Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) by Sanjay Bhattacharya

Course Plan
1. SDH - Conceptual Development 2. SDH - Frame Structure 3. SDH Mapping of various data frames 4. Integration Process : STM-1 to STM-N 5. Containers & Pointers 6. ATM over SDH & Concept of Concatenation 7. Synchronization Issues 8. SDH - Equipment & NW 9. SDH Support for Ethernet, VoIP, MPLS 10. NMS 11. SDH Measurements 12. Control of jitter in long-haul digital networks

SDH Conceptual Development

Transmission
Medium Hierarchy Electronics

Design Issues
Medium : Power BW Trade-off for required Data-rate & BER Performance Hierarchy Modulation & Multiplexing Electronics Tx/Rx & MUX/DEMUX
Modulation Medium specific Multiplexing - Traffic Specific Traffic depends on services offered on the network

Evolution of Digital Multiplexing Hierarchies

The evolution of Digital Multiplexing Hierarchies is closely linked to Data communication requirements Advances in technology Standardization works/ Futuristic plans by CCITT/ITU s Study Groups with 4 year assignments

Impact of technology on Multiplexing Hierarchies

Hierarch y MUX/SW Operation Media Capacity Payload Features Protocol Interworkin g

PDH

TDM

E/E/E

Copper Radio

Mbps

Fixed Length

Designed for voice traffic Supports data,video No BW on demand Fixed channel Capacity Designed for voice traffic Supports data,video Limited BW flexibility on demand Fixed pipes of Capacity Optimized for Data,video BW on demand Dynamic offer

No

SDH

TDM

E/O/E

Fiber

Gbps

Fixed Length

To some ExtentPPP,IP,AT M

OTH

WDM

O/O/O

Fiber

Tbps

Fixed/ Variable Length

PPP IP ATM MPLS

MULTIPLEXING HIERARCHIES THE THREE GENERATIONS

PDH Plesio-chronous Digital Hierarchy SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy OTH Optical Transport Hierarchy

Problems of PDH
Different Standards De-MUX down the hierarchy for extraction Static Elaborate Justification Process - Source of Jitter Accumulation

The Three Different PDH

1.60 Gbps 139.269Mbps

97.728 Mbps

Nx45

44.736Mbps 32.064 Mbps

34.368Mbps 8.448Mbps 2.048Mbps Europe India

6.312 Mbps
1.544 Mbps

6.312 Mbps
1.544 Mbps

Japan

N.America

ADVANTAGES OF SDH
Network Simplification: Orders of MUXDEMUX not required.The direct extraction of tributary reduces equipment,cost and power consumption & increases reliability Network Management System: NMS is fully software controllable because of the provision of sufficient no of bits in the SDH frame structure.The functions like performance monitoring,configuration mgt,network security etc. can be done by NMS

ADVANTAGES OF SDH CONTD.

Survivability:Using self healing ring architecture,the NW will be automatically reconfigured and traffic instantly re-routed in case of a fault over a section.This facilitates the repair of faulty section Bandwidth on demand: It is possible to allocate bandwidth on demand to users anywhere in the network at a short notice

ADVANTAGES OF SDH CONTD.

Future Proof Networking: SDH is an ideal platform for services ranging from telephone service to ISDN, from mobile radio to WAN etc. Standardization: SDH is a highly standardized system with regards to optical interface, frame format etc. The standardization of equipment interfaces enables the use of multi vendor end equipments

SDH Vs.PDH
No cumbersome MUX/DEMUX Up/Dn the Hierarchy Config.Mgmt,NW Security in addition to Alarms/Event controls Thru NMS Automatic Healing Uniform standard (Also, equivalence with SONET) Orders of MUX/DEMUX Up/Dn the Hierarchy Only Alarms/Event controls thru NMS; No support for sophisticated functions No Automatic Healing Different PDH Standards

SDH PDH Co-existence

SDH does not eliminate PDH SDH supports PDH rates up to 140 Mbps (except 8 Mbps) STM-1 (155.52 Mbps) can have 1 140 Mbps PDH signal 3 34 Mbps PDH signals 63 2 Mbps PDH signals 42 2 Mbps + 1 34 Mbps PDH signals 21 2 Mbps + 2 34 Mbps signals

The Arrival of SDH

There are 2 phases
ANSIs SONET(STS-1 Based) ITU-Ts SDH (STM-1 Based)

Linked to Advances in OFC Technology

Moved from First window (800-900 nm) to 1300 nm in 1984 Moved to 1550 nm Window in late 1990s

Linked to Standardization process

The divestiture of AT&T Bell Systems in 1984 ITU/Ts Comprehensive Specifications for B-ISDN in 1997

How the migration from SONET(STS) to SDH(STM) took place ? The Chronology of events
Competition for Long distance carrier services Proliferation of systems beyond T3 SONET Proposals by Bellcore to ANSI (50.688 Mbps) Innovations by Metrobus
Size of frame to map T1 systems

