Welco

To
me
The World Of
Biometrics
BIOMETRICS
BY

KIRTI KALIKA DAS

REGD NO-0501219081
 What is Biometrics?
The word biometrics comes from the
Greek words bios and metric,
meaning'' life measurement''. By
measuring something unique about an
individual and using that to identify
them, we can achieve a dramatic
improvement in security of the key
store. Newer biometric measurements
include DNA from tissue samples,
voice pattern, face pattern or even the
arrangement of blood vessels in the
retina or pattern of coloration in the
cornea of the eye.
 Why Use Biometrics?
 Only biometrics can verify you as you
 Tokens (smartcards, etc.) aren't you and
can be:
 lost
 stolen
 duplicated (some)
 forgotten
 Passwords aren't you and can be:
 forgotten
 shared
 observed
 broken
 SHORT HISTORY OF
BIOMETRICS
Joao de Barros, an explorer and writer, wrote that Chinese
merchants used a form of biometrics by stamping children’s
palm prints and footprints on paper with ink .In doing this, the
Chinese solved a way to distinguish young children from one
another. This is one of the earliest known cases of biometrics
.Later an anthropologist named Alphonse Bertillion sought to fix
the problem of identifying convicted criminals. He found that
even if names changed, even if a person comes in disguise,
certain elements of the body remained fixed” . This led him to
form a method of measuring the distinguishable parts of a
person’s body, which never changed throughout their life .
Whenever a new criminal was caught, instead of taking down
their name, the authorities would measure them and look for a
matching card . This system was adopted by prisons and police
stations across the country and world. As technology got more
and more advanced, the ways to distinguish the different
biometrical signalments has become more and more precise
which has led to the field of biometric technologies that we live
in today.
 Using Biometrics:
 Biometrics are used in two major ways : Identification
and Verification.
 Identification is determining who a person is. It
involves taking the measured characteristic and trying
to find a match in a database containing records of
people and that characteristic. This method can require
a large amount of processing power and some time if
the database is very large. It is often used in
determining the identity 1of a suspect from crime
scene information.
 Verification is determining if a person is who they say
they are. It involves taking the measured characteristic
and comparing it to the previously recorded data for
that person. This method requires less processing
power and time, and is often used for accessing places
or information.
Physical Biometrics
 Fingerprint

 DNA

 Iris

 Retina

 Face

 Voice
 Fingerprint - analyzing fingertip
patterns:
Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based
identification is the oldest method, which has been
successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is
known to have unique, immutable fingerprints.

A fingerprint is made of a series of

ridges and furrows on the surface of the
finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint
can be determined by the pattern of
ridges and furrows as well as the
minutiae points.
 Drawbacks Of
Fingerprint Biometrics

When hand is injured or burnt and even if we

have slight disturbance in the cuticles also it will
not access the user. So, it’s a failure.

The potential uses for this biometric appear to be

limited only by the willingness of people to
use it.
Vascular Patterns - analyzing
vein patterns

Vascular patterns are best described as a picture of

the veins in a person's hand or face. The thickness
and location of these veins are believed to be unique
enough to an individual to be used to verify a
person's identity. The most common form of vascular
pattern readers are hand-based, requiring the user to
place their hand on a curved reader that takes an
infrared scan. This scan creates a picture that can
then be compared to a database to verify the user's
stated identity.
 Advantages
Vascular pattern scanners can be found in testing
at major military installations and is being
considered by some established companies in the
security industry and multi-outlet retailers.
Advantages over its counterparts, including the
great difficulty in emulating another person's vein
structure, and not having to worry about any
external injuries. Effects of ageing, heart attacks,
and medical problems with one's arteries on the
scans has yet to be determined fully. It also
requires a large amount of space to mount the
device is that the entire hand can be scanned
which may restrict its usability.
 Disadvantages
 It cannot be used alone.

 Itshould be used with another

biometric technique.
 Facial Recognition -
measuring facial
characteristics
 User faces the camera, standing about two feet
from it. The system will locate the user's face and
perform matches against the claimed identity or
the facial database. It is possible that the user
may need to move and re attempt the verification
based on his facial position. The system usually
comes to a decision in less than 5 seconds.
 Iris recognition

Iris recognition is a method of

biometric uses pattern
recognition techniques based on
high-resolution images of the
irides of an individual's eyes.
unique structures converted into
digital templates, provide
mathematical representations of
the iris that yield unambiguous
positive identification of an
individual.
 Advantages of iris recognition

Its stablity, or template longevity

as, barring trauma, a single
enrollment can last a lifetime.

