GYPSUM PRODUCT

Obtained from natural gypsum rock

That is heated to temp. sufficiently high its converted to : Gypsum dihydrate (up to 130oC) Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (up to 200oC) Calcium sulfate (anhydrite)

- On heating CaSO4.2H2O converted to CaSO4.H2O - The reaction is reversible and exothermic (dihydrate hemihydrate dihydrate) - Depending on the nature raw materials of dehydration process (plaster, hydrocal, densite) plaster : fluffy, porous, less dense hydrocal : higher density, more crystalline (dental stone) densite : the most dense

Gypsum are used in dental application : Impression materials Models and dies - models is replica of the fitting surface of the oral cavity - die is replica of individual teeth Moulds Refractory investment

GYPSUM
Product Use in Dentistry
GYPSUM = calcium sulfate = naturally occurs as dihydrate

Heat removes water and converts dihydrate to hemihydrate.

[Gypsum Powder] + [H2O] [Gypsum] + [Heat]

Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate

DIRECT versus Dental Amalgam Dental Composites

INDIRECT PROCEDURES Inlays, Onlays, Crowns, and Bridges Partial and Full Dentures Temporary Appliances

Various Gypsum Product

Type I : impression plaster Type II : dental plaster Type III : dental stone Type IV : improved dental stone / die stone Type V : dental stone, high strength & expansion

MANUFACTURE
of Dental Gypsum

PLASTER Chemical Name: Formula: Powder Shape: Density: Production Steps: Dental Products: Common Names: -calcium sulfate CaSO4-(1/2)H2O Irregular Porous Heat to 115C in air Plaster, Impression Plaster [Plaster of Paris]

STONE -calcium sulfate CaSO4-(1/2)H2O Uniform Moderately Dense Heat to 125C with steam pressure Stone, Investment [Hydrocal]

DIE STONE -calcium sulfate CaSO4-(1/2)H2O Uniform Dense Heat to 100C in CaCl2 soln Improved Stone, Die Stone [Densite]

GYPSUM PRODUCTS: Plaster Stone, Cast Stone Improved Stone, Die Stone Specialty Stones Investment Materials
Working Cast with Removable Dies

Removable Die with Waxed Inlay Edentulous Cast Orthodontic Model Working Cast

GYPSUM
Setting Reaction

[Gypsum Powder] + [H2O] [Gypsum] + [Heat]

Accelerators

[CaSO4-(1/2)H2O] + [(3/2)H2O] [CaSO4-(2)H2O] + [Heat]

Retarders Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate

GYPSUM Setting Mechanism

Dissolution of hemihydrate

Precipitation of dihydrate

Crystal expansion and interlocking

Slurry water

GYPSUM
Setting Stages
00:00:00 Mixing Time 00:01:00 Working Time 00:07:00 Setting Time 00:11:00 TIME

Mixing Interval

Working Interval
Initial Set = Working Time

Setting Interval
Final Set = Setting Time Large Gilmore Needle

LOSS OF GLOSS Small Gilmore Needle

Gilmore needle: Initial setting (:1/12 inc; 1/4 pound) Final setting (:1/24 inc; 1 pound)

PROPERTIES
of Gypsum Products PLASTER STONE Setting Time :11 min 7 min DIE STONE 6 min

Setting Expansion : 0.20% Min. Crushing Strength:1,600 Porosity : 35%

0.10% 3,000 20%

0.05% 5,500 psi 10%

Typical Water Content > Reaction Water > Extra Water TOTAL Water = Powder = W/P Ratio = 18 cc 32 cc 50 cc 100 gm 0.50 18 cc 12 cc 30 cc 100 gm 0.30 18 cc 6 cc 24 cc 100 gm 0.24

MANIPULATION
of Gypsum Products
Proportion P and L

Microstone

Bulk P

Pre-packaged P

Transfer to impression

Mechanically methods

Hand methods

Measurement & Combination of P/L

- Powder is measured on a scale by mass not by volume, but water is measured by a small graduated cylinder Gypsum Model plaster Dental stone High strength dental stone

Ratio (ml in 100 g powder) 37 -50 28 32 19 - 24

Hand methods

Longer spatulation times will tend to reduced the setting times and increase the setting expansion

Formulating model and lab plaster - Plaster are produced by heated in an open kettle (1100-1200 C) - -Calcium sulfate hemihydrate - Particle: irregular shape & porous

 Low to Moderate Dental stone - Hydrocal are produced by dehydrated under pressure & in the presence of water vapour at 1250 C - Particle : more uniform in shape & more dense - -Calcium sulfate hemihydrate