SONET Std. with STS-1 as basis (1987)-ANSI ITU-T rejected STS-1 in favour of 155.520 Mbps for International Standard. SONET Frame & Syntax altered to 51.84 Mbps

The Happy Ending STS-3(OC-3) of SONET Equivalent to STM-1

SONET SDH Equivalence

SONET Level OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-24 OC-48 OC-96 OC-192 SONET Frame STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-24 STS-48 STS-96 STS-192 Line Rate (Mbps) 51.84 155.52 622.08 1244.16 2488.32 4976.64 9953.28 SDH Equivalent STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64

ITU/Ts Recommendations Related to SDH

Rec. No. G.702 Subject PDH Bit rates

G.703 G.707 G.708 G.709 G.773 G.781 G.782 G.783 G.sdxc1/2/3 G.784

Plesiochronous interfaces SDH Flow Rates Network-Node Interface for SDH SDH Multiplexing Structure Q Interfaces for Network & Tx Mgt. Structure of rec. reg. SDH MUX Eqpt. General Characteristics of SDH MUX Eqpt Characteristics of functional blocks of MUX SDH cross-connect panels SDH management

ITU/Ts Recommendations Related to SDH

Rec. No. G.802 G.803 G.821 Subject Inter-working of NWs of different PDH Architecture of Transport NWs based on SDH Performance evolutions in the pay-load

G.825 G.957 G.958 G.81 S G.652 to G.654 G.sna1 & G.sna2

Control of jitter & wander within SDH NW Optical Interfaces for SDH Systems & Eqpt. SDH Digital Line Systems on OFC SDH Synchronization & Clocks Classification of Optical Interfaces
Architecture of Networks

SDH System Layer Model

LTE+MUX Regenerator Section Multiplex Section Path

Repeater AD MUX Repeater

LTE+MUX

Layer Model of SDH Network

PSTN/ISDN VC-12 layer (path) ATM IP

VC-3/VC-4 Layer (Path) Multiplex Section Regenerator Section Physical Interface

SDH - Frame Structure

STM Frame with Overheads and Pay-load

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 270

A A A A A A J 1 1 1 2 2 2 0

N N U U

R S O H

B # 1
D # 1

#
#

E # 1
D # 2

#
#

F N N 1 U U
D # 3 # P O H

AU Pointer B B B K # 2 2 2 1 # # # # K # 2 D # 6 D # 9 D #
12

Container 260 X 9 Bytes

# # # #

M S O H

D # 4 D # 7 D #
10

# # #

D # 5 D # 8 D #
11

S 1

Z Z Z Z M E N N 1 1 2 2 1 2 U U

Section Overhead

Information Pay-load

Details of RSOH Bytes

SOH Byte Framing Bytes A1, A2 Description Each STM-1 frame begins with A1=11110110, A2 = 00101000 Available in all STM-1 in STM-N Available in all STM-1 in STM-N Section receiver verifies continued connection to transmitter Even parity checksum for all bytes of previous STM-N frame Available in First STM-1 in STM-N Voice channel between regenerators 64kbps channel for network provider 192 kbps channel for alarms, mntc., control, monitoring, admn.

Section trace J0

BIP-8 (B1)

Order-wire (E1) Section user (F1) Data comm.(D1/2/3)

Details of MSOH Bytes

SOH Byte B2(BIP-24) APS Bytes K1,K2 Description Even Parity Checksum except for RSOH Present in all STM-1 frames in STM-N Protection of multiplex section & remote alarm indication Defined in first STM-1 in STM-N 576 kbps data channel for alarms, Mntc., Control, Admn. needs between Multiplex sections Synchronization status message Defined in first STM-1 in STM-N

D4-D12 DCC Sync. Status S1

Z1,Z2
M1 MS-REI Order-wire E2 NU #

Reserve bytes
Remote error indication in multiplex section Order-wire between multiplexers Reserved for local or national use Reserved for future use

APS : Automatic Protection Switching Channel

Let us check-out
SDH Basic Rate
Voice signal sampled at 8kHz OR 125 micro sec. Each channel has a slot in a frame, frame to repeat every 125 micro sec. Each sample (from any channel ) coded as 8 bits STM-1 frame has 270 col.X 9 row i.e. 2430 bytes or 19440 bits 19440 bits in 125 micro sec. implies 155.52 Mbps

SDH(STM-1) 155.52 Mbps

SDH Important Terms

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Hierarchical set of digital transport structures standardized for the transport of suitably adopted payloads over physical transport networks ---- ITU/T STM (Synchronous Transport Module) Information structure to support layer connections in SDH:It has Information payload&Section Overhead It has frame structure which repeats every 125 micro s. STM-1 : 155.520 Mbps STM-4 : 622.08 Mbps STM-16:2488.52 Mbps STM-64:9953.28 Mbps

SDH Important Terms (Contd.)

