Management of Technology, Innovation and Change

Course Code: MS 102 L-4 Credits-4 By: Madhavendra N Jha TIAS

What is Technology?
Ever-increasing competition Survival & Growth of Nations, and Business Firms.depends upon successful management of the 1.Technology 2. Innovation 3.Change

What is Technology?
The term technology comes from the Greek word technikos, meaning of art, skillful, practical The portion of the word ology indicates knowledge of or a systematic treatment of. Thus, the literal verbatim derivation of the term technology is literally knowledge of the skilful and practical

What is Technology?
Technology as the knowledge alteration
(manipulation) of nature for human purposes (practicality). This implies that all practical or technical skills ultimately derive from alterations or manipulation of nature.

What is Technology?
Technology depends on a base in the natural world (Science) but extends the natural world through the phenomenon of manipulation (Engineering). Since we want to manipulate nature, the ability to predict what nature will do when manipulated is most useful.

What is Technology?
Man is a part of nature.
By manipulating nature, man manipulates himself Thus, technology manipulates man, influences, even governs human behaviour, and in turn impinges on societal behaviour, traditions and culture. Technology is an entity that intervenes in the life of human beings in multifarious ways, directly or indirectly, trying to alter behaviours.

What is Technology?
What is the fundamental purpose of human life? Is it to increase standard of living? Is it to improve quality of life? Or Is it to have greater satisfaction in life? We can distill all these various aspects into a single holistic concept: VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE Thus, the cardinal aim of technology is to enhance the value of human life.

What is Technology?
Value of human life = Happiness/suffering Thus, the ultimate purpose of technology is to enhance the value of human life, with a long-term perspective, by maximization of happiness and satisfaction and a concomitant reduction or minimization of pain and suffering (physical, mental and emotional).

What is Technology?
A better life may usually mean things like freedom from want Access to and possession of at least some of the nonessentials Comforts or luxuries Good health A reasonable life expectancy The absence of emotional stress

What is Technology?
Satisfying human relations (resulting from gratifying work experience and meaningful interpersonal relationships) Intellectual stimulation Personally rewarding leisure activities.

What is Technology?
Satisfying human relations (resulting from gratifying work experience and meaningful interpersonal relationships) Intellectual stimulation Personally rewarding leisure activities.

What is Technology?
Technology is comprised of the products and processes created by engineers that meet our needs and wants.

 Causes of decline of nation are economic failure cultural orientations limitations disease & epidemics geographical developments constraints Over last 500 years, the fate of the nations appears to be increasingly tied to their success or failure in harnessing technology revolutions in military affairs.

What is Technology?

 Until 15th Century, MONGOLS HAD THE MIGHTIEST ARMY Europeans controlled just 15% of the world surface Gunpowder Revolution & Industrial Revolution enabled them to control 84% of the worlds surface till 1914%...especially Northern EuropeansBritainRussia.

What is Technology?

 Post Second Industrial Revolution brought..The Internal Combustion Engine, the aeroplane, the Radio, Tank, Aircraft Carrier which made some countriesthe most powerful. USA & USSRemerged as the biggest beneficiaries. The Information Revolution of the late twentieth century upset the post world war II order.

What is Technology?

What is Technology?
USASilicon Valley.again USA the most beneficiary. Missing the technology revolution means.losing the international position. So, Countries need to keep on Innovation & Change.to stay ahead technologically. technological progress & advancement is not only important militarily but.economically as well.i.e.economic progress.

What is Technology?

Technology vs. Science

Technology
Study of our human-made world
Deals with what can be

Science
Study of our natural world
Deals with what is

How Does Technology Address Human Needs and Wants?

Information Communication Bio-Related and Agriculture Medical

Environmental

Technology
Manufacturing & Construction Transportation

Energy and Power

Nanotechnology

Information Technology
Information Technology allows us to send signals around the world.
Examples internet, television, satellite, GPS, cell phones

Effects of Information Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS INTERNET Information is stored in a way that can be accessed easily NEGATIVE EFFECTS INTERNET More difficult to differentiate how reliable source from an unreliable source

Communication Technology

Communication Technology helps with the giv exchanging of information.

