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Single-Stage Amplifiers: EE215A B. Razavi Fall 14 HO #2 EE215A B. Razavi Fall 14 HO #2

- Common source, common gate, and cascode amplifier stages are discussed along with their large and small signal behaviors. Maximizing gain is explored through various load configurations like active loads, diode loads, and current source loads. - Source followers are also examined. They have benefits like eliminating body effect but introduce noise and reduce voltage headroom. - Cascode stages provide benefits like increased output impedance, reduced miller effect, improved stability, and less device stress. Biasing conditions and gain calculations are covered for optimal performance.

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Ayman Oubghachi
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107 views6 pages

Single-Stage Amplifiers: EE215A B. Razavi Fall 14 HO #2 EE215A B. Razavi Fall 14 HO #2

- Common source, common gate, and cascode amplifier stages are discussed along with their large and small signal behaviors. Maximizing gain is explored through various load configurations like active loads, diode loads, and current source loads. - Source followers are also examined. They have benefits like eliminating body effect but introduce noise and reduce voltage headroom. - Cascode stages provide benefits like increased output impedance, reduced miller effect, improved stability, and less device stress. Biasing conditions and gain calculations are covered for optimal performance.

Uploaded by

Ayman Oubghachi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE215A B. Razavi EE215A B.

Razavi
Fall 14 HO #2 Fall 14 HO #2

Single-Stage Amplifiers What is the small-signal gain in this region?

Many aspects of the performance of amplifiers are citical. We summarize


the tarde-offs as whown below.
At point A:

How do we maximize the gain?

- Small-Signal Analysis

We assume that the bias currents and voltages are chosen such that M1
is in saturation and QI in forward active region.

The amplifiers to be studied here include: CS and CG stages, source


followers, and cascades. For each stage, we wish to study both the
large-signal and small-signal properties.
Voltage Gain:
Amplifier Categories

Sometimes we don’t want to use a resistive load. So we try other tricks:

Common Source Stage This device can operate as a resistor. How about this:

- Large-Signal Behavior

Common Source with “Diode” Load

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EE215A B. Razavi EE215A B. Razavi
Fall 14 HO #2 Fall 14 HO #2

How do we maximize the voltage gain here? CS Stage with Source Degeneration

Large Signal Behavior:

It is useful to find the Gm of the stage:


Example: Common Source with PMOS Diode Load

Both versions suffer from serious headroom


limitations at low supply voltages.

CS Stage with Current Source Load Also, the output impedance:

What happens to the gain as ID decreases?

CS Stage with Active Load

Now let’s compute the gain by noting that:

If =0 and gmb=0, then:

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EE215A B. Razavi EE215A B. Razavi
Fall 14 HO #2 Fall 14 HO #2

Example How good a buffer is a source follower? Input impedance =

Output Impedance:

Source Followers

- Large-Signal Behavior

Another method of finding


the gain:

Sketch the gain vs. input.  Can eliminate body effect in PMOS version:
- Small-Signal Behavior

 Source followers are used only occasionally. They introduce noise


and consume voltage headroom. For example:
 Often use a current source in
place RS to have a better definition
of the bias current.

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EE215A B. Razavi EE215A B. Razavi
Fall 14 HO #2 Fall 14 HO #2

Common-Gate Stage Example

- Large-Signal Behavior

 Output Impedance

- Small-Signal Behavior

Cascode Stage

 Input Impedance

How do we choose the bias conditions?

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EE215A B. Razavi EE215A B. Razavi
Fall 14 HO #2 Fall 14 HO #2

What is the maximum output voltage swing? Actual realization:

Gain Calculation:

Gain calculation:

Folded Cascode
Output Impedance:
The input and cascode devices need not be of the same type.

Cascode Stage with Current Source Load

Bias currents and voltages are chosen such that all


MOSFETs are in saturation.

Voltage Gain:

- Large-Signal Behavior
Let the input decrease from VDD to zero.

How do we maximize the voltage gain?

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EE215A B. Razavi
Fall 14 HO #2

- Small-Signal Behavior
Similar to that of simple cascode.

Example

Other Applications of Cascodes

1. Reduction of Miller Effect

2. Shielding

3. Stability

4. Reduction of Device Stress

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