Seismic Analysis Concepts: Prof. Sarosh H Lodi

Seismic Analysis Concepts
Prof. Sarosh H Lodi
Seismic Analysis Concepts
How to estimate internal forces due to seismic excitation
?
Acceleration vs Time, File ELCENTRO
200
F=ma or
Translation Acceleration (INCHES/SECONDS^2)
F=
100
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
-100
-200
Time (SECONDS)
Earthquake Protective Design Philosophical Issues

High probability
of Failure Failure redefined to permit behavior (yielding) that would be considered failure under other loads. High Uncertainty Importance of Details
In dealing with earthquakes we must contend with appreciable probabilities that failure will occur in the near future. Otherwise, all the wealth of the world would prove insufficient We must also face uncertainty on a large scale In a way, earthquake engineering is a cartoon Earthquakes systematically bring out the mistakes made in design and construction, even the minutest mistakes. Newmark & Rosenblueth
3
Elastic vs Inelastic Response
The red line shows the force and displacement that would be reached if the structure responded elastically. The green line shows the actual force vs. displacement response of the structure The pink line indicates the minimum strength required to hold everything together during inelastic behavior The blue line is the force level that we design for. We rely on the ductility of the system to prevent collapse.
From 1997 NEHRP Provisions
4
Dynamic Concept
Time History Analysis
. .. .. mu(t) + cu(t) + ku(t) = -mug(t)

Translation Acceleration (INCHES/SECONDS^2)
Mathematical Model
Two storied building
200
100
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
-100
5
-200
Response Spectrum Concept
Dynamic Concept
200
Translation Acceleration (IN/SEC^2)
100
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
-100
-200
Time (SEC)
Equivalent Force Method

Base Shear Determination
Base Shear, V = CsW

where:
Cs = seismic response coefficient W = the effective seismic weight, including applicable portions of other storage and snow loads
Total ELASTIC earthquake force (in each direction): VEQ can be calculated
7
Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs
Cs = SDS /(R/I)
Cs need not exceed SD1/(T(R/I)) for T < TL SD1TL/(T2(R/I)) for T > TL Cs shall not be taken less than Max[0.044SDSI, 0.01] for S1 < 0.6g 0.5S1/(R/I) for S1 > 0.6g
8
Response Modification Coefficient, R
The response modification factor, R, accounts for the dynamic
characteristics, lateral force resistance, and energy dissipation capacity of the structural system. Can be different for different directions.

Fundamental Period, T
May be computed by analytical means
May be computed by approximate means, Ta

Where analysis is used to compute T:
T < Cu Ta
May also use Ta in place of actual T
ASCE 7-05 Seismic Provisions - A Beginner's Guide to ASCE 7-05
10
Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta
An approximate means may be used.
Ta = CThnx Where: CT = Building period coefficient. hn = height above the base to the highest level of the building for moment frames not exceeding 12 stories and having a minimum story height of 10 ft, Ta may be taken as 0.1N, where N = number of stories. For masonry or concrete shear wall buildings use eq 12.8-9 Ta may be different in each direction.
11

Building Period Coefficient, CT
12

Base Shear Summary
V = CsW
From Design Spectrum
W = Building Seismic Weight
Max[0.044SDSI,0.01] or 0.5S1/(R/I) < SDS/(R/I) < SD1/(T(R/I)) or TLSD1/(T2(R/I))
From map R from Table 12.2-1 based on the Basic Seismic-ForceResisting System I from Table 11.5-1 based on Occupancy Category
Numerical Analysis or Ta = CThnx or Ta = 0.1N CT = 0.028, 0.016, 0.030, or 0.020 hn = building height N = number of storys13

Vertical Distribution of Base Shear
For short period buildings the vertical
distribution follows generally follows the first mode of vibration in which the force increases linearly with height for evenly distributed mass. For long period buildings the force is shifted upwards to account for the whipping action associated with increased flexibility
14

Story Force, Fx Fx = CvxV
Where Cvx = Vertical Distribution Factor
Cvx W x hx n W i hi i= 1
k k
Wx = Weight at level x hx = elevation of level x above the base k = exponent related to structure period When T < 0.5 s, k =1, When T > 2.5 s, k =2, Linearly interpolate when 0.5 < T < 2.5 s
15

Story Shear, Vx
Story shear, Vx, is the shear force at a given story
level Vx is the sum of all the forces above that level.
16

Horizontal Distribution
Being an inertial force, the Story Force, Fx, is
distributed in accordance with the distribution of the mass at each level. The Story Shear, Vx, is distributed to the vertical lateral force resisting elements based on the relative lateral stiffnesses of the vertical resisting elements and the diaphragm.
17
Performance Levels
Hazard Levels
Occasional
Incipient Collapse Life Safety Immediate
50% in 50 years 10% in 50 years 5% in 50 years 2% in 50 years

18
Rare
Reoccupancy Fully Operational
Very Rare
Max Considered
Design Objective Defined

A specific performance level given a specific
earthquake hazard level

Stated basis of current codes:
Life safety (+some damage control) at 10% in 50 year event (nominally)
19
Development of Performance-based Seismic Design Standards and Criteria
20
Advantages of Performance-Based Approach