Examples digital cameras, magazines, DVDs, video games

Effects of Communication Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS DIGITAL CAMERAS allow you to edit and print only the pictures you like COMPUTERS, PRINTERS, & DIGITAL CAMERAS make forgery and plagiarism easier

Bio-related Technology
Biotechnology transforms living things into products or new forms of life. Examples medicine, genetic engineering, bionics

DNA Molecules Image

Cloned Sheep

Effects of Bio-Related Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS Medicine Improved quality of life NEGATIVE EFFECTS HEALTH Side effects include nausea shortness of breath headaches

Agricultural Technology
Agricultural Technology produces plants and animals for food, fiber, and fuel. Examples fertilizer, irrigation, food preservation, weed and insect control

Effects of Agricultural Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS FERTILIZERS can make plants produce more food per acre NEGATIVE EFFECTS FERTILIZERS have found their way into ground water, polluting good drinking water

Medical Technology
Medical Technology creates tools to treat disease and injury.
Examples
X-rays, lasers, prostheses, ultrasound, medications

Effects of Medical Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS X-RAYS Allow for easier diagnoses of injuries. NEGATIVE EFFECTS X-RAYS Overexposure can cause cancer.

Environmental Technology
Environmental Technology creates tools to minimize the effect of technology on the development of living things.
Examples waste management & recycling, hybrid vehicles, conservation,

Effects of Environmental Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS
WASTE MANAGEMENT & RECYCLING Improves WASTE MANAGEMENT & RECYCLING Disposal

water and air quality

of garbage is more complicated and time-consuming

Production Technology
Production Technology is the manufacturing of physical goods on an assembly line and the construction of structures on a job site.

Manufacturing Technology
Manufacturing Technology changes natural or synthetic materials into usable products.
Examples: automobile factories, clothing factories, food factories

Effects of Manufacturing Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS AUTOMOBILE FACTORIES Creates high quality vehicles at a lower cost NEGATIVE EFFECTS AUTOMOBILE FACTORIES Noise and air pollution

Construction Technology
Construction Technology builds structures that support loads and protect us from the environment.
Examples: residential construction (homes), bridge construction, road construction

Effects of Construction Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION (HOMES)

NEGATIVE EFFECTS
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION (HOMES)

provides shelter

Can produce noise pollution, debris, hazardous conditions

Materials Technology
Materials Technology develops materials with outstanding combinations of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties.
Examples: BpA free plastic, asbestos insulation, Mosquito repellent clothing, artificial skin grafts for burn victims, composite decking

Effects of Materials Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS BPA FREE PLASTIC free of Bisphenol A (BpA) which has been shown to cause nerve damage when in contact with drinking water NEGATIVE EFFECTS NEW MATERIALS more expensive

Transportation Technology
Transportation Technology Provides a way for people, animals, products, and materials to be moved from one location to another.
Examples Flight airplane, rocket, space shuttle Land car, train, subway, automobile, bicycle Water oil tanker, cruise ship Non-vehicle conveyor belts, pipelines

Effects of Transportation Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS CARSAbility to travel long distances faster and easier NEGATIVE EFFECTS

CARSAccidents, air pollution, and noise polution

Energy and Power Technology

Energy and Power Technology develops more efficient ways to use renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.
Examples: wind energy, hydroelectrical energy, solar energy, tidal power, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, oil (gasoline/diesel), coal, natural gas

Effects of Energy and Power Technology

POSITIVE EFFECTS WIND ENERGY free without air pollution NEGATIVE EFFECTS WIND ENERGY noise pollution and visually unappealing

Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular level.
Examples implanted sensors, Nanobots, molecular manufacturing

Effects of Nanotechnology
POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE EFFECTS IMPLANTED SENSORS IMPLANTED SENSORS Continuously sense and Impede privacy adjust medical treatment

 Technology directly influences success and growth of business enterprises; economic growth and wealth of nations. Technological advancement is regarded as a key factor contributing to continued high economic development and richness of develop/rich countries. Thus technology advancement/progress in domestic market leads to growth of national wealth.

Technology advancement and superiority ensures, and leads to, increase in national wealth through participation in internal business. In domestic market, following advantages can be enjoyed by a nation & its firms with better and advanced technology.

1. Improved & efficient functioning of

various organizations in the nations. 2. Technological progress & infusion brings major changes and improvements in the overall functioning of organizations leading to transformation..viz transformation in banking sector, telecom sector etc. 3. Enhanced capability to fight foreign competition and thus retaining control over strategic national economic assets.

4. Stability in sales and profits of business firms; stable growth of sales and profits. 5. Regular employment generation and high standards of living. 6. Lesser probability of occurrence of economic recession and lesser adverse impact of Economic recession, if it occurs

7. Growth of national

economy.examplewhile 1990s show information technology sector driving the growth of India economy; in the current decade, Telecom sector (mobile phones) is also regarded as one of the important drivers failing the growth Indian economy. 8. Proper management of natural disasters and other crisis like earth quake, tsunami, floods, droughts, oil spills etc; and faster recovery from such disasters and crisis.

9. Proper management of law and order, terrorism, internal security and cross border movements. 10. Better infrastructure and facilities like medical facilities etc; and better infrastructure management. 11. Development of technologies for conserving and strengthening the natural resource based; for protecting flora & fauna and environment.

