Lecture-10 - Sesmic Data Processing

Subject 10: Seismic Data Processing Lecturer: Dr. Bakhtiar Q.
Aziz Objective: This subject is very important for BSc student so 4 hours are specified to give the students an obvious look out about the digital sequence of essential and optional processing. They take a flow chart of processing step by step, each processing is clarify and illustrated by diagram. Then the students will practice on which optional data is necessary for certain cases. Scientific contents
1- Flow chart of essential data processing. 1- Flow chart of optional data processing. 3-Common depth point.
References
1. 2. 3. 4.
Applied and environmental geophysics, 1999, Sharma,V.,P. Introduction to geophysical prospecting, 1988, Durbin, M. B. www.Geophysics.net www.seismicexploration.net/
Digital processing of seismic data It is a sequence of operations carried out according to a predefined program to extract a useful information from a set of raw data. It is summarized as follow: 1- Data copying.
2- data classification and storage.

3- Many types of computation and analysis. 4- Display of results. Display of raw data: There are four types of displaying seismic data on paper: 1- Wiggles 2- Variable area 3- Wiggle+Variable area 4-Variable intensity
Seismic section display as Wiggle+Variable area

0
Distance (Trace)
TWO Way Time
Data processing Sequence It is divide into two parts: 1- Essential Processing. 2- Optional Processing. Vibroseis Field data
Seismic Field data True Amplitude Recovery

Data Editing CDP Gather Static Correction Dynamic Correction Muting CDP Stack Section Display
Cross Correlation Optional Processing. Deconvolution Filtering Equalazation Migration Coherency Depth Conversion
1-Essential Processing: True Amplitude Recovery (TAR): Involves the removal of the following effects by multiplying the trace with the (F(T)Tar). 1- Spherical divergence. 2- Inelastic attenuation. 3- The net gain imposed by the recording station.
F(t )TAR
C.vAv..t.e .vAv. .t G(t )
C : Scaling constant v( Av ): Average velocity G( t ) : Gain applied
Data Editing: Some seismic data is harmful on the seismic record, so they have to be removed Such as; 1- Weak data 2- Dead data 3- Reverse data
: Absorption coefficient
Muting on actual seismic section
Dead or bad traces
Bad data removed
Common depth point (CDP) or Common reflection point (CRP)

It is a group of wave path have one common depth point In the past single shoot point and geophone is used, so every point below the surface is covered once.
SP1
SP2
G1 SP3
G2 SP4
G3
G4
CDP1
CDP2
CDP3
CDP4
In this case fold of coverage = %100 or
100
Fold: It is number of reflections from one common depth. One fold of coverage may give wrong result. So the fold of coverage is increased to: %300, %600, %1200, %2400, %4800, %9600
300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600

3-Fold 6-Fold 12-Fold 24-Fold 48-Fold 96-Fold
SP2 SP1
SP3
G3
G2
G1
SP3 SP4 SP5 SP6 SP1 SP2
G6 G5
G1 G4 G3 G2
3-Fold, or %300, or Concept of (CDP) stack
CDP
300
6-Fold, or %600, or
CDP
600
It is a process of adding all the seismic traces which return to one common depth, it is always applied after static and dynamic corrections.
Before NMO Correction
After NMO Correction
After Stack
The importance of CDP-Stack
1-Enhancement of the signal

2- Attenuate the random noise 3- Control the multiples
CDP-Gather: After missing all unwanted data, all traces that return to one common depth point are gathered together to examine the process of data editing 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 3 S S
S
S S S 12 6 34 5
CDP
Data Editing
CDP-Gather
Muting: It is a kind of data editing by which the non-reflection events are removed, such as: 1- First part of traces which contained usually refracted data, it is also called (first break suppression). 2- directed waves. Muting
Direct and Refracted events
2-Optional processing:
Deconvolution: It is similar to TAR , but here we compensate for the loss of frequency components. This loss is caused by the effect of the earth materials that act as a filter for high Frequency. Deconvolution also defined as a process by which we restore the observed reflection Signal to the original form.
Frequency = 10 KHZ SP
Frequency = 0.10 KHZ
Trace equalazation: It is a process involves the adjacent of the gain of various channels so that their Amplitudes are comparable.
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8
Before Equalization
After Equalization
Migration: It is a process that restore the reflettion events to their proper position, it is applied In the following cases: 1- When the dip is large. 2- When there is a syncline. Before migration After migration
Bow-Tie feature
Coherency: It is a process by which a coherent events (Reflection signal) are enhanced and incoherent events (Wind noise) are attenuated.
Before Coherency
After Coherency

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Subject 10: Seismic Data Processing Lecturer: Dr. Bakhtiar Q.

2- data classification and storage.

Seismic section display as Wiggle+Variable area

TWO Way Time

Seismic Field data True Amplitude Recovery

C.vAv..t.e .vAv. .t G(t )

C : Scaling constant v( Av ): Average velocity G( t ) : Gain applied

Muting on actual seismic section

Dead or bad traces

Bad data removed

Common depth point (CDP) or Common reflection point (CRP)

In this case fold of coverage = %100 or

300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600

SP3 SP4 SP5 SP6 SP1 SP2

3-Fold, or %300, or Concept of (CDP) stack

Before NMO Correction

After NMO Correction

The importance of CDP-Stack

1-Enhancement of the signal

Direct and Refracted events

Frequency = 0.10 KHZ

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