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SubscriberLoop B

The document discusses the key components of a telecommunication network including subscriber end instruments, switching systems, transmission systems, and signaling systems. It focuses on the subscriber loop system, describing it as the local wiring that connects subscribers to the local exchange. The subscriber loop allows for transmission of signals through guided or unguided media. It also discusses factors like attenuation and resistance that determine the maximum length of subscriber loops and methods for extending loop lengths such as increasing wire gauges, using amplifiers, or employing inductive loading coils.

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549 views

SubscriberLoop B

The document discusses the key components of a telecommunication network including subscriber end instruments, switching systems, transmission systems, and signaling systems. It focuses on the subscriber loop system, describing it as the local wiring that connects subscribers to the local exchange. The subscriber loop allows for transmission of signals through guided or unguided media. It also discusses factors like attenuation and resistance that determine the maximum length of subscriber loops and methods for extending loop lengths such as increasing wire gauges, using amplifiers, or employing inductive loading coils.

Uploaded by

mgoldiieeee
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

SUBSCRIBER LOOP

Presented By: Espedillon, Marigold May L. BSECE 5-1

TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

It consists of following major elements: 1. Subscriber end instruments or equipment 2. Switching Systems 3. Transmission Systems 4. Signaling Systems

1. Subscriber End Instruments responsible for transmitting and receiving the sound, data, facsimiles, pictures, voice, video and other information. It may be a telephone, fax, telex, computer or any other means

2 . Switching Systems
where phone calls are "switched" meaning they cross through a switching matrix to route calls from an origination point to a destination point

3. Transmission Systems
provide circuits having the capability of accepting electrical signals at one point and delivering them at destination point with good quality

4. Signaling Systems
carried out with the help of specific signals or messages that is use by network entities to establish, maintain, and terminate sessions in a network

1. Subscriber End Instruments responsible for transmitting and receiving the sound, data, facsimiles, pictures, voice, video and other information. It may be a telephone, fax, telex, computer or any other means

2 . Switching Systems
where phone calls are "switched" meaning they cross through a switching matrix to route calls from an origination point to a destination point

3. Transmission Systems
provide circuits having the capability of accepting electrical signals at one point and delivering them at destination point with good quality

4. Signaling Systems
carried out with the help of specific signals or messages that is use by network entities to establish, maintain, and terminate sessions in a network

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The transmissions may take place over guided media unguided media Transmission components define the cable or wireless infrastructure for transmitting signals the wiring from the subscriber premises to the local exchange is called local loop or subscriber loop the guided and unguided media used between the local exchanges and local exchanges and primary, secondary and tertiary centres are called trunks

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


Traditionally, subscriber loops have consisted primarily of a pair of conducting wires within a cable containing many such pairs.

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM

MDF - Main Distribution Frame MF - Main Feeder FP - Feeder point = Cross connect point BF - Branch feeder DP - Distribution point DW - Drop wire DC - Distribution cable

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


The subscriber loop is a dc loop, in that it is a wire pair supplying a metallic path for the following:
1. Talk battery 2. An ac ringing voltage for the bell or other alerting device on the telephone instrument supplied from a special ringing voltage source 3. Current to flow through the loop when the telephone subset is taken out of its cradle (off-hook), which tells the switch that it requires access and causes line seizure at the local serving switch 4. The telephone dial that, when operated, makes and breaks the dc current on the closed loop, which indicates to the switching equipment the telephone number of the distant telephone with which communication is desired.

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


The subscriber loop is the most common interface in the network. The fundamental characteristic of this interface are:

Battery: to enable dc signalling and

to provide bias current for carbon microphone, a battery of about 48 V is connected to subscriber loop at exchange.

Overvoltage protection: protection of equipment and


lightning strikes and power line induction or shots

personal from

Ringing: application of a 20 Hz signal at 90VAC for ringer excitation Supervision: supervise the network by detecting the off hook/on
and flow/no- flow dc current

hook

Coding: in

the case of digital end office, analog to digital coding and digital to analog decoding functions necessary

Hybrid: for two wire to four wire conversion Test: allows the C.O. to put special test on the line necessary to check the
quality of the loop and phone performance

BORSCHT

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


2 limiting factors to consider in designing a subscriber loop
1. Attenuation
- refers to the energy loss in the line at a reference frequency, measured in decibels - if the length of the loop increases the attenuation also increases - the attenuation limit of the subscriber loop is normally 8 dB in reference with 1000Hz(North America)

2. Resistance
- since battery voltage is kept constant with increase in length, the effectiveness of the signalling and conversation will be limited - 1700 is the standard limit of the resistance of wire in the loop itself

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


2 limiting factors to consider in designing a subscriber loop
2. Resistance
- Signalling of a subscriber loop are based on dc resistance. When we go off-hook with a telephone, a certain minimum amount of current must flow in the loop to actuate the local serving switch. (20mA North America) - Applying Ohms law, the loop resistance should not exceed 2400 Budget 400 for the battery feed bridge and account for the resistance of the subset wiring which may be 300 Thus the resistance of the wire itself in the loop must not exceed 1700

- Exceed the signaling limit , when the telephone goes off-hook, no dial tone is returned

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


Calculating the Resistance Limit

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


Example:
An exchange uses 48 V battery, a resistance of 300 ohm is placed in series with the battery. If the telephone set resistance is 50 ohm, calculate the loop resistance limit for the minimum current requirement of 23 mA for carbon microphone
Given:
Vb = 48Volts Rb = 300 Rt = 50 Ic = 23mA

Solution:

48 = = = 2087 23103 = ( + )

= 2087 300 + 50

Required:

= 1737

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


2 basic design for determining the subscriber loop length
1. Basic Resistance Design
The method of determining subscriber loop length using the signal resistance limit as a basis =

21.96 = 2

; d (mm)

2. Basic Transmission Design


The method of determining maximum subscriber loop length using the attenuation or loop loss as a basis
= = /

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


Cable Loop Length

Loop Resistances for various conductor gauges

Loss per Unit Length of Subscriber Wire Pairs 19 gauge = 38.1 kft / 11.27km/ 7.21miles 22 gauge = 25kft / 7.92km / 4.73miles 24 gauge = 19.5kft / 6.3km / 3.7miles 26 gauge = 15.69kft / 5km / 3miles

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


Extending Subscriber Loop
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Increasing conductor diameter Using amplifiers and/ or range extenders Employing inductive loading Using digital subscriber line (DSL) techniques 5.Employing remote concentrators or switches

INDUCTIVE LOADING
Also called amplifiers/loop extenders or inductive loading coil methods which is used to admit the loop length to increase beyond the attenuation limit that arises from the ac response of the loop Process of inserting series inductances (loading coils) into the loop at fixed intervals
Reduce the transmission loss on subscriber loops Enables the designer to increase the loop length without using higher diameter copper wire

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM


INDUCTIVE LOADING
Attenuation loss in twisted pair cable is because of the capacitance between wire pair Wires of the local loop have a capacitance of approximately 0.1335 regardless of the cable gauge The longer the cable pairs the higher the capacitance

Heaviside Condition (1887) RC = LG


By inserting loading coils with proper inductance and at appropriate distances, the distortion can be minimized and high-speed transmission

SUBSCRIBER LOOP SYSTEM

Standard Letters and Spacing of Loading

To offset the mutual capacitance (0.1335 uF), load coils having 88 mH inductances, which results into cut-off frequency 3800 Hz, are placed at 1.8288 km (6000 ft) intervals on the cable The loading coils are represented for example, as 19H88

19 - gauge size H - spacing of the coils 88 - inductance of the coils

THANKYOU FOR LISTENING!

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