 In external markets, following

advantages can be enjoyed by a nation & its firms with better and advanced technology. 1. Technological competitive advantage 2. Boost to exports 3. Forex earning through exports 4. Disposal of surplus to external markets thus maintaining stability in domestic prices

5. Monopoly and high prices for high-tech products in the international markets. 6. Earning from external markets provide additional funds for supporting r & d at home 7. Globalization of operations leading to benefits of economies of scale of mass production, and cost reduction by procuring low cost resources inputs from any where in the world.

8. Facilitates outbound foreign direct investment by domestic firms leading to earning through captive exports, repatriation of profits, sale of machinery, sale of components and sub-assemblies etc. 9. Earning through technology transfer agreement. 10. Employment generation and high standards of living.

11. As the total size of the national economy becomes bigger due to participation in international business, chances of domestic stagnation / recession decline. 12. Growth of national economy 13. Developing international reputation and attracting overseas investors. 14. A prominent role for the nation in international economic matters and international decision making.

15. Increase of national influence over other countries. 16. Enables the nation to monitor movement of its ships, cargo and other resources in the world by using various technologies like Global Positioning System etc.

 Utility increases as a technology matures. Utility decreases as a technology becomes obsolete.

 The development of a competitive product or process can have a major effect on the lifespan of the technology, making it shorter. The loss of intellectual property rights through litigation or loss of its secret elements (if any) through leakages also work to reduce a technology's lifespan. The technology life-cycle (TLC) describes the commercial gain of a product through the expense of research and development phase, and the financial return during its "vital life".

 Some technologies, such as steel, paper or cement manufacturing, have a long lifespan (with minor variations in technology incorporated with time) whilst in other cases, such as electronic or pharmaceutical products, the lifespan may be quite short.

 Technology Life Cycle The technology life cycle illustrates the way technological developments of products create commercial gain over a particular time. The technology life cycle seeks to predict the adoption, acceptance, and eventual decline of new technological innovations.

 Understanding and effectively estimating technology life cycles allows for a more accurate reading of if and when research and development costs will be offset by profits. The technology life cycle has four distinct stages: research and development, ascent, maturity, and decline

 The adoption of these technologies also have a life cycle, which has five chronological demographics: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Through leveraging these models, businesses and institutions can exercise some foresight in ascertaining the returns on investment as their technologies mature.

Stage/Phase No. I II III

Technological Stage/Phase

Features

Technology Development Basic Technology Technology Applications Application Launch Technology +Applications Technology +Applications+Product Launch Technology +Applications+ Rise in Product Sales

IV

Applications Growth

Stage/Phase No. V

Technological Stage/Phase Technological maturity

Features Technology +Applications+ Fall in Product Sales

VI

Degraded Technology

Minimal product sales+loss of application+alternative technology

Stage 1: Basic technology is developed in the research and development centre.

Stage 2: Various applications of new technology are explored and planned Stage 3: products, services and processes based on these applications are launched in the markets.

Stage 4: based on feedback and requirements of markets, market-oriented applications are offered. Period of consolidation when emphasis is on standardization, manufacturing efficiencies, and economies of scale of mass production. Stage 5: technology reaches its maturity stage and rate of innovation slows down further development is affected by diminished returns and rapid increases in development costs, market becomes pricecompetitive.

Stage 6: many applications of the existing technology lose relevance due to arrival of some alternative new technology. Minimal sales of products or services based on remaining surviving applications considered somewhat useful by the markets.

A. Technology Development
Market does not recognize the technology at all It has zero response Spending significant amounts of effort and money to create the technology, develop prototypes and test the new technology should reduce this time period

B. Application Launch
Market volume follows the path of technological progress Characterized by slow initial growth followed by rapid growth

C. Application Growth
Penetration into the market will depend on the rate of innovation and the market needs for the new technology

 Growth:
Represents the market penetration of a new technology through acceptance of the innovation by potential users of the technology characterized by rapid and sustained growth

Maturity:
The period starts when the upper limit of the technology is approached and progress in performance slows down Technology reaches its natural limits as dictated by factors such as physical limits Example : Vacuum-tube technology was limited by the tubes size and the power consumption of the heated filament transistor technology will start a new life cycle Concept in MOT : When a technology reaches its natural limits, it becomes a mature technology vulnerable to substitution or obsolescence

 Technology has a hierarchy System No. of Subsystem No. of Components Technology can consist of multiple technologies and derive from different generations of innovation

Example: System Computer Subsystem Microprocessor (286, 486, Pentium, Core 2) Each of these generations of innovation helped boost the technology life cycle