 Densite Formulating as : - high-strength/low-expansion or - high-strength/high-expansion dental stone Produced from densite made by boiling in a 30% calcium chloride solution Hemihydrate at 100o C in the presence water doesnt react to form dihydrate
Reaction:

CaSO4.2H2O

CaSO4.H2O + 1 H2O

Formulated with chemical that aim to:

Modify their handling characteristics & properties Accelerator: - Potassium sulfate K2SO4 - Terra alba (set calcium dihydrate) Shortens the setting reaction - Sodium chloride NaCl Retarder - Sodium citrate - Borax ( and accelerator) Reduce the amount of water - a mixture calcium oxyde (0,1%) + gum arabic (1%)

 Volumetric contraction 7% Effect spatulation : increased amount spatulation causes more nuclei centers to be formed Effect temperature: increased temperature, the mobility Ca & sulfate ion increased, tends to increased the rate reaction & shorten setting time

 The additives in gypsum product that are used to control the degree of expansion :

Plaster is 0.2 0.3 vol% Stone & dies is0.05 0.10%

EFFECT of MANIPULATION

Factor
Increase W/P ratio

Decrease W/P ratio Increase rate of spatulation Increase temp. of water Decrease temp. of water

Working time increase decrease decrease decrease increase

Viscosity
decrease

Strength
decrease

increase increase increase decrease

increase no effect no effect no effect

PROPERTIES Setting time: the time required for reaction to be complete and which the material can be separated from impression without distortion or fracture Surface hardness & abrasion resistance - High compressive strength correspond to high surface hardness. Surface hardness increases at a faster than compressive strength. - Abrasion resistance increased with resin impregnating

 Effect of humidity: absorb water vapor from humid atmosphere to form calcium sulfate dihydrate - Effect colloidal systems & pH: - Colloidal systems (agar & alginate) retard the setting of gypsum product with interfering in the hydration reaction

 Tensile strength: determined with diametral test bending tends occur because of lateral force application ( on removal cast) Reproduction of detail: can reproduce - a groove 75 m in width (dental plaster), - 50 m in width (dental stone) Setting expansion; - Dental plaster 0,2 0,3% - Dental stone 0,15 0,25%

Type

Setting time

Setting expansion

Compressive Reproductio strength n detail

Impression plaster
Model plaster

2,5 5,0 minute

20% minute 20% minute 20% minute 20% minute

0,0 0,15%
0,0 0,30%

4,0 8,0 MPa

9,0 MPa 20,0 MPa 35,0 MPa 35,0 MPa

75 8
75 8

Dental stone

0,0 0,20%

50 8

HS-LE dental stone HS-HE dental stone

0,0 0,15%

50 8

0,16 0,30%

PREVENTION forward CROSS INFECTION

Compatibility with impression : Agar hydrocolloid impression are more compati-ble than alginates impression

The impression should be washed of saliva and any trace retarded the setting of gypsum After the impression is rinsed with water and disinfected The agar hydrocolloid impression must be stored in humidor from syneresis before pouring up the gypsum model

Disinfectant methods for impression

Preventive for cross-infection
Materials Alginate Methods Immersion (<10 minute ) Immersion Immersion Immersion (<10 minute ) Immersion Immersion Recommended - Chlorine , iodophors

Polysulfide Silicone Polyether ZnOE paste Impression compound

- Chlorine , iodophors, Glutaraldehide, phenolic -Chlorine , iodophors, glutaraldehide, phenolic - Chlorine , iodophors - Glutaraldehide , iodophors chlorine , iodophors

Disinfectant for stone cast:

Spray disinfectant Hypochlorites Iodophors

Patient with known cases of infection (Being treated overnight gas sterilization)

INFECTION CONTROL Procedures for Gypsum Products

Impression Tray
Impression

Material Dental Arch

Infection Control Approaches (Strategies): Additives in impression material Immersion of impression material surfaces Additives in gypsum products

GYPSUM BONDED INVESTMENT

Three types of gypsum bonded :

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Thermal expansion type : for casting inlay and crown Hygroscopis expansion type : for casting inlay and crown For casting complete and partial dentures

 According to ADA Spec. no. 2 for gold alloy Type based on use and expansion used type I : inlay, (thermal) type II : inlay, (hygroscopic) type III: full & partial denture, (thermal) Composition: - alpha calcium sulfate hemihydrate (60-65%) a. it bind and hold the silica particle together b. permits pouring of the mix into the mould c. It impart strength to the mould d. contributes to mould expansion

