Lecture 7 (2)

Lecture 7
Types of composite
sentences
Summary. Historical approach.
According to H.Sweet
Summary. Contemporary approach.
Types of Sentences
It may be helpful to remember them in this
way:
Type of Independent Subordinate
sentence Clauses Clauses
Simple One None
Compound Two or more None
Complex One One or more
Compound- Two or more One or more

Complex
Composite Sentences
• The word "composite"
is used by H. Poutsma
as a common term for
both the compound
and complex
sentences.
• There are three types
of composite
sentences in Modern
English:
Warm up. Make a compound, a complex,
and a compound complex sentences
• Blair found him smiling at her.

• He was holding a letter to her.
• She took the letter.
Compound sentences. Definition
• A compound sentence is a sentence that
connects two independent clauses, typically
with a coordinating conjunction like AND or
BUT. They're best for combining two or more
self-sufficient and related sentences into a
single, unified one
Students should not cheat

on the test, for it is the
wrong thing to do.
Compound sentences
• The analysis of compound sentences
show that clauses of a compound
sentence are usually connected more
closely than independent sentences.
• According to M. Blokh “in these
sentences the clauses are arranged as
units of syntactically equal rank, i.e.
equipotent”
But more close examination of
these type of sentences shows that:
2. Between clauses of compound sentences there
exist certain semantic relations. And these relations
are defined by conjunctions and connectives:
Complex Sentences. Definition
• A complex sentence is a sentence that
contains an independent clause and one
or more dependent clauses. An
independent clause can stand alone as a
sentence, but a dependent clause even
though it has a subject and a verb cannot
stand alone.
Complex sentences
• Linguists explain the complex sentences as
units of unequal rank, one being categorically
dominated by the other. In terms of the
positional structure of the sentence it means
that by subordination one of the clauses
(subordinate) is placed in a dependent
position of the other (principal).
The Types of Complex Sentences
• The subordinate clause (or clauses) are usually
connected with some words of a principal clause
and add additional information, depending on
what part of the principal clause they are
connected with. According to their grammatical
function there may be subordinate subject
clause, object clause, predicative clause,
adjective clause (attributive), adverbial clause
(modifier) of time, place, degree, condition,
purpose and so on.
Subject clause
• Subject clause performs the function of a subject to
the predicate of the principal clause. The principal
clause has no subject, the subordinate clause serves
this function. If a subject clause follows the principal
clause the so-called introductory "it" is used in the
principal clause. Subject clauses are connected with
the principal clause by means of connectives and
conjunctions such as,
• a) that, if, whether,
• b) who, which, what (conjunctive pronouns); where,
when, how, why (conjunctive adverbs);
• E.g.: What was done could not be undone.
• Whatever I can do for you will be nothing but paying a
debt.
Object clause
• Object clause performs the function of an object to the
predicate – verb of the principal clause.
• E.g.: I don't know what you are talking about. He promised
that he would be on time.
• Object clauses are connected with the principal clause by
means of conjunctions:
• a) that, if, whether;
• E.g.: Time will show whether you are right or wrong.
• b) conjunctive pronouns (who, which, what, whatever);
conjunctive adverbs (where, when, how, why);
• E.g.: The teacher wondered where he developed his French
like a Frenchman.
• c) asyndetically;
• E.g.: He said there was a meeting after the classes.
Predicative clauses
• Predicative clauses perform the function of a
predicative. In such sentences we find one
part of the predicate in the principal clause (a
link verb), which together with the predicative
clause forms a compound nominal predicate.
• E.g.: The question was how was the matter to
be kept quiet.
• The thing is what we should do the next.
Attributive clauses
• Attributive clauses serve as an attribute to a
noun (pronoun) in the principal clause.
• E.g.: He that is not with me is against me.
• The lot that is on the corner needs moving.
• He is a man whom I have always admired.
Adverbial clauses
• Adverbial clauses perform the function of an
adverbial modifier. It can modify a verb, an
adjective or an adverb in the principal clause.
• a) My cat follows me wherever I go.
• b) I'll not wait here till you come back.
• c) He behaved better than he did last time.
• d) If it rains tomorrow, I'II not go.
• e) Be careful lest they deceive you.
• j) He walks as if he were lame.
Compound complex sentence
• If there is a compound and complex sentences
in one composite, it is called the mixed type of
composite sentence.
• E.g.: Each time the man fell, he fell with the
firm believe that he would never rise but he
did rise.

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Lecture 7

Compound Two or more None

Complex One One or more

Compound- Two or more One or more

• Blair found him smiling at her.

Students should not cheat

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