstrates the Blower Linotype, the first line-casting keyboard typesetter, to editor Whitelaw Reid on 3 July 1886.

The Industrial Revolution

Innovations in Typography Ottmar Mergenthaler demonstrates the Blower Linotype, the first line-casting keyboard typesetter, to editor Whitelaw Reid on 3 July 1886.

The Industrial Revolution

Lithography Lithography was invented by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder in 1796. He sought a cheap way to print his own work by experimenting with etched stones and metal reliefs. He eventually arrived at the idea that a stone could be etched away around a grease pencil writing and made into a relief printing plate. His experiments culminated in the invention of lithographic printing, in which the image to be printed is neither raised, as in relief printing, nor incised as in intaglio printing. Rather it is formed on the flat plane of the printing surface.

The Industrial Revolution

Lithography Lithography was invented by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder in 1796. He sought a cheap way to print his own work by experimenting with etched stones and metal reliefs. He eventually arrived at the idea that a stone could be etched away around a grease pencil writing and made into a relief printing plate. His experiments culminated in the invention of lithographic printing, in which the image to be printed is neither raised, as in relief printing, nor incised as in intaglio printing. Rather it is formed on the flat plane of the printing surface.

Lithographic poster, 1899. This promotion of Buffalo Bills traveling Wild West show.

The Industrial Revolution

The Victorian Era 1825-1900 The Victorian era was a time of strong moral and religious beliefs, proper social conventions, and optimism. The Victorians searched for a design spirit to express their epoch. Aesthetic confusion led to a number of often contradictory design approaches and philosophies mixed together in a scattered fashion.

The Industrial Revolution

The Victorian Era A fondness for Gothic, which suited the pious Victorians, was fostered by the English architect A. W. N. Pugin, who designed the ornamental details of the British Houses of Parliament. The first nineteenth century designer to articulate a philosophy, Pugin defined design as a moral act that achieved the status of art through the designers ideals and attitudes; he believed the integrity and character of a civilization were linked to its design. Why would Victorians want to reach back in history for their design and architectural cues?

The Industrial Revolution

The Victorian Era Owen Jones became a major influence at midcentury. Jones traveled to Spain and the Near East and made a systematic study of Islamic design. Jones introduced Moorish ornament to Western design in the 1842-45 book, Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details of the Alhambra.

The Industrial Revolution

The Victorian Era W. J. Morgan and Co., Cleveland, lithographic theater poster, 1884. Montage illustrations become overlapping planes with varied scale and spatial depth.

The Industrial Revolution

The Victorian Era Krebs Lithographing Company, poster for the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, 1883. A buoyant optimism in industrial progress is conveyed.

The Industrial Revolution

The Victorian Era Package designs chromolithographed on tin for food and tobacco products used bright flat colors, elaborate lettering, and iconic images to create an emblematic presence for the product.

The Industrial Revolution

Photography Artists have used the camera obscura as an aid to drawing for centuries. Around 1665, small, portable boxlike camera obscuras were developed. The only additional element needed to fix or make permanent the image projected into a camera obscura was a light-sensitive material capable of capturing this image.

The Industrial Revolution

PHOTOGRAPHY Know these people:

Joseph Niepce Louis Jacques Daguerre William Henry Fox Talbot George Eastman Matthew Brady

Nadar

The Industrial Revolution

Photography Joseph Niepce, photo etching of an engraving of Cardinal Georges DAmboise, c. 1827. This routine portrait print is the first image printed from a plate that was created by the photochemical action of light rather than by the human hand.

The Industrial Revolution

Photography A theatrical performer and painter who had participated in the invention of the diorama contacted Niepce. Louis Jacque Daguerre had been conducting similar research, and the two shared ideas until Niepce died in 1833.

The Industrial Revolution

Photography Simultaneous research was conducted in England by William Henry Fox Talbot, who pioneered a process that formed the basis for both photography and photographic printing plates.

While sketching in the Lake Como region of Italy in 1833, Talbot became frustrated with his limited drawing abilities.

The Industrial Revolution

Photography By sandwiching the flowers between his photographic paper and a sheet of glass and exposing the light-sensitive emulsion to sunlight, Talbot invented the photogram.

The Industrial Revolution

Photography William Henry Fox Talbot, print from the first photographic negative, 1835. The sun provided the light source to contact-print the negative to another sheet of sensitized paper, producing this positive image of the sky and land outside the windows..

The Industrial Revolution

Photography An American dry-plate manufacturer, George Eastman, put the power of photography into the hands of the lay public when he introduced his Kodak camera in 1888.

The Industrial Revolution

Photography Mathew Brady, Dunker Church and the Dead, 1862. Made in the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War, this photograph shows how visual documentation took on a new level of supposed authenticity with photography.

The Industrial Revolution

Photography Nadar, Sarah Bernhardt, 1859. The famous actress took Paris by storm and became a major subject for the emerging French poster.

The Industrial Revolution

Photography Eadweard Muybridge, plate published in The Horse in Motion, 1883. Sequence photography proved the ability of graphic images to record time-and-space relationships. Moving images became a possibility.