- Silica : quartz or crystobalite (30-35%) a. acts as refractory b. regulated thermal expansion c. increases setting expansion of stone d. eliminates contraction of gypsum and changes it to an expansion - Chemical modifiers (5%) a. coloring matter b. reducing agent c. modifying chemical: regulate setting expansion. Setting time, prevent shrinkage of gypsum

GYPSUM-BONDED INVESTMENT
Composition are : Calcium sulphate -hemihydrate ,silica (Sio2) , powdered graphite , copper and various modifiers to control setting time -hemihydrate of gypsum (25 45%) - causes greater strength - as a binders - provide rigidity - shrinkage after dehydration 200-4000C - slightly expansion and large contraction at 400-700oC caused decomposition of investment - product with containing carbon max. temp: 6500C

 Quartz or crystobalite (allotropic forms of Si) - provide a refractory and to regulate the thermal expansion - silica is responsible for producing the expansion - quartz undergoes inversion at 575oC from low form (-quartz) to high form (-quartz)

Requirements of an investment material

Mould must expand to compensate for the alloy shrinkage The powder should have a fine particle size to give a smooth surface to the casting The manipulation should be easy and have suitable setting time The set material should be porous enough to permit air in the mould cavity to escape At higher temp. must not decompose to give off gases that may corrode the surface

 Must have adequate strength at room temp. to permit handling, enough strength at higher temp. to withstand the impact force of the molten metal Powder shall be composed of calcined gypsum and silica with or without addition other agent Shall be uniform and free of foreign material and set cakes lumps Mixed with water in proper ratio applied to the dental wax pattern Heated in the usual manner without contaminated /resistance of substrate Will be found satisfactory for use in casting dental gold alloy restorations

 Fineness of the powder: 85% (number 200 sieve), 95% (number 100 sieve), 100% (number 30 sieve), Heated in the usual manner without contaminated /resistance of substrate Will be found satisfactory for use in casting dental gold alloy restorations Fineness of the powder: 85% (number 200 sieve), 95% (number 100 sieve), 100% (number 30 sieve), Casting temp. should not be critical The material should be economical

 Setting time : should be not less than 5 25 min and shall not vary more than 20% from the manufacturers values Compressive strength: shall be not less 24.6 kg/cm2 (type I & II), not less than 49.2 kg/cm2 (type III) Thermal expansion: - shall not at any temp. with range 200 700 for type I & III - shall not at any temp. with range 200 500 for type II - shall not shrinkage/decrease in length of more than 0.15% from the max. length at any temp.

 After casting it should break away readily from the surface of metal and should not react chemically with it Surface defect of alloy: - shall not contaminated the surface of the alloy into it - shall not cause: - pitting, - fins - roughness surface - voids in the alloy

Factors Controlling Setting Time investment

Manufacturing process Mixing time and rate Water/powder ratio Temperature Accelerator and retarders

Strength is affected by: Use alpha-hemihydrate increases compressive strength Use of chemical modifiers increases the strength More water (during mixing) to reduces the strength Heating to 700oC greatest reduction in strength when containing sodium chloride After has cooled to room temp. is strength decreases (because of fine cracks)

Investing the wax pattern

The wax pattern should be cleaned of any debris, grease or oils Is used a commercial wax pattern cleaner, or a diluted synthetic detergent The thin film of cleanser left on the pattern reduces the surface tension and permits better wetting the investment Care and caution to minimize air entrapment Mix the investment with mechanical mixing under vacuum (removes air bubbles , evacuates harmful gasses produced by the chemical reaction of the high heat investment)

Investing

Jenis : - Gypsum bonded investment - Phospate bonded investment 700 1300 C - Ethyl silicate bonded investment Terdiri dari : binder, refractory Heating : 500 C hygroscopis 700 C thermal expansion

 Investment thickness : 6 mm the end mold cavity and end of invested ring ( gypsum bonded investment)(3 4 mm of the top of phosphate bonded investment ) Placing the casting ring liner short (3.25 mm) of the end of the ring (thickness > 1 mm) - asbestos (cause carcinogenic) - aluminosilicate ceramic liner - cellulose paper liner

6 mm

3.25 mm

A. B. C. D. E. F.

Crucible former Sprue Formed cavity Investment Liner Casting ring

Hygroscopic low heat technique

Obtains the compensation expansion : - the 370C waterbath expands the wax pattern - the warm water entering the investment mold from the top adds some hygroscopic expansion - thermal expansion at 5000C Added expansion may be obtained by: - increasing the waterbath temperature to 400C - Using two layer of liner - increasing burnout temperature to range 600 6500C

Wassalamualaikum wr wb