Chapter 22 Understanding The Sentence

Chapter 22
Understanding the Sentence
M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar
Chapter 22 Objectives

Realize that sentences express complete thoughts. Know the parts of speech. Understand the role of subjects and verbs. Recognize dependent and independent clauses.
What is a Sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and states a complete thought.
The Parts of Speech

Nouns: names of persons, places, things, or ideas Pronouns: take the place of nouns Verbs: express action; link ideas Adjectives: add information about nouns or pronouns Adverbs: add information about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs
The Parts of Speech, continued
Prepositions: link nouns and pronouns, expressing relationships between related words Conjunctions: link related parts of a sentence
Interjections: express emotion or feeling that is not part of the basic sentence
Subjects and Verbs
The two most important parts of any sentence are the subject and verb. The subject is the actor or main topic that explains what the sentence is about.
Subjects and Verbs, continued

Subjects, which generally appear at the beginning of the sentence, may be a single word, several words, or a phrase.
Tanya drives a school bus. Tanya and Eric drive school busses. Driving a school bus requires skill.
Gerunds as Subjects
Note: -ing verbs, called gerunds, can be used as subjects.
Swimming is fun. Smoking is unhealthy. Playing the piano takes practice.
What are Nouns?

Nouns are names of people, places, ideas, or things:
Doctor (person) Basement (place) Liberty (idea) Television (thing)
Count nouns refer to things that may be singular or plural:

Car (singular) Cars (plural)
What are Nouns?

Non-count nouns refer to things that have one form for both singular and plural.
Deer gymnastics
Nouns may be common or proper:

College (common) Triton Community College (proper)
What are Pronouns?
Pronouns take the place of a noun and can be the subject, object, or possessive of a sentence:
Noun Doctor Students Computer
Pronoun He or she They It
Types of Pronouns

Personal Relative Demonstrative Indefinite
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to people and have 3 forms depending on how they are used in the sentence:
Subjective works as a subject
Objective works as the object of a verb or preposition

Possessive shows ownership
Personal Pronouns
Subjective Objective Possessive Plural Sing. Plural Sing. Plural Sing.
1st I person 2nd You person 3rd He person She We You They Me You Him Her Us You Them
My (mine) Our (ours) Your (yours) His (his) Her (hers) Your (yours) Their (theirs)
It
It
It (its)
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns introduce noun and adjective clauses:
Who, whoever, whom, whose Which, whichever That, what, whatever
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns indicate the noun they refer to (antecedent):
This That These Those
Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns refer to abstract persons or things:
Singular Another Everything Anyone Someone Anybody Somebody Anything Something Each No one Either Nobody Everyone Nothing Everybody Neither
Plural Both Few Many
Singular or Plural All Any More Most None Some
Locating Hidden Subjects
Subjects dont always appear at the beginning of a sentence. Subjects are NOT possessive nouns, and they are NOT nouns in prepositional phrases. In inverted sentences, the subject follows the verb. Sometimes, the subject is the object of a possessive.
Prepositional Phrases
Prepositions are words that express relationships Between ideas, usually regarding time and space.
About Above Across After Against Along Around Before Below During Except For From Inside Like Near Of Off Outside Over Over Past Since To Toward Under With Within Without
Verbs
Verbs express action, link ideas, or help other verbs.
Action verbs show what the subject is doing. Linking verbs connect the subject to related ideas in the sentence. Helping Verbs assist the main verb by adding information.
Verbs Also Tell Time

Past
She ran two miles yesterday.
Present
She runs two miles every day.
Future
She will run tonight.
Verbs Are Either Singular or Plural

Singular:
She runs every day.
She is a runner.
Plural:
They run every day. They are runners.
Verbs Must Agree With or Match their Subjects

Many subjects that look like plurals are actually singular:
Fifty dollars is not enough. The Senate is debating the new budget. United Technologies is a growth stock. The cost of oil is increasing.
Building a Sentence With Independent and Dependent Clauses

Dependent clauses contain a subject and verb but do not express a complete thought
Because I take the bus to work Before Sara moved to Florida After they moved to San Antonio
Building a Sentence With Independent and Dependent Clauses, continued

Independent clauses are groups of related words with a subject and verb that express a complete thought.
Because I take the bus to work, I never pay for parking. I wanted to have a party before Sara moved to Florida. After they moved to San Antonio, Sam and Dana opened a restaurant.
Every sentence contains at least one independent clause.

Sentence Length
A sentence can consist of a single word if it expresses a complete thought.
Run!
In giving commands, the subject you is implied or understood.

Close the door.
Incomplete sentences phrases and dependent clauses are called fragments.
A Note on Fragments
Incomplete sentences that fail to express a complete thought are called fragments. Although sometimes written for emphasis, fragments should be avoided in college writing.
Points to Remember
1.
The sentence is the basic unit of written English. Sentences contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought.
2.
3.
Subjects explain what the sentence is about.

Verbs express action or link the subject to other words.
4.
More Points to Remember

5.
Phrases are groups of related words that form parts of sentences.
6.
Dependent clauses are groups of related words with a subject and verb but do not state a complete thought. Independent clauses are groups of related words that contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought. All sentences contain at least one independent clause.
7.
8.
Please see assignment to turn in for 214 online.
Connelly, M. (2013). Get Writing: Paragraphs and Essays. Boston: Thomson Publishing Co.

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Chapter 22

Understanding the Sentence

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

The Parts of Speech

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

The Parts of Speech, continued

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Subjects and Verbs

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Subjects and Verbs, continued

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

What are Nouns?

Count nouns refer to things that may be singular or plural:

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

What are Nouns?

Nouns may be common or proper:

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

What are Pronouns?

Noun Doctor Students Computer

Pronoun He or she They It

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Personal Relative Demonstrative Indefinite

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Objective works as the object of a verb or preposition

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Plural Both Few Many

Singular or Plural All Any More Most None Some

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Locating Hidden Subjects

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Verbs Also Tell Time

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Verbs Are Either Singular or Plural

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Verbs Must Agree With or Match their Subjects

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Building a Sentence With Independent and Dependent Clauses

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Building a Sentence With Independent and Dependent Clauses, continued

Every sentence contains at least one independent clause.

In giving commands, the subject you is implied or understood.

Incomplete sentences phrases and dependent clauses are called fragments.

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

Subjects explain what the sentence is about.

More Points to Remember

Phrases are groups of related words that form parts of sentences.

Please see assignment to turn in for 214 online.

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

M. Connelly 2012 adapted by M. Torres Almodvar

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