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    Determinant

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    Payal Nayak
    The document discusses determinants and Cramer's rule. It defines determinants, including their order, minors, expansion using cofactors, and properties such as remaining unchanged when rows/columns are switched or becoming zero if two rows/columns are equal. Cramer's rule is then introduced as relying on determinants to solve systems of linear equations. It provides the formulas for solving 2x2 and 3x3 systems using ratios of determinants, noting solutions cannot be found if the coefficient determinant is zero.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Determinant

    Uploaded by

    Payal Nayak
    388 views19 pages
    The document discusses determinants and Cramer's rule. It defines determinants, including their order, minors, expansion using cofactors, and properties such as remaining unchanged when rows/columns are switched or becoming zero if two rows/columns are equal. Cramer's rule is then introduced as relying on determinants to solve systems of linear equations. It provides the formulas for solving 2x2 and 3x3 systems using ratios of determinants, noting solutions cannot be found if the coefficient determinant is zero.

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    Determinant PPT.

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    The document discusses determinants and Cramer's rule. It defines determinants, including their order, minors, expansion using cofactors, and properties such as remaining unchanged when rows/columns are switched or becoming zero if two rows/columns are equal. Cramer's rule is then introduced as relying on determinants to solve systems of linear equations. It provides the formulas for solving 2x2 and 3x3 systems using ratios of determinants, noting solutions cannot be found if the coefficient determinant is zero.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    388 views19 pages

    Determinant

    Uploaded by

    Payal Nayak
    The document discusses determinants and Cramer's rule. It defines determinants, including their order, minors, expansion using cofactors, and properties such as remaining unchanged when rows/columns are switched or becoming zero if two rows/columns are equal. Cramer's rule is then introduced as relying on determinants to solve systems of linear equations. It provides the formulas for solving 2x2 and 3x3 systems using ratios of determinants, noting solutions cannot be found if the coefficient determinant is zero.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Elements of Determinant

    Determinant Order
    The order of the determinant equations refers to the number of rows/colums

    e.g.

    Minor of determinant element


    If the row and column of any element is deleted then a reduced order determinant remains which is called the minor determinant of the element in question.. e.g. considering the fouth order deteterminant above..

    Expansion of Determinant
    The expansion of a determinant is completed by adding the product all of elements with their co-factors for any row or column. eg

    An example of the expansion of a determinant is provided below ..

    The expansion of the determinant is simplified by using the row or column with zero elements if any as the relevant element-co-factor is zero..

    Changing rows and columns


    The value of a determinant is not altered if its rows are written as columns , in the same order..

    Interchanging rows or columns.. Provided without proof If any two rows or any two columns are interchanged the result is a change in sign of the determinant...

    Equal Rows of Columns...Provided without proof A determinant with two rows or columns equal has zero value..

    Determinant Row or Column expressed as binomial


    If the

    elements of a row or column are expressed as a binomial the determinant can be written as the sum of two determinants...

    Zero rows or columns in determinant...


    Provided without proof If all of the elements of a row or a column is zero then the value of the determinant is zero.

    = 0

    Cramers Rule - 2 x 2
    Cramers Rule relies on determinants. Consider the system below with variables x and y:

    a1x b1y C1 a2 x b2 y C2

    Cramers Rule for 2x2 System


    Let A be the coefficient matrix Linear System Coeff Matrix ax+by=e cx+dy=f

    If determinant A=0, then the system has exactly one solution:


    e b f d x det A

    a e c f y det A

    Cramers Rule - 2 x 2
    The formulae for the values of x and y are shown below. The numbers inside the determinants are the coefficients and constants from the equations.
    C1 C2 x a1 a2 b1 b2 b1 b2
    a1 a2 y a1 a2 C1 C2 b1 b2

    Cramers Rule
    e.g Solve the system: 3x - 2y = 10 4x + y = 6 The solution is (2, -2)

    10 2 6 1 22 x 2 3 2 11 4 1

    3 10 4 6 22 y 2 3 2 11 4 1

    Cramers Rule - 3 x 3
    Consider the 3-equation system below with variables x, y and z:

    a1 x b1 y c1z C1 a2 x b2 y c2 z C2 a3 x b3 y c3 z C 3

    Cramers Rule - 3 x 3
    The formulae for the values of x, y and z are shown below. Notice that all three have the same denominator.
    C1 C2 b1 b2 c1 c2

    a1 a2

    C1 C2

    c1 c2

    a1 a2

    b1 b2

    C1 C2

    C 3 b3 c3 x a1 b1 c1 a2 a3 b2 b3 c2 c3

    a 3 C 3 c3 y a1 b1 c1 a2 a3 b2 b3 c2 c3

    a3 b3 C 3 z a1 b1 c1 a2 a3 b2 b3 c2 c3

    Cramers Rule
    Example: Solve the system

    3x - 2y + z = 9 x + 2y - 2z = -5 x + y - 4z = -2
    3 9 1 1 5 2 1 2 4 69 y 3 3 2 1 23 1 2 2 1 1 4

    9 5

    2 2

    1 2 4 23 1 1 23 2 4

    2 1 x 3 2 1 1 2 1

    Cramers Rule
    Example, continued: 3x - 2y + z = 9 x + 2y - 2z = -5 x + y - 4z = -2

    3 2 1 2

    9 5

    The solution is (1, -3, 0)

    1 1 2 0 z 0 3 2 1 23 1 2 2 1 1 4

    Cramers Rule
    Not all systems have a definite solution. If the determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero, a solution cannot be found using Cramers Rule due to division by zero. When the solution cannot be determined, one of two conditions exists:
    The planes graphed by each equation are parallel and there are no solutions The three planes share one line (like three pages of a book share the same spine) or represent the same plane, in which case there are infinite solutions.

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