Backdraws
You can cheat the iris scanner by
putting on lens
or glasses.
 Retinal Scan - analyzing
blood vessels in the eye
Oldest biometrics as 1930's research
suggested Scanning involves using a
low-intensity light source and an optical
coupler and can read the patterns at a
great level of accuracy. It does require
the user to remove glasses, place their
eye close to the device, and focus on a
certain point. that the patterns of blood
vessels on the back of the human eye
were unique to each individual
 Advantages

 There is no known way to replicate a

retina, and a retina from a dead
person would deteriorate too fast to
be useful, so no extra precautions
have been taken with retinal scans to
be sure the user is a living human
being. The difficulty in fooling such a
device also is quite difficult.
DNA - analyzing genetic
makeup
DNA evidence play a big part in many nations' criminal
justice systems. It has been used to prove that suspects
were involved in crimes and to free people who were
wrongly convicted.It has been integral to several high-
profile criminal cases. Most people have a basic idea of
what DNA is. It's essentially an instruction manual and
blueprint for everything in your body. A DNA molecule
is a long, twisting chain known as a double helix.
 Advantages

DNA is tightly wrapped into 23 pairs

of chromosomes. This is what
makes DNA evidence so valuable in
investigations. It's almost impossible
for someone else to have DNA that is
identical to yours.
Behavioral biometrics:

Two forms

1.Voice 2.Signature
 Speaker Recognition -
analyzing vocal behavior
Voice authentication, also known
as “speaker verification”, is
defined as the automated
verification of a person’s claimed
identity, based on unique
characteristics of their voice. A
simple microphone is enough to
record the voice, and then most
of the algorithm are analyzing
the voice spectrum. Voice and
speech can be combined to get
a better system.
 Advantages

To prevent recorded voice use, most

devices require the high and low
frequencies of the sound to match,
which is difficult for many recording
instruments to recreate well. Also,
some devices generate random
number sequences for each
verification.
 Signature - analyzing
signature biometrics
Handwriting recognition system's
sensors can include a touch-
sensitive writing surface or a pen
that contains sensors that detect
angle, pressure and direction. The
software translates the handwriting
into a graph and recognizes the
small changes in a person's
handwriting from day to day and
over time.
 Advantages

Specific details recorded by signature-scan

may include the total time taken to sign, the
ration of pen-up to pen-down time, the speed
of the strokes, the pressure applied, the
number and direction of the strokes, and the
total size of the signature, among other
variables". So a forger would have to recreate 
your signature within some window of time 
while applying the correct pressure, except for 
'pressure applied'. 
 Future Research

Biometrics has all of the desirable

characteristics that we described in the
beginning. We might develop an automated
biometrics-based identification/verification
system like Vein pattern , Ear shape , Body
odor , Body salinity (salt). The next few
years you will see just about every thing
come with biometric protection. Mobile
phones, MP3 players, cars, laptops, building
access, locker access.
 ELECTRICAL
APPLICATIONS
 A multi-biometric finger sensor includes a plurality of
electric field fingerprint sensing pixels on an integrated
circuit substrate for sensing an image of the user's finger,
and at least one other finger biometric characteristic
sensor on the integrated circuit substrate for sensing a
finger biometric characteristic different than the image of
the user's finger. Each of the electric field fingerprint
sensing pixels may include an
 electric field sensing electrode, a guard shield
surrounding the electric field sensing electrode, and an
amplifier connected between the electric field sensing
electrode and the guard shield. The sensor may also
include a finger drive electrode adjacent the plurality
of electric field sensing pixels, and a processor
connected to the electric field fingerprint sensing
pixels and the at least one other finger biometric
characteristic sensor.
 There are numerical other electrical
applications like you can have have
an electric door lock that deploys a
magnet to lock a door when the
switch is on which uses biometric
technique(eg:
fingerprint)authenticated switch to
turn on and off current on any valid
authentication.
 Conclusion

Biometrics is a very interesting and exciting field that

has be growing exponentially in recent years . The
wide variety of physically unique traits our bodies give
us will soon allow us to live in a very secure password-
less world. As the demands for high-performance and
highly reliable biometrics-based
identification/verification systems increase, more
hybrid biometrics-based systems are expected to be
developed to meet the ever-increasing needs for
automated personal identification.
“ IN FUTURE BIOMETRICS WILL BE THE
DOOR WAY TO ALL THE ACCESSIBLE
SYSTEMS ”
Thank you