FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES

DR. ROGELIO B. ANIEZ, JR., PEE Professor

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Magnetism and Magnets

- affect the operation of all electrical machines. Magnets are bodies that posses the property of orientation. These attract steel, iron, and its alloys. Two types: Natural magnets called lodestone, are iron ore of the chemical composition Fe3O4 which when suspended will point in the north-south direction. Man-made magnets magnetism is induced by passing electric current through coils wound around metallic cores. The magnetic property will be maintained even after the exciting current is stopped,
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Classified: Permanent magnets -if hard grade steel and iron alloyed with aluminum , chromium , cobalt, copper, nickel and tungsten are used as core Electromagnets - soft steel , the magnetic property will exist only when the exciting current is present.
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The electromagnets which are used more often than permanent magnets because of the possibility of varying the magnetic properties. These are used in practice in dynamo , circuit breakers , motor starters and voltageregulating devices.

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Poles are ends of magnets where the magnetic property is concentrated. North pole is the end of magnets where the magnetic line of forces diverge towards the magnetic field South pole magnetic line of forces converge from the magnetic fields.

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LAW OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION

Charles A. Coulombs proved that the force between the poles of strength m1 and m2 is directly proportional to the product of the pole strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the poles. In equation from: m1 m2 ------------ur uv s2

f =

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Where: f = force in dynes m1 and m2 pole strengths in cgs u.p. units ur = permeability of evacuated space uv = relative permeability of the medium s = distance between poles in cm

The relative permeability of the medium is the permeability of the medium divided by permeability of free space. If the medium is free space ur = 1

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In cgs , uv = 1 Hence , in cgs system:

m1 m2 f = ------------s2

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Example
Two N poles , one having a pole strength of 850 cgs u.p. And the other 280 cgs u.p., are place in air at a distance of 6 inches apart. Find the force acting between these poles and the direction in which the force is acting Ans: 1,024.7 dynes

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SOLUTION
6 inches = 6 x 2.54 = 15.24 cm ( 850 ) ( 280) f = ---------------------- = 1,024.7 dynes ( 1 ) ( 15.25 )2

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Magnetic Field Strength

The strenght of the magnetic field at any point, also called magnetic field intensity, is defined by the force in dynes acting on a unit pole placed at the point. Equation: f H = -------m H = magnetic field intensity in dynes per u.p. f = force acting on a unit poile in dynes m = pole strenght in u.p.
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dynes per u.p. = Oerted = Gilberts / cm 108 maxwells = 1 Weber The direction of the H is the same as the direction of the force acting on a unit N pole placed at the point.

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m H = ------- s2

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Example
A magnetic pole with a strength of 60 cgs u.p. is placed in a magnetic field. It is acted upon by a force of 150 dynes. Find the field intensity at this point. Ans: 2.5 Oersted

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Solution

150 H = ---------- = 2.5 Oersted 60

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Magnetic Flux ()
- Magnetic flux or flux is a collective term representing all the lines of forces leaving a north pole or entering a south pole of a magnet - Quantity of magnetism - Units: cgs - maxwells mks - webers

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Magnetix Flux Density ( )

is the number of flux lines per unit area, the area being at right angles to the direction of the flux Units: English - maxwells / square inches CGS - maxwells / square cm MKS - webers / square meter

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In equation : = ---A If the area is not normal to the flux, its component perpendicular to the area must be used.
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FLUX DENSITY AND MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY

Flux density is the effect of magnetic field strength since magnetic field strength produces magnetic effects = H

If the medium is air , vacuum = H

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Lines of force leaving a N pole of m strength = 4 m Thus, 4 m maxwells leave a north pole of strength m cgs u.p. and there are 4 maxwells per cgs u.p. If is the intensity of magnetization , number of unit poles / area of each end = m /A unit pole per square cm

= 4

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Example
Two parallel pole faces , each 10 cm square are placed in air. A uniform field of 320,000 maxwells exists between these pole faces. Find the force in dynes acting on an N pole having strength of 180 cgs u.p. strength when placed in this field. Ans: 3,200 gausses , 576,000 dynes
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SOLUTION
320,000 = ------------- = 3,200 gausses 10 x 10 In air , = H f = m H = 180 ( 3,200 ) = 576,000 dynes
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Example
A 15 cm long cylindrical bar magnet has a diameter of 0.8 cm . The N and S poles at the ends have a strength of 75 cgs u.p . Find: a) flux leaving the N pole b) flux density at the surface of the poles Ans: 942.47 maxwells , 1,875.2 gausses
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Solution
a) = 4 (75) = 942.47 maxwelss b) A = ( 0.8)2 / 4 = 0.5026 cm2
= / A = 1,875.2 gausse

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Magnetism due to current carrying wire

A wire carrying current will produce magnetic line of forces that encircle the wire.