Pay-load Area
STM-1 frame has 270col X 9 row SOH 9 col X 9 row & Payload 261 colX 9 row Bytes of constituent tributaries are put-in payload area as per pre-determined process Container & Path Overhead (POH) Out of Payload area 261 col X 9 row 260 col X 9 row (2340 octets) make container The 1 col X 9 row ( 9 octets) make Path Overhead (POH) 260 bytes in each row are treated as 20 blocks of 13 bytes; 1st byte contains spl purpose bits; 12 bytes have data Virtual Container Container plus control information in POH

STM-1 frames in transmission

SDH- Mapping of various data frames

STM Frame with Overheads and Pay-load

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 270

R S O H M S O H

AU-4 Pointer

V C 4 P O H

CONTAINER (C4)

Section Overhead

VIRTUAL CONTAINER (VC-4) (261 Columns)

VC-4/VC-3 POH Bytes

VC4/VC3 Nomenclature POH
J1 B3 C2 G1 Path Trace Path BIP 8 Signal Label Path Status

Purpose
Enables receiver to verify connection with TX Check-sum of previous VC-4 /VC-3(SPE) Trib make (European/American) Path status & performance conveyed back to VC-4 /VC-3 source terminal. Complete duplex trail can be monitored at either end Generalized position indicator for payloads Can be payload specific

F2 H4

Path User Channel Data channel for path user payload dependent Position Indicator

F3 K3
N1

Path User Channel Data channel for path user payload dependent APS Automatic protection switching at VC-4/VC-3 path level

NW Operator Byte Monitoring NW

Containers in SDH

C4

C3 C3 C3 TUG3 TUG3 TUG3

TUG2

C12

Mapping E4 (140 Mbps) Frame into C4

1
Each Row : 20 Blocks of 13 Bytes

260

VC4POH

CONTAINER (C4)

Contd..

Mapping E4 (140 Mbps) Frame into C4

POH W 96D X 96D Y 96D Y 96D Y 96D

96D

96D

96D

96D

96D

96D

96D

96D

96D

96D

Y LEGEND:

96D

96D

96D

96D

96D

W : DDDDDDDD X : CRRRRROO Y : RRRRRRRR D : Data bit O : Overhead bit R : Fixed stuff bit

Z : DDDDDDSR

C: Justification control bit

S: Justification bit

Shall we check the data rate matching

No. of data bits in one frame (125 Micro Sec.)
In each row: ( 96X20 ) + (8 of W byte ) + (6 of Z byte) = 1934 bits In nine rows : 9 X 1934 = 17046 In one sec. , 8000 frames i.e. 8000 X 17046 = 139.248 Mbps

E4 Frames actual bit rate is 139.264 Mbps

What is the reason for mismatch?

Mismatch explained
STM Frame to take care of 139.264 Mbps +/- 15 ppm
Use of S bit in Z-byte , which is optional (Justification bit)

gives bit rate of : ( 96X20 ) + (8 of W byte ) + (7 of Z byte) = 1935 bits/row In nine rows of a frame : 9 X 1935 = 17415 In one sec. , 8000 frames i.e. 8000 X 17415 = 139.320 Mbps

Max. supportable bit rate : 139.320 Mbps

Problem is solved through Justification

Z Byte has Justification bit & X byte has Justification Control Bit

Mapping E3 (34 Mbps) Frame into C4

TUG-3 A
1 1 F I X E D S T U F F 2 3

TUG-3 B

TUG-3 C
260

9 VC4 POH

F I X T T T E U U U D G G G 3 3 3 S A B C T 1 1 1 U F F

T U G 3 A
86

T U G 3 B
86

T U G 3 C
86

CONTAINER (C4)

VIRTUAL CONTAINER (VC4)

Contd..

Mapping E3 (34 Mbps) Frame into C4 (Contd..)

TU3 PTR 1 2 3 4 H1 H2 H3 STF VC3 POH J1 B3 C2 G1 Sub-frame T1 1 84

5 6
7 8 9

STF STF
STF STF STF

F2 H4
F3 K3 N1

Sub-frame T2

Sub-frame T3

C3 VC3 TUG3

Virtual Concatenation contd.

