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    Ce Lec06

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    The document discusses state variable equations and their use in modeling and analyzing dynamic systems. It explains that state variable models allow for computer-aided analysis and design of high-order systems. They provide more internal information which can enable better control design. State variable models are also required for digital simulation. The document reviews the basic form of state variable equations and provides examples of deriving state equations from transfer functions and signal flow graphs.

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    Ce Lec06

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    Junaid Y
    26 views28 pages
    The document discusses state variable equations and their use in modeling and analyzing dynamic systems. It explains that state variable models allow for computer-aided analysis and design of high-order systems. They provide more internal information which can enable better control design. State variable models are also required for digital simulation. The document reviews the basic form of state variable equations and provides examples of deriving state equations from transfer functions and signal flow graphs.

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    The document discusses state variable equations and their use in modeling and analyzing dynamic systems. It explains that state variable models allow for computer-aided analysis and design of high-order systems. They provide more internal information which can enable better control design. State variable models are also required for digital simulation. The document reviews the basic form of state variable equations and provides examples of deriving state equations from transfer functions and signal flow graphs.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    26 views28 pages

    Ce Lec06

    Uploaded by

    Junaid Y
    The document discusses state variable equations and their use in modeling and analyzing dynamic systems. It explains that state variable models allow for computer-aided analysis and design of high-order systems. They provide more internal information which can enable better control design. State variable models are also required for digital simulation. The document reviews the basic form of state variable equations and provides examples of deriving state equations from transfer functions and signal flow graphs.

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    Control Engineering

    Lecture# 6 29th March,2008

    State Variable Equations


    Computer-aided analysis and design of state variable models are done more easily on computers for high-order systems (differential equations of high orders.) More information (internal variables) are involved hence better control when needed. Design procedures that give the best control system are often based on state variable models. State variable models are required for digital simulation.

    State Variable Equations

    High order D.Eq. => T.F. => Signal Flow Graph (Simulation diagram) => State Variable Eqs.

    Review:
    State Variable Models

    This equation gives the position of y(t) as a function of force f(t). Suppose we also want information about the velocity.

    Review:

    Review:
    Where X(t) = state vector = (n by 1) vector of the states of an n-th order system. X(t) is the time derivative of the vector X(t) A = (n by n) system matrix B = (n by r) input matrix u(t) = input vector = (r by 1) vector of the system input functions Y(t) = output vector = (p by 1) vector of the defined outputs C = (p by n) output matrix D = (p by r) matrix representing direct coupling between input and output.

    State Diagram

    Review:

    Simulation diagram:

    Review:
    Signal flow graph from the above graph:

    More Example

    State variable equations:

    x'1 x2 x'2 x3 x'3 x4 x'4 a0 x1 a1 x2 a2 x3 a3 x4 u y (t ) b0 x1 X ' AX Bu y (t ) CX

    Review:

    Solutions of state equations:

    An example:

    Y ( s) 1 G( s) 2 U ( s) s 3s 2

    Note 1: The same transfer function can give different signal flow graphs (see the signal flow graph here and the one 3 slides back.) Note 2: Different signal flow graphs may give different differential equations (compare the d.eqs. below with the d.eqs. 3 slides back.)

    Note 3: Although with different signal flow graphs and different d.eqs. the final outcome (y(t)) is the same (compare the above here with the x1 (t )solution for y(t)= solution for y(t) given before, assuming all initial conditions are zero.)

    More Examples:

    P 1 G1G2 G3G4 L1 G2G3 H 2 L2 G3G4 H 1 L3 G1G2G3G4 H 3 1 G2G3 H 2 G3G4 H 1 G1G2G3G4 H 3 M 1 G1G2G3G4 1 1 G1G2G3G4 G ( s)

    Another Example:

    Numerical Solutions of the State Equations


    State equation: x(t) = Ax(t) + Bu(t) Let h = integration increment (or time-step) x(kh) = x[(k-1)h] + hx[(k-1)h] (1) x[(k-1)h] = Ax[(k-1)h] + Bu [(k-1)h] (2) Algorithm: 1. k = 1 2. Evaluate x[(k-1)h] as in (2) 3. Evaluate x(kh) as in (1) 4. k = k+1 5. Go to step 2.

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