Animal Circulation and Respiration

Animal Circulation and Gas Exchange
Circulation In Animals
Gastrovascular Cavities
Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes
Circulation In Animals
Open Circulatory Systems
Arthropoda, Mollusca hemolymph
Closed Circulatory Systems

mollusca, nematoda, annelida, vertebrates blood interstitial fluid
Cardiovascular System
Heart
atria & ventricles
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
Circulation In Invertebrates
Clam - 3 chambered heart Worm
dorsal vessel (contracts) aortic arches (fills ventral vessel) ventral vessel (returns blood to body)
Crayfish
sinuses fill before blood moves into heart
Circulation Patterns
Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart

Two chambers (one atria and one ventricle)
along with a sinus venosus and a conus venosus)
Two chambers plus septa

lungfish

Three chambers (two atria and one ventricle)
amphibians, reptiles

Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles)
Crocodilians, mammals, birds
Path of Blood Through The Heart

Anterior and Posterior Vena Cava Right Atria Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (tricuspid) Right Ventricle Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atria Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (bicuspid) Left Ventricle Semilunar Valve Aorta Body
Circulatory Schemes
Cardiac Cycle
Diastole Contract Valves Neither AV open Semilunar closed 0.4 sec Atrial Systole Atria AV open Semilunar closed 0.1 sec
Ventricular r Systole
Ventricle AV closed Semilunar open 0.3 sec Pump Blood
Time
Function Fill Heart Overfill Ventricle
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood per minute from the left ventricle Depends on two factors
Heart rate (pulse) Stroke volume
Average Human
75 ml/beat 70 beats/min 5.25 L/min (your blood volume)
Cardiac Control
Annelids and Mollusks
myogenic
Arthropods
neurogenic
Vertebrates
myogenic and neurogenic
Control of Heart Rhythm

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) Atrioventricular node
Blood Vessels
Vessels
endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue
Arteries
thick walled
Veins
thinner walled valves
Capillaries
single layer
Lymphatic System
Used to return lost fluid and proteins to blood Lymph - fluid Lymph Nodes - connective tissue with WBCs to attack disease
Interchange of Fluid
Hydrostatic Pressure
highest near arterioles due to blood pressure
Osmotic Pressure
due to solutes in blood
Mammalian Blood Composition

Plasma (55%)
Water Ions Plasma Proteins Nutrients Wastes Gases Hormones
Cellular Elements (45%)

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets
Blood Clotting
Injury triggers platelets to area Changes prothrombin to thrombin which than converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Blood Pressure
Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure
Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension Heart Attack Stroke Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis LDLs HDLs
Cardiovascular Surgeries
Angiogram Angioplasty Stents
Cardiovascular Surgeries
Bypass Surgery
Hypertension Heart Attack Stroke Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis LDLs HDLs
Gas Exchange
Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces

Large surface area Thin Moist
Aquatic vs. Terrestrial

Less than 1% oxygen Oxygen amounts decrease as the temperature increases Aquatic animals use large amounts of energy to obtain oxygen (20%) About 21% oxygen Developed invaginations to increase surface area and decrease evaporation Terrestrial animals may use only 1% 2% of its energy to obtain oxygen
Respiratory Surfaces
Cutaneous Respiration Gills Tracheal Systems Lungs
Cutaneous Respiration
Direct diffusion of gases between the organism and the environment Found in Porifera, Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, nematodes, and some annelids Supplements other organisms
Gills
Found in echinoderms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, some vertebrates Countercurrent Gas Exchange
Countercurrent Gas Exchange

Maintains gradient over the whole length of the capillaries Extracts 80% of the oxygen from the water
Tracheal Systems
Found in arthropods Tracheae
open tubes
Spiracles
openings
Tracheoles
contact with cells
Muscle
increase amount of Carbon Dioxide removed
Tracheal Systems
Diffusion Lungs
Found in invertebrates Gas moved primarily by diffusion
may be increased by body movement
Modifications
snails - cavity with gill modified into lung scorpions and spiders - invaginations of the abdomen
Ventilation Lungs
Found in amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Alveoli
Ventilating The Lungs

Positive Pressure Breathing
pushes air down trachea seen in frogs and other amphibians
Negative Pressure Breathing

suction created by diaphragm seen in mammals
Negative Pressure Breathing
Avian Respiration
Airs sacs allow for one-way ventilation Parabronchi rather than alveoli
Breathing Control
Occurs in Medulla oblongota and Pons Monitors Carbon Dioxide (converts to carbonic acid)
lowers pH and causes increase in depth and rate of breathing
Loading and Unloading
Oxygen Transport
Hemocyanin - used by arthropods and mollusks Hemoglobin - used by verts
CO2Transport
Carbon Dioxide Transport

Carbon dioxide transported from tissue by erythrocyte
7% transported as Carbon Dioxide in blood 23% of Carbon Dioxide and most of the Hydrogen ions are attached to hemoglobin 70% transported as Bicarbonate in plasma
Deep-diving Mammals
Stores large amounts of oxygen in blood and muscles (twice as much as us)
twice the volume of blood huge spleen myoglobin
Deep-diving Mammals
Conservation techniques
exhale before diving (prevent bends / pressure) decrease heartrate and oxygen consumption reduce blood supply to muscles (anaerobic)
Smoking
In the United States, an estimated 26.2 million men (23.5 percent) and 20.9 million women (18.1 percent) are smokers. These people are at higher risk of heart attack and stroke. Every eight seconds, someone dies from tobacco use. Cigarettes cause more than one in five American deaths.

Animal Circulation and Respiration

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Animal Circulation and Respiration

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Animal Circulation and Gas Exchange

Closed Circulatory Systems

Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart

Two chambers plus septa

Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart

Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart

Path of Blood Through The Heart

Ventricle AV closed Semilunar open 0.3 sec Pump Blood

Function Fill Heart Overfill Ventricle

Control of Heart Rhythm

Mammalian Blood Composition

Cellular Elements (45%)

Systolic Pressure Diastolic Pressure

Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces

Aquatic vs. Terrestrial

Countercurrent Gas Exchange

Ventilating The Lungs

Negative Pressure Breathing

Negative Pressure Breathing

Loading and Unloading

Hemocyanin - used by arthropods and mollusks Hemoglobin - used by verts

Carbon Dioxide Transport

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