With virtual concatenation the available capacity is lower than that with contiguous concatenation This is because in virtual concatenation each VC carries its own POH unlike contiguous concatenation where only First VC carries its POH To ensure connectivity between different types of concatenation the mapping should be based on lower capacity system ie virtual concatenation Stuffing bytes should be inserted in POH bytes of subsequent VCs in contiguous concatenation Used for lower data rate application with different paths where full pipe need not be given

Pointer operation in Virtual Concatenation

All VC-4s in same STM-4 Frame but transmitted as individual VC-4 with individual POH Pointer for first AU-4 locates the first VC-4 Pay-loads of consecutive AU-4s linked by setting pointers to a fixed value Concatenation Indication (CI) Pointer activity takes place for all concatenated AU-4s equally

Synchronization

Synchronous Technology
Master Clock
STM1/4/16/64

SDH

SDH MUX

SDH

SDH MUX

MUX

MUX

1 . . . . . . 63

1 . . . . . . 63

TMN

Config Control Security Statistics Diagnostic Software upload

Ideal Scenario

CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY

To avoid degradation in network functionality and

eventual failure due to improper synchronization, all NEs are synchronized to a central clock. This central clock is generated by a high-precision, primary reference clock (PRC) unit conforming to ITU-T recommendation G.811.

This clock signal must be distributed throughout the entire network.

A hierarchical structure is used, in which the signal is passed on by the subordinate synchronization supply units (SSU) and synchronous equipment clocks (SEC). The synchronization signal paths can be the same as those used for SDH communications.

Clock Synchronization
Hierarchical structure for distribution of clock PRC : Primary Reference Clock SSU : (Sub-ordinate) Synchronization Supply Unit SEC : Synchronous or SDH Equipment Clock PRC 2 PRCs : Main & Stand-by (Atomic clock) Accuracy : 10E-13 (Cesium) 10E-11(Rubidium)

SSU
GPS Clock Transit Node Quality (Part of Synchronization Chain) Local Node Quality (As the last SSU)

Synchronization Hierarchical Structure

PRC SSU SSU SEC SEC SEC SEC SEC SSU SEC SEC SSU

Jitter due to Phase Noise on the links Filtered and clock signal is used

Synchronization Network Reference Chain PRC

SSU
SEC SEC SSU SEC
Up to 10 SSUs in PRC Trail Up to 20 NEs between SSUs Max. 60 NEs in PRC Trail

SEC SEC SSU SEC

SEC

SEC

ITU-T Recommendations reg. Clock Sources

Source
PRC SSU (T. Node) SSU (L. Node) SEC

ITU-T Rec.
G.811 G.812 T

Accuracy / Offset /Drift

Accuracy : 10E -11 Accuracy : 5 X 10E -9 Offset : 5 X 10 E-10 Drift : 10E -9 / Day Accuracy : 5 X 10E -7 Offset : 5 X 10 E-8 Drift : 2 X 10E -8 / Day Accuracy : 4.6 X 10E -6 Offset : 5 X 10 E-8 Drift : 5 X 10E -7 / Day

G.812 L

G.813

STM Frame with Overheads and Pay-load (Re-visited)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 270

A A A A A A C N N 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 U U

R S O H

B # 1
D # 1

#
#

E # 1
D # 2

#
#

F N N 1 U U
D # 3 # P O H

AU Pointer B B B K # 2 2 2 1 # # # # K # 2 D # 6 D # 9 D #
12

Container 260 X 9 Bytes

# # # #

M S O H

D # 4 D # 7 D #
10

# # #

D # 5 D # 8 D #
11

S 1

Z Z Z Z M E N N 1 1 2 2 1 2 U U

Section Overhead

Information Pay-load

Quality of Clock Signal : S1 Byte in MSOH

Quality Level
QL-PRC
QL-SSU (T. Node) QL-SSU (L. Node) QL-SEC QL-DNU

Code Order of preference (Least Significant four bits in S1)

0010
0100 1000

Highest
Next Next

1011 1111

Next Do not Use

TIMING SOURCES

Synchronization Equipment Timing Generation

SETG Generates the following for internal use: T0 : System clock locked to selected reference (T1,T2,T3 or T6) 38.88 MHz : Distributed to required ports Frequency of PRC/GPS clock MFSY : Multi-frame synchronization clock obtained from 38.88 MHz (38.88*4=155.52) SY1S : 1 sec. Sync. Signal for performance monitoring by NMS

Synchronization Inputs to SDH Equipment

SDH Equipment accepts 6 Sync. Inputs T1 : PRC Clock T2 : GPS Clock from Transit SSU T3 : GPS Clock from Local SSU T6 : Clock derived from Equipment SDH rate Clock
External Use :

T4 : Equipments 2MHz Clock T5 : Incoming 2MB PDH Clock

Synchronization Clock Selection

Tracking mode : High priority (PH) Medium priority (PM) Bottom priority (PB) Holdover mode :When all synchronization inputs T0 are lost system enters into holdover mode which is the value stored in memory during locked mode Free Running mode :When all sync. Inputs and even holdover value are lost the system enters into free running mode and adopts local clock as system clock

Synchronization Clock Selection contd.

Any loss of synchronization clock brings an immediate shift to next priority below clock When the system finds a synchronization clock of higher priority again it returns back to the higher priority clock It takes about 60 seconds to return. This time is required for analysis

How does an NE Choose Clock for Sync?