Specifically Addresses: Unique Building Features Client Needs Building Use Considerations Proposed Alternatives Assessment of Code Requirements Increased Engineering Rigor / Peer Review Comprehensive Systems Overview Integration of Systems Cost Effectiveness Improved Knowledge of Loss Potential
21
Disadvantages of Performance-Based Approach
Reluctance to Approve PB Approach Unfamiliar with Methodology Lack of Knowledge of Science Creates Tendency to Disagree with or be Skeptical of:
Approach, Objectives, Certainty
Perception that Anything Less than Code is not Safe
Qualifications of Designer / Reviewer More Design/Engineering Time Occupancy Changes May Require Re-analysis
22
Code Procedures
Require buildings have complete structural systems Require systems have sufficient strength to resist specified forces Limit permissible drifts under specified forces Require members and connections be detailed prescriptively
2003
23
Building Codes Imply Performance

Ability to resist frequent, minor earthquakes without damage
Ability to resist infrequent, moderate earthquakes with limited structural and nonstructural damage
100 yrs
500 yrs
2003
Ability to resist worst earthquakes ever likely to occur without collapse or major life safety endangerment
2,500 yrs
Performance is not guaranteed
24
Building Codes & Performance Warranties
If a building is affected by an extreme event and performs poorly: There is an expectation of how the building should have performed but no implied warranty The only warranty is that the engineer complied with the standard of care For most buildings, demonstration that a design was performed in accordance with the building code will provide adequate proof of conformance to the standard of care
25
First Generation Standards are Available

ASCE/SEI has standardized FEMA guideline documents on:: Seismic Evaluation
Predict types of damage a building would experience in future events (based on FEMA178)
Seismic Evaluation of Buildings
ASCE-31
Rehabilitation
Procedures to design building upgrades to achieve desired performance (based on FEMA 356)
Though not directly recognized by the building codes, these standards are being used as the basis for Performance-based design of new buildings and seismic retrofit
Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings
ASCE-41
26
Selecting Performance Present Generation

Bata
BBQ! Food!
Joes Bata
Beer! BBQ! Food! Beer! BBQ! Food!
Operational
Immediate Occupancy
Life Safety
Collapse Prevention
Operational negligible impact on building Immediate Occupancy building is safe to occupy but possibly not useful until cleanup and repair has occurred Life Safe building is safe during event but possibly not afterward Collapse Prevention building is on verge of 27 collapse, probable total loss
Code-equivalent Performance
Joes Bata
Beer! BBQ! Food!
Frequent event (varying between 50- and 100year return periods)
Immediate Occupancy
DBE
Beer! BBQ! Food!
MCE
Life Safety
Collapse Prevention
28
Risk Assessment and Performance Based Design
29
Thank you
30

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What are some of the philosophical issues in earthquake protective design?

What are some of the philosophical issues in earthquake protective design?

What is the difference between elastic and inelastic structural response?

What is the difference between elastic and inelastic structural response?

Seismic Analysis Concepts

Prof. Sarosh H Lodi

Seismic Analysis Concepts

How to estimate internal forces due to seismic excitation

Earthquake Protective Design Philosophical Issues

Elastic vs Inelastic Response

. .. .. mu(t) + cu(t) + ku(t) = -mug(t)

Two storied building

Acceleration vs Time, File ELCENTRO

Response Spectrum Concept

Acceleration vs Time, File ELCENTRO

Translation Acceleration (IN/SEC^2)

Equivalent Force Method

Base Shear, V = CsW

Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs

Equivalent Force Method

Response Modification Coefficient, R

Equivalent Force Method

The response modification factor, R, accounts for the dynamic

Equivalent Force Method

May be computed by analytical means

May be computed by approximate means, Ta

ASCE 7-05 Seismic Provisions - A Beginner's Guide to ASCE 7-05

Approximate Fundamental Period, Ta

Equivalent Force Method

An approximate means may be used.

Equivalent Force Method

Equivalent Force Method

Max[0.044SDSI,0.01] or 0.5S1/(R/I) < SDS/(R/I) < SD1/(T(R/I)) or TLSD1/(T2(R/I))

Equivalent Force Method

For short period buildings the vertical

Equivalent Force Method

Equivalent Force Method

level Vx is the sum of all the forces above that level.

Equivalent Force Method

Being an inertial force, the Story Force, Fx, is

Incipient Collapse Life Safety Immediate

50% in 50 years 10% in 50 years 5% in 50 years 2% in 50 years

Reoccupancy Fully Operational

Design Objective Defined

earthquake hazard level

Life safety (+some damage control) at 10% in 50 year event (nominally)

Development of Performance-based Seismic Design Standards and Criteria

Advantages of Performance-Based Approach

Disadvantages of Performance-Based Approach

Approach, Objectives, Certainty

Perception that Anything Less than Code is not Safe

Building Codes Imply Performance

Performance is not guaranteed

Building Codes & Performance Warranties

First Generation Standards are Available

Seismic Evaluation of Buildings

Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings

Selecting Performance Present Generation