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    Schlieren & Shadowgraph Methods: Aerospace Engineering 311L

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    ganesh_withucad
    This document provides an overview of schlieren and shadowgraph methods for visualizing density gradients in fluids. It discusses physical and geometric models of light, refraction through lenses and media, and the basic components and setup of schlieren systems. The key differences between shadowgraph and schlieren techniques are highlighted. Instructions are given for setting up Iowa State University's Z-type schlieren system, including focusing the light source and adjusting the knife edge for uniform darkening of images.

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    Schlieren & Shadowgraph Methods: Aerospace Engineering 311L

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    ganesh_withucad
    65 views25 pages
    This document provides an overview of schlieren and shadowgraph methods for visualizing density gradients in fluids. It discusses physical and geometric models of light, refraction through lenses and media, and the basic components and setup of schlieren systems. The key differences between shadowgraph and schlieren techniques are highlighted. Instructions are given for setting up Iowa State University's Z-type schlieren system, including focusing the light source and adjusting the knife edge for uniform darkening of images.

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    This document provides an overview of schlieren and shadowgraph methods for visualizing density gradients in fluids. It discusses physical and geometric models of light, refraction through lenses and media, and the basic components and setup of schlieren systems. The key differences between shadowgraph and schlieren techniques are highlighted. Instructions are given for setting up Iowa State University's Z-type schlieren system, including focusing the light source and adjusting the knife edge for uniform darkening of images.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    65 views25 pages

    Schlieren & Shadowgraph Methods: Aerospace Engineering 311L

    Uploaded by

    ganesh_withucad
    This document provides an overview of schlieren and shadowgraph methods for visualizing density gradients in fluids. It discusses physical and geometric models of light, refraction through lenses and media, and the basic components and setup of schlieren systems. The key differences between shadowgraph and schlieren techniques are highlighted. Instructions are given for setting up Iowa State University's Z-type schlieren system, including focusing the light source and adjusting the knife edge for uniform darkening of images.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Schlieren & Shadowgraph Methods

    Aerospace Engineering 311L

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Models of Light
    Physical (wave) model Wave Peaks

    V c o 3x10 8 m/s

    Geometric model

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    Light Rays

    311L

    Light From a Point Source

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Speed of Light in a Medium


    Index of Refraction:

    n
    Typical values: Medium Air Water Plexiglas Diamond
    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    co c

    c = speed of light in the medium For gases:

    n = co/c 1.0003 1.33 1.51 2.42

    n 1 k

    Crown glass 1.52

    = gas density
    k = 0.23 cm3/g for air

    311L

    Light Refraction
    1 n1 n 2
    Medium 1

    n1sin 1 n 2sin 2

    Snells Law:

    Medium 2

    2
    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Example, Refraction in Water

    Water Surface

    Pole
    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Lenses
    Focus

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Lenses

    Point Source

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Direct Shadowgraphy

    Point Source

    Bubble of high density gas


    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Shadowgraph Image

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Some Math
    y

    y
    x z

    L n n y

    or

    y kL n

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    The Basic Schlieren System

    Point Source

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    The Real Schlieren System

    Extended Source

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Schlieren Image

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Schlieren vs. Shadowgraph


    Shadowgraph
    Displays a mere shadow Shows light ray displacement 2 Illuminance level responds to n x 2 No knife edge used

    Schlieren
    Displays a focused image Shows ray refraction angle, n Illuminance level responds to x Knife edge used for cutoff

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Mirrors

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    ISUs Z-type Schlieren System


    Light Source

    1st Field Mirror

    2nd Field Mirror

    Test Section
    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    Screen/Instrument Panel

    Knife Edge

    311L

    Light Source
    Condenser Lens Lamp

    A-A

    Section A-A

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Setting Up The Schlieren System


    Step 1: Find the focal length of the field mirrors

    Focal Length

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Setting Up The Schlieren System


    Step 2: Set up the first field mirror
    Light Source

    1st Field Mirror

    Test Section
    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    Setting Up The Schlieren System


    Step 3: Set up the second field mirror
    Light Source

    1st Field Mirror

    2nd Field Mirror

    Test Section
    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    Screen/Instrument Panel

    311L

    Setting Up The Schlieren System


    Step 4: Set up the knife edge

    Focus the source image on the knife


    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    Adjust the cutoff

    Obtain a uniform darkening of the image

    311L

    Uniform Darkening

    Knife edge too close to second field mirror


    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    Knife edge too far from second field mirror

    Uniform darkening

    311L

    Some Notes
    The angle between the illuminator axis and the collimated beam should be kept to a minimum
    Coma: Smearing of the mirror focus into a comet shape (cancelled out by tilting the mirrors in opposite directions, i.e. z-type system) Astigmatism: Changes the focus into two short lines perpendicular to each other (limited by orienting the knife edge the same as the light source)

    A sheet of white paper is a good alignment tool A threaded bolt works well as a focusing tool

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

    References
    G.S. Settles, Schlieren & Shadowgraph Techniques, Springer-Verlag, 2001. D.C. Giancoli, Physics for Scientists & Engineers, Prentice Hall, 1988.

    Aerospace Engineering Iowa State University

    311L

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