Yes Is the SSM Managed? No

Does only one source have highest quality?

No

Yes

Section of the clocks with the highest quality criterion

Analysis of the priorities table

Selection of Source with best criterion

Selection of clock with highest priority

Locking of Sync Board

Network Design Requirements

The PRC should be duplicated internally or externally The node clocks (SSU) shall have two or more diverse connections to a PRC The NE s shall also have two or more connections from their SSU The SSU s will be suitably deployed to limit the jitter and wander within limits as defined by ITU-T Rec. G.823

Network Design Requirements contd.

To ensure clock availability GPS clock can be deployed at every SSU location The cascading of the clocks (NE s) should be minimized.In order to maintain Transit and Local clock standards the NE s shall be restricted to 10 to 15 in a chain between SSU s SSU s can be deployed at intersecting points of SDH rings A SDH section with 4-5 Regenerators in continuous chain should be counted as 1 NE

SDH Equipment & Networks

BASIC SDH NETWORK ELEMENTS

Line Terminal Mux ( LTM ) Add Drop Mux ( ADM ) SDH Regenerator Synchronous Digital Cross Connect ( SDXC )

Terminal Multiplexer

Add/Drop Multiplexer

Regenerator

Digital Cross Connect DXC

TYPICAL NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

Point to Point Rings Star Mesh

POINT TO POINT
TRIBUTARY SIDE LINE SIDE TRIBUTARY SIDE

WORKING PATH

TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER

TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER

PROTECTION PATH

POINT TO POINT Contd.

The services can be added or dropped at any node in the chain The two end nodes are called terminal nodes and can be formed by TMs The intermediate nodes can be ADMs or Regenerators The line protection can be given with the standby line for fiber failure Linear networks are used for Rly branch lines, pipe line networks etc.

RING TOPOLOGY
TRIBUTARY SIDE ADM WEST EAST

TRIBUTARY SIDE WEST EAST ADM WEST ADM EAST

TRIBUTARY SIDE

EAST ADM

WEST

TRIBUTARY SIDE

RING TOPOLOGY Contd.

Ring network is formed only of ADMs with no terminal nodes The network has self healing property and the traffic is re-routed very fast (milli-seconds) when there are failures like OF cable break, power failure etc. Provides greater flexibility in the allocation of bandwidth to different users Used in a wide range of networks like LAN, WAN and national networks

Star Network
TM ADM ADM TM

DXC
TM TM

Star Network Contd.

All the traffic passes through a central node called hub The hub is normally a cross connect equipment (DXC) If the hub fails no traffic can be transported among the various branches of the Star More flexible in accommodating unexpected change and growth This topology is used in subscriber access networks

MESH TOPOLOGY

MESH TOPOLOGY Contd.

Each node is connected to at least two others by one or more links The nodes mainly contain cross-connect equipment (DXC) The SDH DXCs connected in a mesh network provide route diversity Posses self healing mechanism for re-routing traffic in case of any cable/power/equipment failure Mainly used for national networks

ALARMS

SDH Rings
Route Diversity Self-healing 3 Features (2 Alternatives each) 2 or 4 Fibers between nodes on a ring Uni-directional/Bi-directional Protection switching via line-switching or path switching So 8 possible ring types The most popular ones2-Fiber,uni-directional,path-switched (2-Fiber USHR) 2/4 Fiber,bi-directional,line-switched (2/4-Fiber BSHR)

Self Healing Rings

Self Healing Rings

Uni-directional Rings

Bi-directional Rings

Path Layer Protection

Section Layer Protection

Path Layer Protection

Section Layer Protection

Unidirectional path switching ring

Bi-directional line switching ring

USHR AND BSHR

USHR Working traffic is carried around the ring in one direction only In 1+1 mode APS protocol (K1 and K2) not required Provides section protection or path protection BSHR Working traffic travels in both directions between nodes using both fibers So half of bandwidth must be reserved for rerouting traffic in a 2-fiber ring

USHR AND BSHR Contd.

BSHR Contd. Working and protection channels use same pair of fibers in a 2-fiber ring Supports only section protection and protection is triggered by detection of failure at line level (using K1 and K2) In a 4-fiber BSHR one pair of fibers is reserved for protection and it may be used for low priority traffic Two ADMs required at each node for working and protection in a 4-fiber ring

Protection Mechanisms

Multiplex Section protection Based on failure detection at the multiplex section level by ADMs located on both sides of the failure Slower than path protection as communication between ADMs is required to initiate protection switching Better capacity utilization compared to path prot. Path protection Consists in duplicating the traffic simultaneously on working and protection fiber It is an end to end protection mechanism

AUTOMATIC PROTECTION SWITCHING

LINEAR PROTECTION PROTECTION SCHEMES
FOR POINT TO POINT CONNECTIONS 1+1 Protection 1:1 Protection 1:N Protection

RING PROTECTION PROTECTION SCHEMES

FOR RING CONNECTIONS MULTIPLEX SECTION SHARED PROTECTION RING (MS-SPRING)

SUB NETWORK PROTECTION (SNC)

LINEAR PROTECTION SCHEMES

In

1+1 protection scheme the working channel is permanently bridged to the W & P path.
In

1:1 protection scheme the working channel is not permanently bridged to the W & P path and extra traffic is possible on the Protection path.