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The relation between the direction of the current in the conductor and the direction of the magnetic field around the wire is given by Amperes Right Hand Rule Thumb : Current Remaining fingers : Lines of forces

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Force acting on a current carrying wire

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In equation: f = I L sin if the wire is normal f=IL CGS: dynes = gauss x abamperes x cm MKS: newtons = weber/m2 x amperes x m
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In equation: f = L x 10-1
Where: f - dynes gauss I - amperes L - cm The direction of force is due to the elctromagnetic induction and may be determined by Flemmings Left-Hand Rule. Thumb: force Forefinger: flux or flux density Center: current

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Example
Find the force on a conductor 120 cm long when carrying 20 amperes and placed in and perpendicular to uniform field of 2,500 gausses. Ans: 600,000 dynes

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Solution

f =

2,500 x 120 x 20 ----------------------------- = 600,000 dynes 10

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Magnetic Field Intensity due to a Current

The relation between a current and field intensity due to it is given by the Biot-Savart Law. For a very long wire 2I H = ------- , Oersted S
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Workdone in making 1 revolution W = H ( 2S ) = 4I ergs

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Example
A current of 150 amperes flows in a longstraight wire. a)Find the field intensity at point P, 10 cm perpendicular from the axis of the wire b)What is the force exerted on a pole 80 cgs u.p. strength at point P. Ans: 3 Oersted , 240 dynes
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Solution
0.2 x 150 a). H = ------------------ = 3 Oersted 10 b). F = 80 x 3 = 240 dynes

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Example
Two vey long parallel conductors are 10 inches apart and carry currents in opposite directions. If one carries 1,000 amperes and the other 700 amperes, calculate the force in dynes acting between them per meter length. Ans: 55,118 dynes

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Solution
The flux density at conductor b due to conductor a is: 0.2 x 1000 b = ---------------- = 7.874 gausses 10 x 2.54 7.874 x 100 x 700 fa = --------------------------- = 55,118 dynes 10
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Induction of EMF
A coil or wire subjected to change of flux linkages will induce an emf itself d E = N --------- 10-8 volts dt Lenz Law states that a change in flux produces an emf that tends to cause a current which opposes the change. To denote this opposition a negative sign usually precedes the right member of the equation. d E = - N --------- 10-8 volts dt

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Magnetic Circuits
The magnetic circuit is closely related to electric circuit EMF In electric circuit , I = ------R MMF In magnetic circuit , = ----R
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Drop in Magnetic Potential

W U = ------- Gilberts m mmf = 0.4 N I Gilberts

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Reluctance
the resistance to the passage of magnetic flux is resistance L R = ------ A

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Magnetic Circuit Calculations

The Ohms Law for the magnetic circuit is derived below 0.4 N I = ------------R

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Example
A closed-ring type of solenoid has an average diameter of 10 cm. The core being of steel has cross-sectional diameter of 0.8 cm and permeability of 1020. An air gap of 0.1 cm long made in the core by transverse cut. The uniformly wound winding on the the ring has a total of 1,200 turns. A current of 0.5 amp flows in the windings. Find (a) the total mmf in Gilberts, (b) the flux in maxwells , (c ) the flux density in gauss
Ans: 753.98 Gilberts ,
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2,901 maxwells ,

5,771.35 gausses
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Solution
a). mmf = 0.4 x 1200 x 0.5 = 753.98 gilbert
b). The reluctance of the steel ring is Rs = (10) - 0.1___ = 0.061 gilbert/maxwell 1020 x x ( 0.4 )2 The reluctance in the airgap Ra = 0.1 / 1 x x 0.42 = 0.1989 gilbert/maxwell Flux in maxwells , = mmf / (Rs + Ra) = 2,901 maxwells
c).
The flux density, = / x 0.42 = 5.771.35 gausss
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