In

1:N protection scheme for N working channels 1 backup path is provided.

MULTIPLEX SECTION SHARED PROTECTION RING (MS-SPRING)

For

MS shared protection rings, the working channels carry the normal traffic signals to be protected while the protection channels are reserved for protection of this service.

Protection channels may be used to carry extra traffic when not being used for protection of normal traffic.
Normal traffic signals are transported bidirectional over spans. The pair of tributaries (incoming and outgoing) only uses capacity along the spans between the nodes where the pair is added and dropped.

Switch action by using the APS bytes (K1 and K2 bytes in the MSOH of the protection section).

SUB NETWORK PROTECTION

SNC protection is a linear protection scheme which can be applied on an individual basis to VC-n signals. Protection is provided at VC4/VC3/VC12 level for critical circuits. Protection is not given at STM1/STM4 level to save bandwidth Sub network connection protection is a dedicated protection mechanism that can be used on any physical structure (i.e. meshed, rings, or mixed). It may be applied at any path layer in a layered network. SNC protection operates in a unidirectional protection switching manner. 1+1 Uni-directional protection switching is generally used. In this architecture, there is no APS channel required.

SDH Support for Ethernet, VoIP & MPLS

SDH One Point MUX

140 Mbps 45 Mbps 34 Mbps 6 Mbps 2 Mbps 1.5 Mbps LAN FDDI ATM MAN ISDN ISDN-B Any Speed (TU-n)

STM-1

One Step Multiplexing

Why Ethernet over SDH

SDH- Deployed for high transmission capacity
Ethernet 10 Mbps / 100 Mbps / 1 Gbps / 10 Gbps Ethernet over SDH No longer LAN but MAN New lease of life for Ethernet

What is to be done for Ethernet on SDH

Mbit/s 100 75 50 25
Customer 1 = 10M
Customer 3 = 100M

Customer 2 = 60M

Typical Ethernet Traffic Connections

Ethernet Packet

3 4 1 2 Example: For 10M available SDH - Containers are...

VC-12

time

...too small !

OR

VC-3 48.38 Mbit/s

... inefficient 20%

2.176 Mbit/s

VC Nomenclature

VC-n -X v
Virtual Container n n=4, 3, 2, 12, 11
Defines the type of virtual containers, which will be virtually concatenated.

Number of virtually concatenated containers

Indicator for Virtual Concatenation

v = virtual concat All X Virtual Containers c = contiguous concat form together the Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG)

Virtual Concatenated Group (VCG) of X VC-n containers!

STM-16

RSOH AU-4 Pointers Pointers

VC-4-1 VC-4-5 VC-4-9

VC-4-2

VC-4-3 VC-4-7 VC-4-11 VC-4-15

VC-4-4 VC-4-8 VC-4-12 VC-4-16

Virtual Concatenation VC-4-7v

VC-4-6 VC-4-10
VC-4-14

MSOH

VC-4-13

The blocks can start at any position in the payload The block consists of distributed VC-ns Each container has its own pointer

SDH - Virtual Concatenation

data Ethernet 10 Mbit/s NewSDH C-12-5v efficiency 92%

ATM
Fast Ethernet ESCON Fibre Channel Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gb Ethernet

25 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s 200 Mbit/s 400 Mbit/s 800 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s

C-12-12v
C-12-46v C-3-2v C-3-4v C-3-8v C-4-6v C-4-7v C-4-64v

98%
100% 100% 100% 100% 89% 95% 100%

Example: 100M Ethernet 8x E1 Services

VC-12-46v VC-12-5v VC-12-5v

STM-1 = 63 x VC-12

2x 10M Ethernet

More services integrated- by using VC!

What is Vo IP
Voice Traffic carried over Internet Protocol (IP) Networks Requirements -VoIP Gateway (To covert voice signals to IP packets) - IP Back-bone with routers - E1 to Ethernet Converter -WAN (STM) back-bone

South Central Railway Voice over IP Network PHASE -1 GUNTAKAL REMOTE STATION

STM1 Microwave OFC Equipment room

STM1

STM1

STM1

E1

E1

E1

E1
E1 to ETHERNET CONVERTOR

E1 to ETHERNET CONVERTOR IP - Phone 24 Port Switch

8 Port Switch 100 Mtrs

Communication Room (Exchange)

Proxy / Media Server

PBX
8 Port Gateway

8 Port Gateway Fxo/Fxs

0.5 Km

PBX
Fxs
Voice Network

IP Phone at STN

Divisional Office

24 Port Switch

Fiber UTP Cat 5E Copper Cable

Installation diagram Using E1 to Ethernet convertor

E1 to Ethernet convertor At first remote station WD side E1

G.703 G.703 RJ45 RS232 G.703

E1 to Ethernet convertor at Guntakal

G.703 RS232

RJ45

STM1 E1
E1 to remote station on STM

E1 STM1

E1
Etherne t Switch

Etherne t Switch

E1

E1 to ethernet convertor At first remote station RU side

G.703 RJ45 RS232

STM1
E1

G.703

Etherne t Switch

E1

E1 to remote station on STM

STM1

E1

Multi Protocol Label Switching NWs

Large Meshed TCP/IP Networks
Slower routing due to slower look-up in large IP address table

In MPLS
Routers exchange information about common path taken by IP packets with different addresses Paths identified as LSP (Label Switched Paths) PVCs (Permanent Virtual Circuits) supported on fully meshed networks with ATM back-bone

Relevance of SDH to MPLS

Multi-protocol Label Switching features / requirements Label associated with a packet instead of no. - Faster than traditional IP forwarding - Scalability : Large no IP Address associated with a label (reduces label table size) - Establish Label Switching Paths engaging few resources of NW - Efficient Route Control SDH Support for MPLS - Route can coincide with pay-load add/drop paths - Label vis-a vis Lambda (Wavelength) Switching

Ludhiana Jalandhar
Intermidiate Router Intermidiate Router

Intermidiate Router

Chandigarh
Intermidiate Router

Roorkee

Ambala
Jaipur
Intermidiate Router

Intermidiate Router

RailTel IP-MPLS Lucknow Backbone Network

Intermidiate Router

Delhi
Kanpur
Intermidiate Router

Ahmedabad Vadodara Surat

Intermidiate Router

Varanasi

Patna Guwahati
Intermidiate Router

Allahabad Indore Bhopal

Intermidiate Router

Intermidiate Router

Intermidiate Router

Bilaspur
Intermidiate Router

Nagpur MUMBAI

Intermidiate Router

Jabalpur

Kolkatta
Intermidiate Router

Pune
Intermidiate Router

Kharagpur

Raipur Tatanagar Secunderabad

Intermidiate Router

Intermidiate Router

Bhubneswar

Visakhapatanam
Intermidiate Router

Goa

Bangalore

Chennai
Calicut
Intermidiate Router

Core- 1 Router-M-20 Cochin

Intermidiate Router

Madurai
Intermidiate Router

Core -II Router-M-20 Router-M-10

Coimbatore

Intermidiate Router Intermidiate Router

Intermidiate Router

Trivandrum

NMS

NMS Functions
OAM & P - Operation

- Administration
- Maintenance - Provisioning This includes monitoring of network performance and checking of error messages.

NMS Applications
Performance Mgt. : Monitor the efficiency of Telecom network Fault Mgt. : Detect,isolate and correct abnormal operation of Telecom network Configuration Mgt. : Control,identify and collect data from and provide data to NEs Accounting Mgt. : Measure the usage of Telecom network and determine costs for service users Security Mgt. : Control access for unauthorized operators regarding equipment and network

Provisions in STM Frame for NMS support

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 270

A A A A A A C N N 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 U U

R S O H

B # 1 D # 1

# #

E # 1 D # 2

# #

F N N 1 U U D # 3 # P O H

AU Pointer B B B K # 2 2 2 1 # # # # K # 2 D # 6 D # 9 D #
12

Container 260 X 9 Bytes

# # # #

M S O H

D # 4 D # 7 D #
10

# # #

D # 5 D # 8 D #
11

S 1

Z Z Z Z M E N N 1 1 2 2 1 2 U U Section Overhead Information Pay-load

NMS Channel Data rates

STM Frame Provisions - Data communication channel (DCC) in D1 D12

DCCR
- Channels D1 to D3 with a capacity of 192 kbps - Used for SDH-specific NE Configuration management. DCCM - Channels D4 to D12 with a capacity of 576 kbps - Used for SDH-specific Application purposes.

Equipment Costs
Equipment Cost in Rs. Remarks

STM-16 AD-MUX STM-4 AD-MUX STM-1

NMS P-MUX

10-15 Lakhs
5 Lakhs 1.4 Lakhs 1 Crore 0.8 lakhs

As per configuration
1 STM-1 i.e.63E1s D/I, Ethernet Card Per location DI-MUX

24 port switch
2 Mbps Modem

0.35 lakhs
0.8 lakhs

SDH Measurements

SDH Measurements
Summary of Typical Tests Functional Tests
Error-free Transmission (via all Paths through NE)
Protection Switching test

Parametric Tests
Optical Power ( transmitter )
Optical Sensitivity and overload ( receiver ) Electrical tributaries Line rate tolerance

Order wire calling Automatic Laser Shutdown Ethernet testing

Functional Tests
Functional Tests
Error-free Transmission (via all Paths through NE) Protection Switching test Order wire calling Automatic Laser Shutdown Ethernet testing Ethernet traffic generator / PCs

Instrument used
SDH Analyser SDH Analyser

Parametric Tests
Parametric Tests
Optical Power ( transmitter )

Instruments used
Optical power meter

Optical Sensitivity and overload ( receiver )

Electrical tributaries Line rate tolerance

Optical power meter, Optical attenuator,SDH Analyser

SDH Analyser

SDH Tests
Transport Capability Tests : Includes BER and Mapping/De-Mapping tests. This confirms that SDH NW carries a payload of 2/34/140 MB tributary signals and delivers it correctly to destination Payload Pointer Tests : Includes timing offset and tributary output jitter tests. This confirms that SDH NW is operable with other non-SDH NW elements already in use

SDH Tests Contd.

Line interface Tests : Includes the parametric tests that confirm electrical and optical functional capabilities of SDH interface Embedded Overhead Tests : Includes alarm stressing,performance monitoring,NW mgt. Protocol tests etc. This confirms that SDH NW elements respond in a predictable manner under stress conditions

Control of Jitter on Long Haul Digital Networks

Jitter
Jitter Short term variation of significant instant of digital signal from the ideal position in time Wander Long term variation of significant instant of digital signal from the ideal position in time

Unit of Jitter
Unit of Jitter : Unit Interval ITU-T G.701 Definition 2018 Nominal difference in time between the consecutive significant instants of an isochronous signal. Expressed as fraction of corresponding clock period Example : 0.2 UI

Impairments caused by jitter

Displacement of timing signals P(e) increases Store spillage / depletion Uncontrolled slips Phase modulation of reconstructed samplesDegradation of received signal

Causes of Jitter in PDH Networks

Very low frequency jitter Variations in propagation delays Temperature variation delays Low frequency jitter Inherent instability of clock sources Noise induced jitter Phase noise in crystal controlled oscillator Noise in logic circuits Multiplex induced jitter Insertion / removal of justification bits/FAS Waiting time jitter Regenerator jitter (Imperfect timing recovery)

Types and causes of jitter on SDH network

Type Mapping jitter Pointer jitter Causes Mapping of PDH streams into STM pay-loads requires stuffing. This results in jitter when signal is de-mapped Timing of transported pay-load containers must match the out-going frame. This is done by incrementing / decrementing the pointer. Locating container at changed address and clocking-out data from there causes jitter Intrinsic to the equipment Clock made to wait for de-justification Due to ISI in time-domain which is pronounced for certain patterns Thermal noise & drift in the oscillator used cause variation in clock period which manifests as jitter Variations in propagation characteristics of OFC

Intrinsic jitter Wait time jitter Pattern jitter Phase-noise jitter Wander

ITU-T Rec. reg. Control of Jitter on SDH Networks

CCITT Recommendations cover 3 aspects Network limits for jitter at hierarchical interfaces (Rec. G.825) Limits for individual NW elements (G.783 ,G.958) Jitter and wander tolerance (G.813)

NW Limits for Max. Output Jitter at Hierarchical Levels (Rec.G.825)

Data Rate (kbps) 1 UI (ns) NW Limits of pk-to-pk Jitter B1 UI B2 UI Measu Measu red red f1-f4 f3-f4 1.5 UI 1.5 UI 1.5 UI 0.15UI 0.15UI 0.15UI Measurement filter bandwidth BPF having lower cut-off frequency f1 or f3 and upper cut-off frequency f4 f1 Hz f3 kHz f4 MHZ 500 1000 5000 65 250 1000 1.3 5 20

STM-1 STM-4 STM-16

6.44 1.61 0.40

Tolerable input jitter

Peak-to-peak jitter (log scale)

A0

A1

Slope : 20 dB/decade

A2 A3

A4

f0

f12

f11

f10

f9

f8

f1

f2

f3

f4

Values of A0 to A4
STM
STM-1 STM-4 STM-16

A0 (UI)
2800 11200 44790

A1 (UI)
311 1244 4977

A2 (UI)
39 156 622

A3 (UI)
1.50 1.50 1.50

A4 (UI)
0.15 0.15 0.15

Values of f0 , f12,f11,f10, f9, f8, f1 to f4

All frequencies in Hz
STM f0 f12 f11 f10 f9 f8 f1
500 1k 5k

f2
6.5k 25k 100k

f3
65k 250k 1M

f4
1.3M 5M 20M

STM12 178 1.6 m 15.6m 0.125 19.3 1 micro micro STM12 178 1.6 m 15.6m 0.125 9.65 4 micro micro STM12 178 1.6 m 15.6m 0.125 12.1 16 micro micro

Thank You